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Book of dignities:
3 1924 027 976 202
The original of tiiis book is in
tine Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027976202
BEATSON'S POLITICAL INDEX MODERNISED.
THE
BOOK OF DIGNITIES;
/
CONTAINING
ROLLS OF THE OFFICIAL PERSONAGES
OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE,
CIVIL, ECCLESIASTICAL, JUDICIAL, MILITARY, NAVAL, AND MUNICIPAL,
FROM THE EARLIEST PERIODS TO THE PRESENT TIME:
COILPILED CHIEFLY FROM THE KECORDS OF THE PUBLIC OFFICES:
TOGETIIEE WITH IHE
SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE,
FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THEIR RESPECTIVE STATES ;
THE PEEKAGB OP ENGL AND AHD OE GKBAT BKITATN';
AND NUMEROUS OTHER LISTS.
BY JOSEPH HAYDN,
AUTHOR OF " THE DICTIONARY OF DATES," AND COMPILER OF VARIOUS WORKS.
LONDON:
LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS.
1851.
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
LoNuoN :
Spottiswoodes and Shaw,
New-street Square.
THE EIGHT HONORABLE
VISCOUNT PALMERSTOT^,
HER majesty's principal secretary of state
FOR FOREIGN affairs.
My Lord,
It may surprise, but will not, I persuade myself,
displease your Lordship that I dedicate this Book to you.
Were I to have followed the current usage of authors, I
should have previously asked your Lordship's gracious
permission for this purpose : but while your condescension
would have operated as a favourable introduction of my
Work to the Public, and have gratified my vanity, I feared
I should detract from the object I have in view, that of
shewing, spontaneously and freely, the high respect which I,
iu common with the community at large, entertain for your
Lordship as one of the most enlightened, eloquent, and
a 2
zealous ministers that ever directed the Foreign Affairs of
Great Britain.
My Lord, my humble name may never have reached
your Lordship's ear ; and my only apology for the liberty I
take is, that mine is an Official Book, and therefore not
inaptly dedicated to a personage, throughout whose vast
department there prevails a system of such efficiency and
precision, that even the minutest matters relating to the
most distant region, can be at once determined by the
records of his Office.
I am, My Lord,
With profound respect.
Your Lordship's most humble Servant,
JOSEPH HAYDN
Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn,
London, Oct. 1851.
PREFACE.
In 1786, Bkatson produced his Political Index to the Histories oj
Great Britain and Ireland, a Work that presented for the first time,
in a collective form, rolls of all the high personages in the State from
the institution of their respective oflSces in England. The novelty of
his plan, and manifest usefulness of his Work (which was stamped
with the commendation of Adam Smith), assured his Index an
immediate and almost universal popularity ; and he was encouraged
by a consequent rapid sale to publish in succession three large
editions*, each of many thousand copies, of which the last edition
appeared in 1806, nearly half a century ago.
It is a curious fact in the history of his Book, that the third
edition of Beatson (the only one we now find in our great Public
Institutions, and in the library of the private gentleman), is, though
certainly the most enlarged, yet the most incorrect of the whole.
It would seem to have wanted the superintending eye of Beatson
himself ^ for we cannot otherwise account for the innumerable
errors It contains, and the rather slovenly manner in which it is
' The 1st edition of Beatson's Political Index was published in one volume, octavo ; the
2d edition in two volumes ; and the 3d in three, all of similar size.
* Dr. Robert Beatson (LL.D.) F.R.S. lived until 1818: he died Jan. 24, in that
year, aged 76. Besides the Political Index, Dr. Beatson was the author of A Chronoloyical
Megittcr of both Houses of Parliament, Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, and
various other works, chiefly of a scientific character.
A 3
vi PREFACE.
compiled. But, notwithstanding this great disadvantage, Beatson's
Folitical Index is, even to this day, a favourite, though wanting the
character of a standard. Work. No other Work has hitherto been
attempted to supply its place, or in continuation of it ; and latterly
it has become so scarce, as to have entirely disappeared from the
shelves of the modern bookseller.
In the Work we now place before the Public, we owe little more
than the plan to Beatson. The Book of Dignities includes
many lists (among them, the Administrations of England, and the
Judges of the Ecclesiastical Courts) not to be found in the Political
Index, and we have rejected other lists that had neither aritiqu»rlan
research nor usefulness to entitle them to a place in the present
volume. For the earlier dates we have consulted our most esteemed
antiquaries, drawing our information directly from the authors them-
selves, instead of relying upon the transcripts made from them by
a writer who errs so frequently. Were we to enumerate those
authors here, we should crowd a page with the most illustrious
names in our literature ; but as we quote, with scrupulous fidelity,
our authority in every case throughout the Work, we deem such an
array unnecessary.
It is right to observe, that we have had a pre-eminent advantage
over Beatson. We have been honoured by the chief members of the
Government with their especial permission to search the records of
their respective departments, and where records did not exist, either
on account of the comparative newness of the office, or some par-
ticular contingency, they have graciously directed that the inform-
ation essential to the completion of our Work should be supplied to
us from the minutes of their Boards, or from some equally authentic
PREFACE. vii
source. To acknowledge, in this place, the condescension of the
highest personages in the State, might seem ostentatious and im-
pertinent, yet we may be allowed to mention, that the roll of the
Privy Councillors has been compiled from the registers of the
Council, and is now published, for the first time, by permission of
the Marquess of Lansdoavnb, the Lord President. Several of our
lists are the contributions of the most distinguished individuals.
Our lists of the Judges of England are (from the Restoration to the
present year) the compilations of the late Lord Langdale.
Of the numerous writers that have sprung up within the past
half-century, we have, of course, availed ourselves. "We have not
gone, for instance, to Dugdale for our list of the Lord Chancellors.
The indefatigable antiquary. Mi-. Hardy, of the Tower, has recently
produced, after much laborious research, a roll of the Lord Chan-
cellors, tlie most accurate that has ever appeared, and of this roll,
ours is nearly a transcription.
We conclude with the expression of our humble hope, that the
Book of Dignities will be found of some usefulness to the
Official Gentleman, the Historian, and the Scholar. If we shall have
achieved this chief object of our labours, we shall be satisfied to
mino-le undistinsuished in the ci-owd of useful writers, desiring no
higher fame, or greater reward.
London, October 185].
A 4
TABLE OE CONTENTS.
PART I.
Sovereign Princes of Europe, viz. ;
Page
— Of Saxe-Meiningen
Page
44
— Of Austria
20
— Of Saxe-Weimar
- 44
— Of Baden
52
— Of Scotland
15
— Of Bavaria
- 45
— Of Sicily
- 30
— Of Belgium
36
— Of Spain
- 26
— Of Bohemia ...
- 54
— Of Sweden
- 40
— Of Brandenburg
- 42
— Of the Turkish or Ottoman Empire
- 61
— Of Brunswick -
47
— Of Tuscany
33
— Of Denmark -
39
— Of the Two Sicilies
- 30
— Of England
1
— Of Wales
- 14
— Of France
22
— OfWurtemberg
47
— Of Germany
— Of Hanover
20
47
— OfHesse-Cassel
49
— Of Hesse-Darmstadt
60
— Of Brazil
30
Of Hesse-Homburg
. 50
— Of Greece
63
— Of Holland
- 36
— Of Persia
- 62
— Of Hungary
53
The United States of America
63
— Of Ireland
18
— Of Lucca
- 34
— Of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
51
— Of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
— Of Modena
51
35
Merged, or Extinct Kingdoms.
— Of Naples
- 30
— Of Anjou
— Of Nassau
. 38
— Of Bretagne, or Brittany
- 68
— Of the Netherlands
36
— Of Burgundy -
71
— Of Parma
35
— Of the Eastei-n Empire
60
— Of Piacenza
35
— Of Flanders
72
— Of Poland
55
— Of Franconia
70
The Popes of Eome
64
— OfHainault
73
— Of Portugal
29
— Of Italy
59
— Of Prussia
42
— Of Jerusalem
68
— Of the Russian Empire
56
— Of Lorraine
71
— Of Sardinia
32
— Of Luxemburg
73
— Of Savoy
- 32
— Of Normandy
69
— Of Saxonv
43
Palatinate of the Rhine
46
— Of Saxe-Altenburg
45
The Roman Empire
67
— Of Saxe-Coburg and Golha
45
— Of Suabia
70
— Of Saxe-Gotha Altenburg
- 44
The Western Empire -
59
PAE
T n.
Ambassadors, Envoys Extraokdina
;y, and
— To the Chinese Empire
- 86
Ministers Plenipotentiary from
Great
— To Denmark
- 76
Britain to Foreign States.
— To France
- 77
Ministers To Austria
75
— To Greece
- 79
— To the Barbary States
86
— To Hanover - . -
- 79
— To Bavaria
- 76
— To the Hanse Towns -
- 79
— To Belgium
— To Brazil
76
— To the Netherlands
79
87
— To the New States of North America
86
CONTENTS.
Ministers To Persia
— To Poland
— To Portugal
— To Prussia
— To Russia
■ — To Sardinia
— To Saxony
— To the (Two) Sicilies -
— To the New States of South America
— To Spain
— To Sweden
— To the Swiss Cantons
— To Turkey
— To Tuscany
— To the United States of North America
— To Venice
— To Wurtemberg
Page
86
80
Great Officeks of State of England :
Lord High Stewards
Lord High Chancellors
Lord High Treasurers, First Lords
of the Treasury, and Lords Com-
missioners of the Treasury
Secretaries
Assistant-Secretaries
Lord Presidents of the Council
Privy Councillors of England, from
the reign of Charles II.
Lords Privy Seal
Lord Great Chamberlains
Lord High Constables
Earls- Marshal
Deputy Earls-Marshal
Lord High Admirals, First Lords, and
Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty
Secretaries -
Second Secretaries
Chancellors of the Exchequer
85
Ad:ministrations of England from the
reign of Henry" VIII. to the reign bf
Victoria
106
117
118
118
119
146
148
140
150
151
151
166
167
107
Principal Secretaries of State
Home Department
Foreign Department
War and Colonies
Secretaries of State for Scotland
Under-Secretaries of State for the dif-
ferent Departments
Commissioners of the Board of Trade
Present Establishment
Presidents of the Board of Trade
Vice-Presidents
Secretaries
Board of CoNTROUL, or India Board -
Secretaries to the Board
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lan-
caster
Secretaries-at-War
Masters-General of the Ordnance
Lieutenants-General of the Ordnance
Surveyors-General of the Ordnance
First Co.iraissioNERs of Woods
Forests
Surveyors - General of the Woods
Forests
Surveyors-General of Land Pevenues
Commissioners of Woods, Forests,
Land Revenues
Treasurers of the Navy
Comptrollers of the Navy
Surveyors of the Navy --
Paymasters-General
Postmasters-General
Secretaries of the Post-OQice -
Masters of the Mint
Judge-Advocates General -
and
Pase
L70
173
174
174
175
175
177
182
183
184
184
185
188
189
190
191
192
193
- 193
and
and
Lord Stewards of the Household
Treasurers of the Household
Lord Chamberlains of the Household
Grooms of the Stole
Masters of the Horse
Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms
Yeomen of the Guard
The Suppressed State Offices :
Masters of the Great Wardrobe
Colferers of the Household
Treasurers of the Chamber
193
194
194
195
196
196
197
198
200
200
202
- 203
- 204
- 206
- 207
- 208
- 209
- 211
- 213
- 213
- 214
PART III.
Speakers of the House of Cosimons
215
The Judges of England.
Justiciers of England
Chief Justices of the King's (now Queen's)
Bench - . _ _ _
Puisne Justices of the'King's (now Queen's)
Bench ---'-_
Chief Justices of the Common Pleas
Puisne Justices of the Common Pleas
Chief Barons of the Exchequer
Junior Barons of the Exchequer
Masters of the Rolls
Vice-Chancellors of England, &c.
Masters in Chancery
219
- 220
222
224
228
231
232
233
235
235
Auditors of the Receipt of the Exchequer - 238
Clerks of the Pells ... 238
Tellers of the Exchequer - - 239
Chamberlains of the Exchequer - 240
Compteoller-Genebal ... 241
Attorneys-General
Solicitors-General
Serjeants-at-Law
- 242
- 244
- 246
The Ecclesiastical Courts,
Deans of the Arches' Court
Prerogative Court of Canterbury' -
Vicars-General to the Lord Priinate
&c.
• 252
253
254
CONTENTS.
Consistory Court - - 254
High Coiirt of Admiralty - -255
King's (now Queen's) Advocates - 266
Admiralty Advocates - - 256
Judges of the Court of Session of the Countv
Palatine of Chester "- 250
Recorders of London
Lord Mayors of London
Common Sergeants of London
Chamberlains of London
- 257
- 267
- 2fi4
- 264
India.
Governors-General of India - 265
Commanders-in-Chief of India - - 267
Commanders-in-Chief of the Presidency of
Bengal ----- 268
Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of
Bengal - - - 2B8
Bishops of Calcutta - - 269
Presidency of Madkas :
Governors - - 2G9
Commanders-in-Chief - - 270
"Chief Justices - - 270
Bishops of Madras - 270
Presidency of Bombay :
Governors - - 271
Commanders-in-Chief - - 271
Bishops of Bombay - - 272
Supreme Court of Bombay - 272
Admirals and Commodores on the East
India Station ■ - - 272
East India Company; Chairmen and De-
puty Chainnen - - 273
The Colonies.
Page
Governors of Ceylon - - 274
Governors of the Cape of Good Hope - 276
Governors-General of Jamaica - -275
Governors of Barbadoes 275
Governors of Bermuda - 276
Governors of Newfoundland 276
Governors-General of Canada 277
Governors-General of Gibraltar - 277
Governors of Malta 278
Lord High Commissioners of the Ionian
Islands - - - 278
Admirals and Commodores on the West
India Station - 278
Admirals and Commodores on the North
American Station - - - 279
Admirals and Commodores in the Mediter-
ranean - 280
Adjiiram of Great Britain from the
Restoration to the present year 1851 - 281
Retired Rear- Admirals - - 313
Naval Battles and Actions fought within
the present Century 314
Military Department.
Commanders-in-Chief of the Britisli Army
Captains-General
Field-Marshals
Generals of the Army
Lieutenant-Generals
Major-Generals
Chief Battles and Actions fought in the
present Century - - 340
315
316
316
317
324
333
PART IV.
Aechbishops and Bishops of England-
Province OF Canterbury.
Archbishopric of Canterbury 341
Bishopric of Bangor - - 343
Bishopric of Bath and Wells - 344
Bishopric of Bristol - 346
Bishopric of Chichester - - 347
Bishopric of Ely - 348
Bishopric of Exeter ... 350
Bishopric of Gloucester and Bristol - 351
Bishopric of Hereford - 362
Bishopric of Lichtield -354
Bishopric of Lincoln - 355
Bishopric of Llandaff - - 357
Bishopric of London . - - 358
Bishopric of Norwich . _ - 360
Bishopric of Oxford - 362
Bishopric of Peterborough 363
Bishopric of Rochester - 363
Bishopric of St. Asaph - - 365
Bishopric of St. David's - 366
Bishopric of Salisbury - 368
Bishopric of Winchester 370
Bishopric of Worcester . - 372
Bishop and'deans of Westminster 373
Province of York.
Archbishopric of York
Bishopric of Carlisle
Bishopric of Chester
Bishopric of Durham
Bishopric of Manchester
Bishopric of Ripon -
Bishopric of Sodor and Man
Merged ok Extinct Bishoprics.
374
376
377
378
379
380
380
Bishops of Cornwall
- 350
Bishops of Coventry
- 354
Bishops of Devonshire
- 350
Bishops of Dorchester
- 366
Bishops of Dunwich
- 361
Bishops of East Angles
- 3G1
Bishops of Elmham, or Hebnham
- 861
Bishops of Hexham
- 380
Bishops of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island
- 378
Archbishops of London
- 359
Bishops of Selsey
- 347
Bishops of Sherborne
- 369
Bishops of Sidnacester
- 366
Bishops of Wilton
- 369
xa
CONTENTS.
Page
Knights.
Knights of the Gartbk, from the founJ-
ation of the Order - - 382
Page
Knighthood of the Bath, from the insti-
tution of the Order - - 392
Knights of the Bath, from the Revival of
the Order iu 1725 - - 393
PART v.— SCOTLAND.
The Great Officeks of State of
Scotland.
The Lord Chancellor - - ■
Lord Keepers of the Great Seal
Lord High Treasurers
Comptrollers
Presidents of the Privy Council
Lords Privy Seal -
Lord High Admirals
Lord Great Chamberlain
Lord High Steward
Lord High Constable
Earl-Marshal
Secretaries of State
High Commissioners to the Parliament of
Scotland - - 409
- 400
- 401
- 402
- 404
- 404
- 404
- 405
- 406
- 407
- 407
- 408
- 408
Postmasters-General
Lord Provosts of Edinburgh
417
418
Law Officeks.
Lord Clerlt Registers
Lord Justice Generals
Lord Justice Clerk, or Second Judges
Justiciary
Extraordinary Lords of Session
Lord Presidents of the Court of Session
Ordinary Lords of Session
Jjords Advocate
Solicitors-General
Deans of Faculty
Lord High Commissioners to the General
Assembly of the Church of Scotland - 417
Akohbishops and Bishops of ScoTfjVND.
Bishopric of St. Andrew's (became archie-
piscopal) - - 419
Bishopric of Aberdeen 421
Bishopric of ArgvU -428
Bishopric of Brechin 422
Bishopric of Caithness - 422
Bishopric of Dunblane - - 423
Bishopric of Dunkeld - - 424
Bishopric of Edinburgh - 425
Bishopric of Galloway - - 429
Bishopric of Glasgow (for a time archie-
piscopal) - - - 427
Bishopric of the Isles - _ _ 429
Bishopric of Moray - - 425
Bishopric of Orkney - . . 426
Bishopric of Ross - - 426
- 410
Bishops
- 410
Bishops
of
Bishops
- 411
Bishops
- 411
Bishops
- 412
Bishops
- 413
Bishops
- 416
Bishops
- 416
Bishops
- 417
Bishops
Post-Revolution Bishops.
{Present Establishment.)
of Aberdeen
431
of Argyll and the Isles
- 433
of Brechin
432
of Dunkeld
- 432
of Edinburgh
431
of Fife (now St. Andrew's)
433
of Glasgow and Galloway
- 431
of Moray
- 432
of Ross
433
of St. Andrew's (late Fife)
- 433
Knights of the Thistle, from the found-
ation of the Order - - 434
PART VI.-IRELAND.
State Officers.
Lord Lieutenants and Chief Gover-
nors of Ireland ... 437
PrincipSl Secretaries of State - - 445
Chief Secretaries to the Lord Lieutenant
- 445
- 446
- 446
- 449
- 451
- 462
and Chief Secretaries for Ireland
Under Secretaries
Lord Chancellors of Ireland
Lord Treasurers
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Commanders of the Forces -
Judges and L.\w Officers.
Chief Justices of the King's (now Queen's)
Bench - - . . .
Puisne Justices of the King's Bench
Chief Justices of the Common Pleas
Puisne Justices of the Common Pleas
Chief Barons of the Exchequer
Junior Barons of the Exchequer
Masters of the Rolls . .
Attorneys-General
Solicitors-General - . . .
Serjeants-at-Law . ■ .
452
452
454
454
455
456
457
458
458
459
CONTENTS.
XIU
Postmasters-General of Ireland
Lord Mayors of Dublin
Page
- 461
- 461
Archbishopric of Armagh
Archbishopric of Dublin
Archbishopric of Cashel (now a
only) ...
Archbishopric of Tuam (now a bishopric
only)
Bishopric of Achonry
Bishopric of Ardagh
Bishopric of Ardfert and Aghadoe
Bishopric of Clogher
Bishopric of Clonfert
Bishopric of Cloyne
Bishopric of Cork -
Bishopric of Derry
Bishopric of Down and Connor
Bishopric of Droraore
Bishopric of Klphin
Bishopric of Emly -
- 463
- 465
bishopric
. 468
490
493
482
484
464
479
473
471
474
476
477
483
469
Bishopric of Ferns -
Bishopric of Glandalagh
Bishopric of Kildare
Bishopric of Kilfenora
Bishopric of Killala
Bishopric of Killaloe
Bishopric of Kilmacduach
Bishopric of Kilmore
Bishopric of Leighlin
Bishopric of Limerick
Bishopric of Lismore
Bishopric of Mayo - - -
Bishopric of Meath and Clonmacnois
Bishopric of Ossory
Bishopric of Raphoe
Bishopric of Ross - - -
Bishopric of Waterford and Lismore
Deans of St. Patrick's
Knights of the Order of St. Patrick
Table of Precedency
Page
- 488
. 467
467
- 479
- 491
- 478
- 481
- 481
- 489
- 484
- 471
- 491
. 485
- 487
- 475
- 473
- 470
- 463
494
■ 510
REVENUE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLAND.
Commissioners of Customs -
Commissioners of Excise
- 497
- 601
Poor Law Boards
Commissioners of Stamps
Commissioners of Taxes
- 508
506
507
The Peerage of England and of Great Britain
- 511
Index to the Privy Councillors of England
Index to the Admirals of Great Britain
Index to the Generals of the British Army
Index to the Lieutenant-Generals
Index to the Major-Generals
569
678
683
586
■ 690
TABLE OF THE KINGS AND QUEENS OF ENGLAND
FROM THE CONQUEST.
(Compiled accoiiding to the dates in the " Notitia Histonca '' of Sir
Nicholas Haekis Nicolas.)
No.
Sovereigns.
Born.
Began to Reign.
Reigned.
Ye.ir
of
Age.
Buried.
1
NORMAN LINE.
1.
William I.
1025
Oct. 14, 106G
Y. M. D.
20 10 26
Gist
Caen, in Normandj'.
2.
William II.
1057
Sept. 9, 1087
12 10 23
43(1
Winchester.
3.
Henry I. - -
1070
Aug. 1, 1100
35 4 1
66th
Reading.
4,
Stephen
1105
Dec. 2, 1135
18 10 .23
49th
Feversham.
PLANTAGENET LINE.
5.
Heney II.
1133
Oct. 25, 1154
34 8 12
56th
Fontevrault.
6.
Richard I. - -
1157
July-7, 1189
9 9 0
42d
Fontevrault.
7.
John
1166
April 6, 1199
17 6 13
50th
Worcester.
8.
Henry III.
1206
Oct. 19, 1216
56 0 28
66th
Westminster.
9.
Edward I.
1239
Nov. 16, 1272
34 7 21
68th
Westminster.
10.
Edward II.
1284'
July 7, 1307
19 6 18
43(1
Gloucester.
11.
Edward III. -
1312
Jan. 26, 1327
50 4 28
G6th
Westminster.
12.
Richard II. -
1367
June 21, 1377
22 3 8
33(3
Westminster.
LINE OF LANCASTER.
13.
Henry IV.
1367
Sept. 29, 1399
13 5 20
46th
Canterbury.
14.
Henry V.
1388
March 20, 1413
9 6 11
34th
Westminster.
15.
Henry VI.
1421
Aug. 31, 1422
38 6 4
60th
Chertsey. Windsor.
HOUSE OF YORK.
16.
Edward IV.
1441
March 4, 1461 1
22 1 5
42d
Windsor.
17.
18.
Edward V.
Richard III. -
1470
1443
April 9, 1483
June 22, 1483
0 2 13
2 2 0
13th
42d
Tower. Westminster.
Leicester.
KINGS AND QUEENS OF ENGLAND.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34
35.
Sovereigns.
Began to Reign.
Reigned.
Yi-ar
of
Age.
Buried.
HOUSE OF TUDOR.
Henry VII.i -
Henry VHI.
Edward VI.
Mary I. and
Philip (jointly)
Elizabeth
1455
1491
1537
1516
1527
Aug. 22, 1485
April 21, 1509
Jan. 28, 1547
July 6, 1553
July 25, 1554
23
37
M. D.
7 30
9 7
6 5 8
5 4 11
4 3 23
1533 Nov. 17, 1558 44 4 7 70th Westminster
54tli
56tli
16th
43d
71st
Westminster.
Windsor.
Westminster.
Westminster.
Escurial, Spain.
HOUSE OF STUART.
24.
James I.
25.
Charles I.
26.
Charles II
—
Restoration
27.
James II.
1566
1600
1630
1633
March 24, 1603
March 27, 1625
Jan. 30, 1049
May 29, 1660
Feb. 6, 1685
22 0
23 10
36 0
24 8
i 0
3
59th
3
49th
7
54th
8
—
7
68th
WiLUAM III. and •
Mary II. (jointly)
Anne
1650
1662
1665
I Feb. 13, 1689 |
Maich 8, 1702
13 0 23
52d
5 10 15
33d
12 4 24
50th
Westminster.
Windsor.
Westminster.
Benedictines, Paris.
Westminster.
Westminster.
Westminster.
LINE OF HANOVER.
George I.
George II.
George HI."
George IV. ■
William IV.
Victoria
1660
1683
1738
1762
1765
1819
Aug. 1, 1714
June 11, 1727
Oct. 25, 1760
Jan. 29, 1820
June 26, 1830
June 20, 1837
Hanover.
Westminster.
Windsor.
Windsor.
Windsor.
Our Present Queen, whom God preserve !
12 10 10
68th
33 4 14
77th
59 3 4
82d
10 4 28
68th
6 11 24
72d
1 Nearly all other Tables state that Henry VII. died on the 22nd of April, 1609; but the inscription on that
monarch's tomb, as siven in Sandprd's Genealogical History, proves the above to be the correct date: " Morilur
deinde XXI die Aprilis, anno letalis LIII. Regnavit annos XXI U, menses mi, minus una die."
2 In consequence of the mental illness of his majesty George TIL, his son George, prince of Wales (afterwards
George IV ), was declared Regent of tiie kingdom, on the 5th of February, 1811 ; and the regency continued
until the death of the king, Jan. 29, 1820, thus embracing a period of eight years, eleven months, and twenty-
four days. George IV. therefore governed, as regent and king, nineteen years, four months, and twenty-two
days.
•,* It may perhaps, be necessary to observe, that two queens, viz., Matilda or Maud (styled in history the
" Empress ")' and the laiiy Jane Grey, are not included in the preceding Table of Sovereigns. The one, though
the rightful heir, and crowned, was excluded from the succession by the usurpation of Stephen ; the other,
though unambitious of her elevation to the throne, forfeited her life, a few days after she had been proclaimed
queen, upon the scaffold. Neither of these princesses has a place iu the Regal Tables of our accepted historians.
— Editor.
ADDENDA.
Add, at end of Administrations, page 98 :
1851. Feb. 24. Lord John Russell anuounced to the Commons, and the Marquess of
Lansdowne to the Lords, that ministers had resigned, in consequence of their defeat on Mr.
Locke King's motion respecting the Franchise, the majority against them being 48 (100 to
62) ; and on March 3, the same personages informed parliament, that it having been
found impossible to form a Coalition Ministry, of which Sir James Graham and the
Earl of Aberdeen were invited to be members, her Majesty, by the advice of the Duke
of Wellington, was pleased to call upon her late Ministers to resume office. It appeared that
Lord Stanley had been previously charged by the Queen to form a new Cabinet, but had
not succeeded. Lord John Eussell and his colleagues accordingly resumed their functions,
and form (October 1851) the present Administration.
Pkivt Councilloes, page 146 :
Immediately upon Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe being sworn of the Council as a Vice-Chancellor,
Nov. 13, 1850, he was created Lord Cranworth.
■New Judges. October 8, 1851. Letters-patent were this day directed to be passed the
Great Seal, appointing,
Sir James Lewis Knight Bruce, and Itj iMun-i/^A i-ni,
Robert Monsey, Lord Cranworth j '^'^^^^ °^ "^^ ^°"'^ °f ■^-PP^'*' '° Chancery.
CORRIGENDA.
Sovereigns of Euuope, page 6., Richard III. For born 1453, read born 1443. '
Under same head, page 31. Francis I., King of the Two Sicilies. For 1826 (mis-
printed) read 1825 ; succeeded January 24.
THE
BOOK OF DIGNITIES,
&c. &c.
PART I.
SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE, &c.,
Comprising the Lines
Kngland
Wales
Scotland
Ireland
Germany — Austria
France
Spain
Portugal — Brazil
Sicily — Naples — Two Sicilies
Sardinia — Savoy
Tuscany
Lucca
Parma, Piacenza, &c.
Modena
of Princes of the following
Holland — The Netherlands —
Belgium
Nassau
Denmark
Sweden
Prussia — Brandenburg
Saxony
Saxe-Coburg, Gotha, &c.
Bavaria, and Counts Palatine
Wurtemberg
Hanover — Brunswick
Mecklenburg
Hess§K3assel, Darmstadt, &c.
Baden
Kingdoms and States,
Hungary
Bohemia
Poland
Russia
Roman Empire
Western Empire
Italy
Eastern Empire
Turkish Empire
Persia
Greece
United States of America
Popes of Rome ;
With the Princes of the Merged or Extinct Kingdoms and Principalities of
Jerusalem
Eretagne or Brittany
Normandy
Suabia v
Franconia
Burgundy
Lorraine
Flanders
Hainault
Luxemburg
Anjou
Appended, to render this Work a Book of Reference (in relation to history),
as well for Ancient, as Modern Princes.
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
ENGLAND.
Cai,led by the Komans, Britannia; by the Greeks, Bretannia; and by Ptolemy
(peculiarly remarkable for adhering strictly, in the names of places, to the pronun-
ciation of the respective countries), Brettania. " Anciently Albion, signifying a high
mountainous country ; but Brettan (Celtic), or Britannia, a name much of the same
import, became the prevalent appellation." — Pliny.
The Britons were divided into many small nations or tribes, and being a military
people, it was impossible for their princes or chieftains to establish any despotic
authority over them. Their governments, though monarchical, were free, as were
those of all the Celtic nations, and they seem to have enjoyed more liberty than the
nations of daul, from whom they were descended. Each state was agitated with
jealousies against the neighbouring states, and while the arts of peace were yet
unknown, war was the chief occupation among the people, — Tacitus. Hume.
The inhabitants had long remained in this rude but independent state, when CiBsar,
2 ^ PRINCES OF EUROPE.
having overrun all Gaul by his victories, cast his eyes on Britain, where, in the 1st
century, after much resistance, was planted the Roman power by succeeding em-
perors. This power existed until the middle of the 5th century, when the Romans,
distracted by wars at home, retired. The Saxons, who were at first invited, were the
next invaders and the permanent conqvierors of Britain. They founded tho several
kingdoms of the Pleptarchy, in which, however, an exact rule of succession waj either
unknown, or not strictly observed, so that the reigning prince was jealous of all the
princes of the blood, whom he still considered his rivals, and whose death could alone
give entire security to his throne. From this cause, together with the love of monastic
life, the royal families became extinguished in all the kingdoms, Wessex only excepted,
in which Egbert ruled. This prince was the sole descendant of the first Saxon
conquerors, and under him were at length united all the governments of the Hep-
tarchy, his territories being nearly of the same extent with what is now properly
called England. — Hume.
Kings of the IIeptaechy.
455.
488.
512.
542.
560.
616.
640.
664.
673.
685.
694.
725.
748.
760.
794.
796.
805.
Kent.
[ Co-exfensive with the shire of Kent. ]
Hengist.
iEsc, Esca, or Escus, son of Hengist ; in
honour of whom the kings of Kent were
for some thne called iEscings.
Octa, son of .^sc.
Hernienric, or Ermenric, son of Octa.
St. Ethdbert : first Christian king.
Eadbald, son of Ethelbert.
Ercenbert, or Ercombert, son of Eadbald.
Ecbert, or Egbert, son of Ercenbert.
Lother, or Lothair, brother of Ecbert.
Edric : slain in 687.
[The kingdom was now subject for a time
to various leaders.]
Wihtred, or Wightred.
Eadbert ") r-uT-ti j
Ethelbert II. V """^ of Wihtred, succeed-
j^lfi;, J mg each other.
Edbert, or Ethelbert Pryn : deposed.
Cuthred, or Guthred.
Baldred ; who in 823 lost his life and king-
dom to Egbert, king of Wessex.
South Saxons.
\_ Sussex and Surrey."]
490. Ella, a warlike prince, succeeded by
514. Cissa, his son, whose reign was long and
peaceful, exceeding 70 years.
[The South Saxons here fe'll into an almost
total dependence on the kingdom of
Wessex, and we scarcely kiiow the
names of the princes who were possessed
of this titular sovereignty. — JJame.]
648. Edilwald, Edilwach, or Adehvalch.
688. Authun and Berthun, brothers ; they
reigned jointly; both were vanquished
by Ina, king of Wessex, and the king-
dom was finally conquered in 725.
West Saxons.
\_Berhs, Southampton, Wilts, Somerset, Dorset,
Devon, and part of Cornwall.']
519. Cerdicus.
584. Cynric, or Kenric, son of Cerdic
659. Ceawlin, son of Cynric : banished by his
subjects, and died in 593.
o91. Ceolric, nephew of Ceawlin.
597. Ceolwulf.
611. fCynegils, andin
i- I
614.
[ Cwichehn, his son, reign jointly.
643. Cenwal, Cenwalh, or Cenwald.
672. Sexburga, his queen, sister to Penda, king
of Mercia ; of great abilities : probably
deposed.
674. Escwine; in conjunction ivith Centwine;
on the death of Escwine.
676. Centivine rules alone.
685. Ceadwal, or Ccedwalla : this prince went in
lowly state to Rome, to expiate his
deeds of blood, and died there.
688. Ina, or Inas, a brave and wise ruler: he
also journeyed to Eome, where he
passed his time in obscurity, leaving
behind him an excellent code of laws.
728. Ethelheard, or Ethelard, related to Ina.
740. Cuthred, brother to Ethelheard.
764. Sigebryht, or Sigebert ; having murdered
a nobleman, he fled, but was recog-nised
and slain.
755. Cynewulf, or Kenwulf, a noble youth of
the line of Cerdic : murdered by a ba-
nished subject.
784. Bertric, or Beorhtric : poisoned by drink-
ing of a cup his queen had prepared for
another.
800. Egbert, afterwards sole monarch of Eng-
land.
East Saxons.
lEssex, Middlese.v, and part of Herts.]
Erchenwin, or Erchwine.
Sledda ; his son.
St. Sebert, or Sabert ; son of the preceding :
first Christian king.
Saxred, or Sexted, or Serred, jointly with
Sigebert and Seward : all slain.
Sigebert II., surnamed the Little ; son of
Seward.
Sigebert III., surnamed the Good ; brother
of Sebert : put to death.
Swithelm, son of Sexbald.
Sigher, or Sigeric, jointly with Sebbi, or
Sebba, who became a monk.
Sigenard, or Sigehard, and Suenfrid.
Otfa; left his queen and kingdom, and
became a monk at Eome.
Snebricht, or Selred.
Swithred, or Swithed ; a long reign.
Sigeric : died in a pilgrimage to Koine.
Sigered.
The kingdom seized upon by Egbert, king
of Wessex.
527,
587,
697.
614.
623,
655.
661.
663.
693,
700,
709.
738,
792.
799.
823.
ENGLAND.
NORTHUMEEIA.
\_Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Westmoreland,
Burluxm, and Northumberland.^
•»• Northumbria was at first divided into two separate
governments, Bernicia and Deira; tlie former
stretching from tlie river Tweed to tlie Tyne,
and tlie latter from the Tyne to the Humher.
547. Ida, a valiant Saxon.
660. Adda, his eldest son ; king of Bernicia.
— Ella, king of Deira ; afterNvards sole king
of Northumbria.
567. Glappa, Clappa, or Elappea ; Beniicia.
572. Heodwulf; Bernicia.
573. Freodwulf; Bernicia.
680. Theodric; Bernicia.
588. Ethelric ; Bernicia.
593. Ethelfrith, surnamed the Fierce.
617. Edmn, son of Ella, king of Deira in 590.
The greatest prince of the Heptarchy in
that age. — Hume. Slain in battle with
Penda, king of Mercia.
634. The kingdom again divided ; Eanfrid rules
in Bernicia, and Osric in Deira: both
put to death.
635. Oswald ; slain In battle.
644. Osweo, or Oswy ; a reign of great renown.
670. Ecfrid, or Egfrid, king of Northumbria.
685. Alcfrid, or Ealdferth.
705. Osred, son of Ealdferth.
716. Cenred; sprung from Ida.
718. Osric, son of Alcfrid.
729. CeolivTilf ; died a monk.
738. Eadbert, or Egbert ; retired to a monastery.
757. Oswulf, or Osulf ; slain in a sedition.
759. Edilwald, or Mollo ; slain by Aired, who
was impatient for the throne.
765. Aired, Ailred, or Alured ; deposed.
774. Ethelred, son of Mollo ; expelled.
778. Elwald, or Celwold ; deposed and slain.
789. Osred, son of Aired; fled.
790. Ethelred restored ; afterwards slain.
795. Erdulf, or Ardulf ; deposed.
808. Alfwold II.; succeeded by Erdulf, and
perhaps others ; but the kingdom after
so many fatal revolutions lost all attach-
ment to its government and princes,
and was prepared for its subjection to
the yoke of Egbert. — Hume.
East Angles.
{^Norfolk, Suffolk, Catribridge, Isle of Ely."]
575. Uffa ; a noble German,
582. Titilus, or Titulus ; son of Uffa.
599. Eedwald; son of Titilus: the greatest
prince of the East Angles.
624. Erpwald, or Eorpwald.
629. Sigebert, half-brother to Erpwald.
632. Egfrid, or Egric, cousin to Sigebert.
635. Anna, or Annas ; a just ruler: killed.
654. Etheh-ic, or Ethelhere j slain in battle.
655. Ethelwald, his brother.
664. Aldulf, or Aldwulf.
713. Selred, or Ethelred.
746. Alphivuld.
749. Beorn and Ethelred, jointly.
758. Beorn, alone.
761. Ethelred.
790. Ethelbert, or Ethelbyrht; treacherously
put to death in Mercia in 792, when
OflFa, king of Mercia, oveiTan the coun-
try, which was finally subdued by
Egbert.
Mekcia.
[ Counties of Gloucester, Hereford, Chester, Staf-
ford, Worcester, Oxford, Salop, Warwick,
Derby, Leicester, Bucks, Northampton, Notts,
Lincoln, Bedford, Rutland, Huiitingdon, and
part of Herts.'\
686. Crida, or Cridda ; a noble chieftain.
593. [Interregnum.]
597. Wibba, a valiant prince, his son.
616. Ceorl, or Cheorl ; nephew of Wibba.
626. Penda, a fierce, cruel, and revengeful war-
rior ; killed in battle.
665. Peada, son of Penila ; murdered.
656. Wulfhere, brother of Peada; to make
w^ay for whom Peada was slain : he
slew his two .sons with his own hand.
675. Ethelred ; became a monk.
704. Cenred, Cendred, or Kendred; became a
monk at Rome.
709. Ceolred, or Celred, or Chelred, son of
Ethelred.
716. Ethelbald ; slain in a mutiny by one of his
own chieftains, his successor, after a
defeat in battle.
765. Beornred, or Bemred : himself .slain.
765. Ofla : he formed the great dyke on the
borders of Wales knowTi by his name.
794. Egfrid, or Egferth, son of Ofia : he had
ruled jointly with his father for some
years : died suddenly.
794. Cenulf, or Kenulph ; slain.
819. Kenelm, or Cenelm, a minor; reigned five
months : killed by his sister Quendreda,
from the ambitious hope of assuming
the government. — Hume.
819. Ceolwulf, uncle to Kenelm; driven from
the throne.
821. Beornulf, or Burnwulf ; killed by his own
subjects.
823. Ludecan ; a valiant ruler : slain.
825. Withlafe, or Wiglaf.
838. Berthulf, or Bertulf.
862. Burhred, or Burdred.
[This last kingdom merged, like the other
Idngdoms of the Heptarchy, into that of
England.]
The Saxons, although they were divided into seven different kingdoms, yet were
for the most part subject to one king alone, who was entitled Rex gentis Anglorum, or
King of the English nation ; those which were stronger than the rest giving the law to
them in their several turns, till, in the end, they all became incorporated in the empire
of the "West Saxons, under Egbert. The following were kings or octarchs during the
Heptarchy ' : —
1 The term '* Octarchy " is sometimes applied, by writers, to the Saxon kingdoms, inasmuch as Northumbria,
the seventh kingdom, was at different periods divided into two kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira, ruled by separate
kings. Other writers apply the term to the successive kings whose authority was acknowledged by the other
princes of the Heptarchy ; these, they call Octarc/is.
B 2
PRINCES OF EUROPK.
Kings, ok Octaechs, of the English Saxons.
457. Hengist, first king of Kent.
490. Ella, 1st king of the South Saxons.
619. Cerdic, 1st king of the West Saxons.
534. Kenric, 2nd king of the West Saxons.
560. Ceawlin, 3rd king of the West Saxons.
593. Ethelbert, 5th king of Kent.
616. Redwald, 3rd king of the East Angles.
630. Edivin, 4th king of Northumbria.
635. Oswald, 5th king of Northumbria.
644. Osweo, 8th king of Bemicia.
670. Wulfhere, 6th king of Mercia.
675. Ethelred, 7th king of Mercia.
704. Cenred, 8th king of Mercia.
709. Celred, 9th king of Mercia.
716. Ethelbald, 10th king of Mercia.
758. OflFa, 11th king of Mercia.
796. Egferth, 12th king of Mercia.
796. Kenulph, 13th king of Mercia.
820. Egbert, 17th king of the West Saxons;
and first and absolute monarch of the
whole Heptarchy, who vanquished all
or most of the Saxon kings, and added
their dominions to his own.
Kings of England before the Conquest.
827,
837.
857.
860.
866.
871.
001.
925,
941.
947.
955.
959.
975.
978.
Egbert, first sole monarch of England ; so
reigned about ten years.
Ethelwolf, his eldest son ; remarkable for
his great bigotry.
Ethelbald, son of Ethelwolf; a profligate
prince : died unlamented.
Ethelbert, 2nd son of Ethelwolf; succeeded
by his next brother,
Ethelred : mortally wounded by the Danes
in battle ; died April 27, 871.
Alfred, surnamed the Great, 4th son of
Ethelwolf; a brave, wise, and virtuous
prince : died Oct. 26, 901.
Edward the Elder, son of Alfred ; a brave
and prudent ruler : the Saxon Chron.
fix his death in 925.
Athelstan, natural son of Edward, whose
legitimate sons were too young to go-
vern : died Oct. 17, 941.
Edmund, son of Edward : killed at a fes-
tival by Leolf, an outlaw. May 26, 947.
Edred, brother to Edmund : in this reign,
Dunstan, a turbulent and ambitious
priest, had unbounded sway.
Edwy, son of Edmund : in this reign also,
as in the last, Dunstan ruled the unfor-
tunate king, who, however, afterwards
banished him.
Edgar, succeeded his brother Edwy; re-
called Dunstan, whose influence he re-
stored : died July 1, 975.
Edward the Martyr, son of Edgar : stabbed
at Corfe Castle, at the instance of his
step-mother Elfrida, March 18, 978.
Ethelred II., half-brother of Edward. This
prince retired to Normandy during the
Danish usurpation, when Sweyn was
proclaimed lung, 1013. Sweyn died in
a few months afterwards, and was suc-
ceeded by his son, Canute the Great.
While the latter was absent in Den-
mark, the exiled king returned. Ethel-
red closed an inglorious reign, April 24,
1016.
1016. Edmund II., surnamed Ironside ; son of
Ethelred. The English and Danish no-
bility, tii'ed of war, obliged Edmund and
Canute to divide the kingdom between
them. Canute ruled the northern por-
tion, while the southern was held by
Edmund, who, however, did not long
survive the treaty : he was murdered at
Oxford by two of his chamberlains,
accomplices of duke Edric, Nov. 30, 1016.
The Danish Race.
1016. Canute, styled the Great, and the Dane ;
established himself as king of England
in 1017 : died Nov. 12, 1035.
1035. Harold I., surnamed Harefoot, from his
agility in running ; a cruel prince : died,
unmarried, April 14, 1039.
1039. Hardicanute, or Canute the Hardy, so
named from his bodily powers ; brother
of the last king : died of repletion at a
nuptial feast, June 8, 1041.
The Saxons Repossessed.
1041. Edward the Confessor, son of Ethelred 11.
by Emma, his 2nd queen; a tranquil
and prosperous reign : died Jan. 5, 1066,
naming William of Normandy his heir.
1066. Harold IL, son of Godwin, earl of Kent ; a
powerful and popular nobleman ; reigned
only nine months : killed at the battle
of Hastings.
[William of Normandy invaded England in
Sept. 1066, with a powerful fleet and
army, and on Oct. 14 following, gave
battle, at Hastings, to Harold, over
whom he obtained a complete victory ;
and Harold being slain, William was
proclaimed king by his triumphant army
on the spot.]
Sovereigns of England after the Conquest.
1066,
1087,
The Norman Line.
William the Conqueror; natural son of
Robert, duke of Normandy, by Harlotta,
a tanner's daughter, at Falalse; born
in 1025 ; married Matilda, daughter of
Baldwin, count of Flanders : died at
Rouen, Sept. 9, 1087. Succeeded by his
second son.
William Rufus, or the Red, from the
colour of his hair ; born 1057 : mortally
wounded while hunting in the New-
Forest, by an arrow shot at a stag by
sir Walter Tyrrell, and died, unmarried,
Aug. 2, 1100.
1100. Henry I., surnamed Beauclerk, youngest
son of William I. ; bom 1070 ; married,
1st, Matilda, daughter of Malcolm Can-
more, king of Scotland; 2d, Adelais,
or Adehza, daughter of Godfrey, duke
of Louvame: died of a surfeit, Dec. 1,
1135.
1135. Stephen, son of the eari of Blois (by
ENGLAND.
5
Adela, daugliter of the Conqueror), and
nephew of Henry I. ; born 1105. The
empress Maud, daughter of Henry, and
rightful heir to the throne, contended
for it with Stephen, but ultimately con-
cluded a peace with him, hy which she
secured the succession to her son. See
next reign. Stephen married Matilda,
daughter of Eustace, count of Boulogne :
died Oct. 25, 1154.
The Plabtagenet Like. '
1154. Henkt II., son of the empress Maud and
Geoffrey Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, her
second husband; born 1133. Henry
married Eleanor, daughter of the duke
of Guienne and divorced queen of
Louis VII. of France : died of a broken
heart, July 6, 1189. The Fair Rosa-
mond was mistress of this prince.
1189. Richard I. Cceur de Lion, son of Henry II. ;
born in 1157 : he joined the crusades
to Palestine, where his consummate
bravery obtained him the affix to his
name. Married Berengera, daughter of
Sancho VI., king of Navarre ^ : died of
a wound from an arrow at the siege of
Chaluz, April 6, 1199.
1199. John, surnamed Lackland, brother of
Richard, bom Dec. 24, 1166 ; married,
1st, Avisa, daughter of WiUiam, earl
of Gloucester, whom he divorced upon
the ground of consanguinity ; and 2d,
Isabel, daughter of Aymer, count of
Angouleme, the affianced wife of the
count de la Marche : died Oct. 19, 1216.
1216. Henky III., son of John, born Oct. 1,
1206 ; succeeded at 10 years of age;
married Eleanor, daughter of Raymond,
count de Provence : died Nov. 16, 1272.
1272. Edward I., surnamed Longshanks, son
of Henry, bom June 17, 1239 ; married
1st, Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand III.,
king of Castile ; and, 2d, Margaret,
daughter of Philip III., the Hardy, king
of France ; died July 7, 1807.
1307. Edward II., son of Edward I. ; bom at
Carnarvon, April 25, 1284 ; married
Isabella, daughter of Philip IV., the
Fair, king of France : dethroned Jan. 25,
1327; and barbarously murdered at
Berkeley Castle Sept. 21 following, a
victim to the crimes and ambition of
his infamous queen and her favourite
Mortimer.
1327. Edward III., of Windsor, son of the last
king, bom Nov. 13, 1312 ; married Phi-
lippa, daughter of William, count of
Holland and Hainhault : died at Sheen,
now Richmond, June 21, 1377.
1377. Richard II., son of Edward the Black
Prince and graadson of Edward HI.,
born Jan. 6, 1367 ; married, 1st, Anne,
sister of the emperor Winceslaus ; and,
2d, Isabel, daughter of Charles VI. of
France : dethroned Sept. 29, 1399, and
murdered at Pomfret Castle, Feb. 13 '
following.
The Line of Lancaster.
1399, Henky IV.,3 surnamed Bolingbroke, son
of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster,
who was fourth son of Edward HI. ;
born in 1367; married 1st, Mary de
Bohun, daughter and coheiress of the
earl of Hereford ; and, 2d, Joan of
Navarre, widow of John de Montfort,
duke of Bretagne : died March 20, 1413.
1413. Henky V., of Monmouth, son of the last
king; born in 1388; mamed Catharine,
youngest daughter of Charles VI., king
of France: died Aug. 31, 1422.
1422. Henry VI., his son, born Dec. 6, 1421 ;
succeeded to the throne when not nine
months old ; married the celebrated
Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Rene
or Regnier, duke of Anjou, titular king
of Sicily and Jerusalem : dethroned
March 4, 1461 ; and died in the Tower,
(supposed to have been murdered there
by Richard, duke of Gloucester), June
20, 1471.
The House of York.
1461. Edward IV.,* son of Richard, duke of
York ; born April 29, 1441 : married Eli-
zabeth Widvile (or Woodville) daughter
of sir Richard Widvile, afterwards earl
Rivers, widow of sir John Grey, of Groby :
died April 9, 1483. Edward, prince of
Wales, son of Henry VI., was murdered
in this reign.
1483. Edward V., eldest son of the last king ;
born Nov. 4, 1470 ; succeeded in his
13th year; reigned but 2 months and
13 days, having been deposed June 22,
1 Plantagenet seems to have been at first no more than one of those soubriquets or nicknames at this time so
common. The first so-called was Fulke Martel, earl of Anjou, in the tenth century. That noble having con-
trived the death of his nephew, the earl of Brittany, in order to succeed to the earldom, his confessor sent him,
in atonement for the murder, to Jerusalem, attended by only two servants, one of whom was to lead him by a
halter to the Holy Sepulchre, the other to strip and whip him there, like a common malefactor. Brootn, in
French senel, in Latin genista, being the only tough, pliant shrub in Palestine, the noble criminal was smartly
scourged with it, and from this instrument of his chastisement, he was called Flanta-genista, or Plantagenet
2 He was first contracted in marriage, in his infancy, to a daughter of Raymond, count of Barcelona, but when
he was grown up he was affianced to Alice, or Adela, daughter of Louis Vll., king of France ; neither of whom
he married. Afterwards, in his journey to the Holy Land, he married Berengera, or Berengaria, daughter of
the king of Navarre, a virtuous and beautiful princess, who adventured with him many dangers, both by sea and
land, in that famous expedition. — r. C. -Bflwto. ,,, ■ , , j ., , j j ■.,.
3 Henry IV. took advantage of the absence of Richard, who was then m Ireland, and landed wUh an armed
force in Yorkshire ; and being joined by several of the nobility and gentry and by the army, he seized Richard on
his return assembled the parliament, which had been summoned by writs in Richard's name, exhibited articles
of mal-adininistration against his sovereign, compelled him to resign, and then, with the army at the door, asserted
bis claim to the crown as next heir, which in point of hereditary right belonged to Edmund Mortimer, earl of
March : thus he was doubly an usurper. .„..-,,, ,^ , r„-uj , cr, ^-^
4 Edward IV was the eldest surviving son of Richard, duke of York, son of Richard, earl of Cambridge, and
Anne his wife who was daughter of Roger, earl of March, the son of Edmund Mortimer and Pliilippa his wife,
who was daughter of Lionel, duke of Clarence, the third son of Edward III. — Banks.
B 3
PRINCES OF EUKOPE.
1483. He was shortly afterwards mur-
dered, with his brother Richard, in the
Tower, by their uncle Gloucester, who
had usurped the throne.
1483. Richard 111., dnke of Gloucester; eighth
and youngest son of Eichai'd, duke of
York, and brother of Edward IV. ; born
1453 ; married Anne, daughter of the
great earl of Warwick, and widow of
Edward, prince of Wales, above-men-
tioned, whom he, and the duke of Cla-
rence and lord Hastings had murdered.
Slain at the battle of Bosworth-field,
Aug. 22, 1485.
The Families of York ahd Lancaster
united ls the house of tudor.
1485. Henry VII., earl of Richmond, grandson
of Owen Tudor and Catharine, widow of
Heuiy V. ; bom July 26, 1455 ; claimed
his title to the crown in right of his
mother, descended from John of Gaunt,
4th son of Edward III. ; married Eliza-
beth, eldest daughter of Edward IV., by
which marriage the houses of Lancaster
and York were united. Overcame Richard
III. 1 at the battle of Bosworth, and was
crowned king upon the spot : died April
22, 1509.
1509. Henry VIII., son of Henry VII. ; born
June 28, 1491. He married, 1st, Catha-
rine of Arragon (widow of his t^lder
brother, Arthur), whom he repudiated
and afterwards formally divorced. 2d,
Anna Boleyn (daughter of sir Thomas
Boleyn, and maid of honour to queen
Catharine), whom he beheaded. 3d,
Jane Seymour (daughter of sir John
Seymour and maid of honour to Anna
Boleyn), who died in childbirth of a son,
afterwards Edward VI. 4th, Anne of
Cloves (sister ofWilliam, duke of Cleves),
whom he divorced. 5th, Catharine
Howard (niece of the duke of Norfolk),
whom he beheaded. Gth, Catharine
Parr (daughter of sir Thomas Parr and
widow of ICdward Nevill, lord Latimer,
her 2nd husband), who survived him.
lie died Jan. 28, 1547.
1547. Edward VI., his son, by Jane Seymour,
his 3rd queen ; born Oct. 12, 1537. This
prince ascended the throne in his tenth
year ; reigned 6 years, 5 months, and 9
days ; and died unmarried.'
1553. Mary, eldest daughter of Henry VIII. by
his 1st queen, Catharine of Arragon;
born Feb. 11, 161G. Married Philip II.
of Spain, who was joined mth her in the
government, July 25, 1564. Mary died
Nov. 17, 1558. Philip died in 1598,
forty years afterwards, of a loathsome
disease, being devoured by vermin, which
swarmed from innumerable sores in all
parts of his body.
[In the beginning of this reign, lady Jane
Grey, daughter of the duke of Suffolk,
and wife of lord Guildford Dudley, was
proclaimed queen ; young Edward, when
dyingf having been persuaded to alter
the succession in her i'avour. In 10 days
afterwards she returned to private life ;
but was tried Nov. 13, 1553, and be-
headed Feb. 12, 1554, then but seven-
teen years of age.]
1558. Elizabeth, second daughter of Henry
VIII. by his 2nd queen, Anna Boleyn,
born Sept. 7, 1633. This princess died,
unmarried, March 24, 1603; and in her
ended the Tudors.
House of Stuakt.
1603. James L of England, and VI. of Scotland,
son of Mary, queen of Scots, by Henry
Stuart, lord Damley ; and grandson of
James IV. of Scotland, by Margaret,
daughter of Henry VII. of England;
born June 19, 1566. Married Anne, of
Denmark, daughter of Frederick II.:
died March 27, 1626.
1625. Charles I., his eldest surviving son ; born
Nov. 19, 1600 ; married Henrietta-
Maria, daughter of Henry IV. of France,
and sister of Louis XIII. This unfor-
tunate monarch, after a reign of conten-
tion with his subjects, was brought to
trial on a charge of making war against
the parliament, sentenced tobebeheaded,
Jan. 27, 1649, and executed on the 30th.
1649. [Comjionwealth. Oliver Cromwell,
whose power and influence had pre-
viously been paramount, was declared
protector of England, Dec. 12, 1663 :
died Sept. 3, 1658 ; and was succeeded
by his son, Richard Cromwell, who was
made protector, Sept. 4 : ho resigned the
oiRce, April 22, 1659.]
1649. Charles IL, son of Charles I., born May
29, 1630. This king's reign commenced,
in effect, with his restoration to the
throne, May 29, 1660 ; but it is reckoned
by historians from the day of his father's
death, Jan. 30, 1649. He married the
infanta Catharine of Portugal, daughter
of John IV. and sister of Alphonsus VI. ;
but died without legitimate issue, Feb,
6, 1685.
1685. James II., his brother, born Oct. 13, 1633:
he married, when duke of York, lady
Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward, earl
of Clarendon, who died before he as-
cended the throne ; married, 2d, Mary
Beatrice Eleanor d'Este, princess of Mo-
dena, daughter of Alphonso d'Este,
duke. After an unquiet reign, James
abdicated by flight, finally quitting
England Dec. 23, 1688 ; and died in
exile Sept. 6, 1701.
1689. William III., prince of Orange, and
Mary IL, his queen. The former was the
posthumous son of William of Nassau
and Orange by the princess Mary, eldest
thl m,UHM!i°'' f/°™'= of <»"■ hiftorians relate, liy the hand of nichmond that Richard fell • but hv the hanrl, nf
ENGLAND.
1702.
daughter of Charles I., and was bom
Nov. 14, IGoO ; the latter was the elder
daughter of James II. by lady Aune
Hyde, and was bom April 30, 1062.
Proclaimed Feb. 13, 1689; this event
consummating the Revolution of 1688.
Mary died Dec. 28, 1094 ; and William,
of a fall from his horse, March 8, 1702.
Anne, second daughter of James II. by
lady Anne Hyde, born Feb. G, 1665;
married-, July 28, 1683, prince George
of Denmark, who died Oct. 28, 170S.
The queen died Aug. 1, 1714.
House of Hanover.
1714. George I. (Lewis), the nearest Protestant
heir to the crown; son of Ernest Au-
gustus, elector of Hanover and duke of
Brunswick-Luneburg, by the princess
Sophia, youngest daughter of Fre-
derick v., elector palatine and king of
Bohemia, and the princess Elizabeth,
daughter of James I. Born, Mjy 28,
1660 ; married Sophia-Dorothea, daugh-
ter of George- William, duke of Zell:
died June 11, 1727.
1727. George II. (Augustus), bom Oct. 30,
1683 ; married Wilhelmina-Caroline,
daughter of John-Frederick, margrave
of Brandenburg- Anspach : died, Oct. 25,
1760.
1760. George III. (William-Frederick), son of
Frederick-Lewis, prince of Wales, and
grandson of George II. : bom June 4,
1738 ; married Charlotte-Sophia, daugh-
ter of Charles-Lewis-Frederick, duke of
Mecklenburgh-Strelitz, Sept. 8, 1761.
His son, George, prince of Wales, de-
clared regent of the kingdom, Feb. 5,
1811 ; and so continued until Jan. 29,
1820, when the king died in the 82d
year of his age and the 60th of his reign,
being the longest reign in the English
annals.
1820. George IV. (Augustus-Frederick), eldest
son of George III. ; born Aug. 12, 1762 ;
married his cousin Caroline-Amelia-
Elizabeth, daughter of Charles- William-
Ferdinand, duke of Brunsmck-Wolfen-
buttel, by Augusta, eldest sister of
George III., April 8, 1795. Became
prince regent, Feb. 6, 1811; and suc-
ceeded to the throne, Jan. 29, 1820. His
consort Carohne died Aug. 7, 1821 : the
king died June 26, 1830.
1830. WiiJjAM IV. (Henry), duke of Clarence,
third son of George HI. ; born Aug. 21,
1765 ; married Amelia-Adelaide-Louisa-
Theresa-Caroline, daughter of George-
Frederick-Charles, duke of Saxe-Mei-
ningen, July 11, 1818. The king died
June 20, 1837. His consort died Dec. 2,
1849.
1837. Vici'ORiA (Alexandrina- Victoria), daugh-
ter of Edward, duke of Kent, fourth
son of George HI. ; born May 24, 1819 ;
succeeded her uncle, June 20, 1837 ; and
was crowned, June 28, 1838. Married,
Feb. 10, 1840, her cousin Albert, prince
of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. See below.
England and Wales were united A. D. 1283 ; Scotland was united to both in 1707 ;
and the three were then styled Great Britain. Ireland was incorporated with these
countries by the act of Legislative Union, January 1, 1801, and the whole called the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
The present Royal Family of England.
The Queen. Alexandrina- Victoria, onlj- daughtei of Edward, duke of Kent ; bom May 24, 1819 ;
succeeded to the throne on the decease of her uncle, William IV., June 20, 1837. Crowned at
Westminster, June 28, 1838. Married (Feb. 10, 1840) to her cousin, Francis-Albert-Augustus-
Cbarles-Emmanuel, duke of Saxe, prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ; and has issue :
1. Victoria- Adelaide-Mary-Louisa, princess royal.
3. Alice-Maud-Mary, born April 25, 1843.
4. Alfred-Ernest, bom Aug. 6, 1844.
5. Helena-Augusta- Victoria, born May 25, 1846.
6. Louisa-Carolina-Alberta, born March 18, 1848.
7. Ai-thur-Patrick-Albert, born Mav 1, 1850.
bora Nov. 21, 1840,
2. Albert-Edward, prince of Wales, duke of
Sa.xony, duke of Cornwall and Eothsay,
earl of Chester and Carrick, baron of Ren-
frew, and lord of the Isles, born Nov. 9, 1841.
The Queen's Mother. Victoria-Maria-Louisa, duchess of Kent, aunt to the duke of Saxe-Coburg
and Gotha, born Aug. 17, 1780 ; married, 1 st (Decern. 21, 1803) Emich-Charles, prince of Leiningen,
who died July 4, 1814, leaving issue, Charles, prince of Leiningen, born Sept. 12, 1804, and the
princess Feodore, born Dec. 7, 1807. Married, 2d (May 29, 1818) to Edward, duke of Kent, who
died Jan. 23, 1820. Issue, The Queen.
PRINCES AND PRINCESSES OF ENGLAND.
Born of the Norman Line.
Issue of William I.
1. Robert, duke of Normandy.
2. Richard ; said to have been killed by a stag in
the New Forest.
3. William Rufus, who succeeded his father on
the throne.
4. Hesky, who succeeded his brother.
B
5. Cicely ; died abbess of the convent of the Holy
Trinity at Caen.
0. Constance ; married to Alan, earl of Brittany,
and Richmond, in England.
7. Alice ; contracted to Harold (who afterwards
refused her) : she died unmarried.
8. Adela ; man'ied to Stephen, earl of Blois, by
4
PRINCES OP EUROPE.
whom she had (besides three other sons,
William, Theobald, and. Henry)
Stephen, afterwards king, by usurpa-
tion, the empress Maud being rightful
9. Gundred; married to William, earl of Warren
and Surrey. „ , , „ , \
10. Agatha (called Margaret by Jtalph-Brooke) ■,
betrothed to Alphonso, king of Galicia, but
died on her journey to join her bndegroom.
Issue of Henky I.
1 William, drowned on his passage from Nor-
mandy : the prince's newly married bride,
Matilda, daughter of Fulke, earl of Anjou,
shared the same fate.
2. Maud, or Matilda ; married, 1st, to the emperor
HenrvV.:> and, 2d, to Geoffrey Planta-
genet, son of Fulke, earl of Anjou, by whom
^"^^I ^Heney, surnamed Fitz-Empress, who
ascended the throne as Henry II.
II. Geoffrey (Pembroke) earl of Nantes.
III. William, earl of Poitou.
IV. Emma, married to David (by usurpa-
tion) prince of North Wales.
Issue of Stephen.
1. Baldwin ; died in infancy.
2. Eustace, earl of Boulogne.
3. William, earl of Mortaigne.
i. Maud ; died young.
5. Mary, married to Matthew, son of Theodore,
count of Flanders.
BOEN OF THE PlANTAGENET LiNE.
Issue of Heney II.
1. William, who died in childhood.
2. Henry ; married Margaret, daughter of the
French king : died before his father.^
3. RicHAED, who succeeded his father on the
throne.
4. Geoffrey, earl of Brittany and Richmond ;
married Constance, daughter of Conan, dulce
of Brittany t accidentally killed at a tour-
nament in Paris, leaving
I. Arthur, earl or duke of Brittany,
who was rightful heir of his uncle
Richard.
II. Eleanor, who died unmarried.
5. Philip, who died young.
6. John, who usurped the crown, in prejudice to
his nephew Arthur, whom he murdered. —
Huim.
7. Eleanor ; married to Alphonso VIII., king of
Castile.
8. Maud ; married to Henry the Lion, duke of
Brunswick, ancestor of the present royal
family of England.
9. Joan ; married to William II., count of Sicily ;
and, 2d, Raj-mond, count of Toulouse.
[Henry had two sons by Rosamond
Clifford : viz., William Longespee, or
Longsword, so named from the sword
he usually wore ; and Geoffrey, arch-
bishop of York.]
Issue of King John.
1. Henry, who ascended the throne as Henry III.
2. Richard, earl of Poitou and Cornwall ; elected
king of the Romans in 1256.
3. Joan ; married to Alexander II., king of Scot-
land.
4. Eleanor; married to William Marshall the
to
younger, earl of Pembroke; and 2d
Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester.
5. Isabel ; married to the emperor Frederick IL
Issue of Henry III.
1. Edward, who ascended, the throne.
2. Edmund Plantagenet, surnamed Crouchback,
earl of Lancaster.^
3. Richard ; 4. John ; 6. WiUiam ; who all died
young.
6. Henry ; assassinated at mass in Italy.
7. Margaret; married to Alexander III., king of
Scotland.
8. Beatrice ; married to John, 1st duke of Brit-
tany.
9. Catherine, who died in infancy.
Issue of Edavard I.
1. John; 2. Henry; 3. Alphonso; who died
young.
Edward, prince of Wales; succeeded his
father on the throne.
Eleanor ; first espoused, by proxy, to Alphonso
of AiTagon, who died soon after; married
to Henry, comte de Barre.
Joan ; married, 1st, to Gilbert de Clare, earl of
Gloucester ; and 2d, to Ralph de Monther-
mere.
Margaret ; married to John, duke of Brabant.
Berangera or Berenice ; died in infancy.
Alice ; also died young.
Marj''; a nun at Amesbury in Wiltshire, and
afterwards at Fontevraud, in Normandy.
Elizabeth; married, 1st, to John, earl of
Holland ; 2d, to Humphrey, earl of Here-
ford and Essex.
Beatrice ; died in infancy.
Blanch ; died also in infancy.
U,
1 She was married to the emperor when only in her twelfth year ; and was his wife eleven years, but had no
issue by him. This eminent princess is usually called " the Empress." She is memorable for the resolution with
which she contended against Stephen for the English sceptre; died at Rouen, in Sept. 11G7.
2 This prince was married at four years of age to Margaret, daughter of Louis VII. In his sixteenth year his
father caused him to be crowned, June, 1070 ; and three years afterwards his marriage was consummated. He
broke out into rebellion against tlic king, and this unnatural contention between father and son, which continued
long, was at length terminated by the death of the prince, at the castle of Martel, in Touraine, in 1082. — Banks,
3 Edmund Plantagenet was first made earl of Chester, but the grant was revoked, and given to his elder
brother. By the pope he was invested in the kingdom of Sicily and Apulia : but tlie splendid gift, it is well
known, came to nothing : so that his real and intrinsic honour was that of earl of Lancaster Banks. This
jirince, sitting down before Bourdeaux, with a large force, and not being able to take the place, became so much
affected by his ill success, that a fit of sickness was brought on, of which he died. One circumstance does honour
to his memory ; he commanded " that Ins body should not be interred until all bis debts were paid." He was buried
in Westminster Abbey.
ENGLAND.
9
14. Thomas, earl of Noi-folk and marshal of
England.
15. Edmund, of Woodstock, earl of Kent: be-
headed in 1329.1
16. Eleanor, who died young; second of the
name.
Issue of Edward II.
1. Edward, afterwards king.
2. John, of Eltham, earl of Cornwall.
3. Joan ; married, in her minority, to David,
prince of Scotland, son of Robert Bruce.
4. Eleanor; mamed to Reynald or Reginald,
earl of Gueldres.
Is3UE OF Edward III.
1. Edward, suxnamed the Black Prince, prince
of VVales^; bom June 15, 1330; married
his cousin Joan, the " Fair Maid of Kent,"
daughter of Edmund, earl of Kent, repu-
diated wife of Thomas Montacute, earl of
Salisbury, and widow of sir Thomas Hol-
land: he died July 8, 1376, having had
issue
I. Edward, who died in his seventh year.
II. Richard, who came to the crown as
Richard 11.
2. William, of Hatfield ; died early.
3. Lionel, duke of Clarence; married 1st, Eli-
zabeth de Burgh, daughter of William,
earl of Ulster, by whom he had an only
daughter, Philippa, married to Edmund
Mortimer, earl of March. Lionel espoused,
2d, Violante, daughter of the duke of
Milan, and died in Italy soon after. Eor
the issue of Philippa, see below.
4. John, of Ghent, or Gaunt (so called from the
place of his birth), duke of Lancaster.
From this prince sprang that branch
which afterwards possessed the crown-
See below.
5. Edmund, of Langley, earl of Cambridge, and,
aftenvards, duke of York; married Isabel,
daughter of Peter, king of Castile and
Leon ; 2dly, Joan, daughter of Thomas,
earl of Kent. For his issue (by his first
duchess), see below.
6. William, of Windsor, who died young.
7. Thomas, of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester;
married Eleanor, eldest daughter and co-
heiress of Humphrey de Bohun, earl of
Hereford, Essex, and Northampton. The
duke was murdered at Calais, Sept. 8,
1397.3
8. Isabel ; married to Ingelram de Courcy, cre-
ated earl of Bedford.
9. Joan; contracted in man-iage to Alphonso,
king of Castile, but died before its cele-
bration.*
10. Blanch de la Tour (born in the Tower) : died
an infant.
11. Mary; married to John de Montfort, sur-
named the Valiant, duke of Brittany.
12. Margaret ; married to John Hastings, earl of
Pembroke, who was poisoned.
[%• The following are given under separate heads, as
materially serving to elucidate the claims to, and
the descent of, the crown.]
Issue of Phiufpa
{daughter of Lionel, duke of Clarence^ Srd
son of Edward III. See above').
1. Roger Mortimer, earl of March; married
Eleanor, daughter of Thomas Holland,
earl of Kent: killed in Ireland, leaving
issue
I. Edmund, earl of March, who, on the
death of Richard II. became right-
ful heir to the crown : he was kept
in confinement by Henry IV"., and
died in prison, in 1424.
IT. Anne Mortimer, who became heiress
of her house, and conveyed its
claims on the crown to the house
of York, by her marriage with
Richard, earl of Cambridge.
III. Eleanor; married to Edward Courte-
nay, earl of Devon,
2. Edmund Mortimer; who settled in North
Britain.
3. John Mortimer ; put to death in 1424.
4. EUzabeth ; married to Henry, lord Percy,
sumamed Hotspur.
5. Philippa ; married, 1st, to John, earl of Pem-
broke ; 2d, to Richard Fitz-Alan, earl of
Arundel.
Issue of John of Gaunt
(4/A son of Edward III.).
[This prince married, 1st, Blanch, youngest
daughter and coheiress of Henry, duke of
Lancaster ; and had issue]
1. Henry, afterwards Henry Iv.
2. Philippa ; married to John I., king of Por-
tugal.
3. Elizabeth; married, 1st, to John, duke of
Exeter; and, 2d, to sir John Cornewall,
created baron Fanhope.
[He married, 2d, Constance, eldest daughter
and coheiress of Peter, king of Castile ■ nd
Leon, by whom he had]
• The cr/me of this prince was, his endeavouring to deliver his brother, Edward HI., from prison. V,y the con-
trivance of queen Isabel and her minion Mortimer, he was beheaded at Winchester, after having stood upon the
scaffold from noon until five o'clock in the evening, waiting for an executioner. " No one," says the historian,
" could be found hardened enough to perform the odious office." It was at length undertaken by a malefactor
from the Marshalsea. — Banks.
2/ In the 7th of Edward III. (1333), this prince had agrant of the county of Chester, with the castles of Chester,
Rothelan, Flint, and Beeston ; and in the parliament holden at Westminster, 11th of same reign, he was created
duke of Cornwall. From this period the dukedom of Cornwall has ever been vested in the heir apparent to the
crown, who is duke of Cornwall immediately upon his birth ; whereas the titles of prince of Wales and earl of
Chester are by special creation or declaration, as in the instance of this noble prince, who, 17th Edward III. was
by his father advanced to the former dignity, and had livery of all the castles and lands of the principality
Banks.
3 Thomas was taken from Pleshey, in Essex, and conveyed to Calais, where (with the royal privity) he was
smothered under a feather-bed, by Seile, Francis, and others, who, informing hira of the king's command, and
announcing to him that he must die, he resigned himself, and said, that if it were his sovereiKn's pleasure he
would submit to it. This appears by the examination of John Hall, taken in parliament, 1st Henry IV. 1399 ;
and though not acting in the murder, this Hall was sentenced to be hanged at Tyburn and his body sent to Calais,
where the deed was done.
' She bore the title of Queen of Spain, and was conveyed to .that country, where she presently died of the
plague, which then raged, aged fourteen. " So that Alphonso, coming to meet her, with great pomp, to solemnize
his nuptials, had, instead, to follow her, in mourning, to the grave, anno 1348." — Rahbe's liistoria de Espafla.
10
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
4. Catherine ; married to Henry, prince of As-
turias, afterwards king of Castile and
Leon.
[The duke married, 3d, Catherine, daughter
of sir Fayn Eoelt, lent., and widow of sir
Hugh Swynford. 13y this lady he had,
hefure marriage]
5. John; marquess of Dorset and Somerset,
ancestor of the present duke of Be.iufort.
R. Henry ; bishop of Winchester.
7. Thomas ; duke of Exeter.
8. Joan ; married to, 1st, Robert, lord Ferrers ;
and, 2d, to Ralph Nevill, earl of West-
moreland.
[These last, by act of parliament, 20 Richard
II., were declared legitimate for all pur-
poses but inheriting the crown.]
Issue of Edmund, Eakl of Cambridge
(6f/i son of Edward III.').
1. Constance ; married to Thomas le Despencer,
earl of Gloucester.
2. Edward, duke of York and Albemarle ; slain
at the battle of Agineourt.
3. Richard, earl of Cambridge ; married Anne
Mortimer,great-grand-daughter, and even-
tually heiress of his uncle Lionel, duke of
Clarence. Through her the house of York
derived its title to the crown in preference
to the house of Lancaster, which, though
descended in an unbroken male line from
Edward III. was the line of a younger
.son. The earl was beheaded for a plot
against the life of Henry V , leaving issue
I. Isabel ; married to Henry Bourchier,
earl of Essex.
II. Eich-.rd, duke of York and protector
of England ; married Cicely, daughter
of Ralph Nevill, eari of Westmore-
land : he was slain at the battle of
Wakefield in 14C0. His issue fol-
lows:
Issue of Richakd, Duice of Y'okk.
1. Henry; died an infant.
2. Edwaed ; afterwards Edward IV.
3. Edmund, earl of Rutland ; slain at Wakefield,
aged only 12 years.
4. William ; died in infancy.
5. John ; died an infant.
6. George, duke of Clarence; married Isabel,
daughter of Richard Nevill, earl of War-
wick : attainted, and allowed by his
brother, Edward IV., to choose the man-
ner of his death, 1477' : he left issue
I. Edward, earl of Warwick ; beheaded
in 1499.
II. Margaret, countess of Sahsbury ;
maiTied to sir Richard Pole: at-
tainted, and beheaded in 1641.
7. Thomas ; died an infant.
8. Richard, afterwards Richard HI.
9. Anne: married, 1st, Henry Holland, duke of
Exeter ; and, 2d, sir Thomas St. Leger,
knt.
10. Elizabeth ; married to John Delapole, duke
of Suffolk.
11. Margaret ; married to Charles, duke of Bur-
gundy.
12. Ursula.
*,* Edward, earl of Warwick, beheaded, as above, in
1499. was the last of the male line of the Planta-
genets.
BoEN OF THE House of Lancaster.
Issue of Henry IV.
1. Henry, sumamed Monmouth, prince of Wales,
who succeeded to the throne as Henry V.
2. Thomas, of Lancaster, duke of Clarence, who
fell at the battle of Beague, in 1421.
3. John, of Lancaster, duke of Bedford, the cele-
brated regent of France in the minority of
Henry VI. This prince's treatment of the
enthusiastic jMaid of Orleans indelibly tar-
nished the laurels he had won by a series of
brilliant achievements.
4. Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, regent of
England in the same minoritj'. It is sup-
posed that he died by violence or poison.
5. Blanch ; married, Ist, to Louis, prince palatine
of Bavaria; 2d, to the king of Arragon;
and, 3d, to the duke of Barre.
6. Philippa ; married to Eric, king of Denmark.
Issue of Henry V.
Henry, prince of Wales, who succeeded to the
crown as Henry VI.
The widow of Henry V. married sir Owen
Tudor of the principality of Wales, said
to be of royal lineage, by whom she
had
I. Edmund Tudor, created earl of
Richmond, who married Miir-
garet, daughter of John, first
duke of Somerset, and great-
grand-daughter of John of
Gaunt ; and left an only son,
Henry, earl of Richmond,
who ascended the throne as
Henry VII.
II. Jasper Tudor, created earl of
Pembroke.
HI. Tacina Tudor, married to Regi-
nald, lord Grey, of Wilton.
Issue of Henry VI.
Edward, prince of Wales, born Oct. 31, 1452;
he man-led, in 1470, the lady Anne Nevill,
second daughter and coheiress of Richard
Nevill, earl of Warwick. This prince was,
with his mother, taken prisoner at the
battle of Tewkesbury, in 1471, and was
murdered a few days aftenvards by the
dukes of Gloucester and Clarence, and lord
Hastings. His widow, Anne, subsequently
married Gloucester, one of his murderers,
who became king, as Richard III.
' He was drowned in a hntt of Malmsey wine, his brother, the duke of Gloucester, as it is said, assisting at
his death with his own hands. Though the king consented to his death, yet no sooner was the unnatural deed
accomplished, than he repented of it, and so poignantly did it cause him to feel, that whenever he was solicited to
spare the life of a condemned person, he would exclaim, " Oh ! unfortunate brother 1 for whose life no man would
make suit."
ENGLAND,
11
BouN OF THE House of York.
Issue of Euwaed IV.
1. Edward, prince of ATales, who succeeded
his father as Edward V., and
2. Richard, duke of Yorli:. These two princes
were murdered iu tlie Tower, at the in-
stance of their uncle Richard, dulie of
Gloucester, in 1483.
[The latter prince, Richard, was married
in his infancy to Anne, heiress of the
house of Mowbray, only child of John
Mowbray, duke of Norfolk and earl
marshal of England, she being also an
infant.]
3. George ; who died young.
4. Elizabeth ; married to Henry VII.
5. Cicely; married, 1st, to John, lord Wells;
and, 2d, to sir J. Kyme.
6. Anne, married to Thomas Howard, duke of
Norfolk.
This king had four other daughters, namely,
7. Bridget, who became a nun.
8. Mary, who died unmarried, though affianced
to the king of Denmark.
9. Margaret, and
10. Katharine, who espoused William Courtenaj',
earl of Devonshire.
Issue of Richard III.
Edward, prince of Wales ; upon whom the
cro-vvn was entailed by parliament; but he
died vitdpatris.
BoKN OF THE House of Tudor.
Issue of Henry VII.
1. Arthur, prince of Wales ; born Sept. 20, 1486 ;
married, Nov. 1501, the infanta Catharine,
daughter of Ferdinand of Arragon ; but died
in a few months afterwards. His widow be-
came the first wife of his brother Henry VIII. ;
to whom she was married June 3, 1509.
2. Henry, -who succeeded his father on the
throne as Henry VIII.
3. Edmund, who died young.
4. Margaret, mamed, 1st, to James IV. of Scot-
land, by whom she had an only son, James V.
of Scotland, father of the unfortunate Mary,
queen of Scots, whose son, James VI., as-
cended the English throne as James I. Mar-
garet married, 2d, Arthur Douglas, earl
of Angus, from whom she was divorced ;
and, 3d, Henry Stuart, earl of Methven.
By her second husband she had an only
daughter, Margaret, who espoused Matthew
Stuart, earl of Lenox, and was mother of
Heni-y, earl of Darnley, the husband of Mary
of Scots, and father of James I. of England.
5. Elizabeth, who died in infancy.
6. Mary; mamed, 1st, to Louis XII. king of
France ; and, 2d, to Charies Brandon, duke
of Suffolk ; by whom she left
I. Henry, earl of Lincoln, who died ut
married.
II. Frances, man-ied to Henry Grey, mar-
quess of Dorset, aftenvards duke of
Suffolk ; and had three daughters, of
whom the eldest was the amiable and
unfortunate lady Jane Grey.
III. Eleanor, married to Henry Clifford, earl
of Cumberland, and left a daughter,
Margaret, who espoused Henry Stan-
ley, earl of Derby.
Issue of Henky VIII.
1. Henry, who died young.
2. Mary (by Catharine of Arragon) who as-
cended the throne.
3. Elizabeth (by his second queen, Anna Bo-
leyn) who ascended the throne.
4. Edward (by his third queen, the lady Jane
Seymour) who ascended the throne.
[The king had by his first queen, besides
Henry and Mary, other children not named,
who died in infancy.]
Born of the House of Stuart.
Issue of James I.
1. Henry- Frederick, created, after his father's ac-
cession, duke of Cornwall, and in May 1610,
prince of Wales : died, at the age of eighteen,
Nov. 6, 1612.
2. Robert, who died early.
3. Charles, who succeeded his father on the
throne as Charles I.
4. Elizabeth ' ; married to Frederick, count pala-
tine of the Rhine, who, in 1620, was elected
king of Bohemia; but afterwards driven from
his dominions. She had issue :
I. Frederick-Henry ; drowned in 1529, in
his fifteenth year.
II. Charles-Lewis II., who, by the treaty of
Munster, was created theeighth elector
of the empire.
III. Rupert, so renowned in the civil war of
England as "Prince Rupert : " created
duke of Cumberland.
IV. Maurice, known in English history as
" Prince Maurice ; " perished by ship-
wreck in 1654.
V. Lewis, died young.
VI. Edward, count palatine of the Rhine.
VIL Philip, slain at the battle near St.
Stephen's in 1640.
VIII. Gustavus : died in 1641, in Ids minority.
1 This amiable princess, who saw only a pliantom of royalty, and had nothing more than the empty title of
?ueen, bore her misfortunes with magnanimity when her husband lost his possessions, which the wealt policy of
ames would not enable him to recover. She was so beloved that m the Low Countries she was called
" The Queen of Hearts." After the restoration of Charles II., she visited England, and is supposed to have
married William, the first lord Craven, whose house was in Drury-l.tne, where, fcome years since, was a tavern
known by the name of the " Queen qf lii^hemia" — T. C. Banks.
12
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
IX. Elizabeth, who became abbess of Her-
vorden, in Westphalia, and died in
1680.
X. Louisa-HoUandia, became abbess of
Maubisson, near Paris.
XI. Henrietta ; mamed Sigismund, prince
of Transylvania, and died a few
months after.
XII. Charlotte ; died in infancy.
XIII. Sophia : on whose descendants the
crown of England devolved by the
act of Settlement ; born Oct. 13, 1630 ;
married, 1668, Ernest- Augustus, duke
of Brunsmclc-Lunenburg, afterwards
elector of Hanover, by whom she had
issue, GsoKGE-Lewis, who ascended
the English throne as George I.
5. Margaret ; died young, 1598.
6. Mary; died in her third year, 1607.
7. Sophia; died two days after her birth, 1606.
Issue of the Princess Sophia
(^grand-daughter of James /.).
1. GEOKQE-Lewis, afterwards King George I.
2. Frederick-Augustus; slain in battle against
the Turks, 1690.
3. Maximilian- WilHam ; died Deo. 1666.
4. Charles-Philip ; slain in battle, 1690.
5. Christian ; drowned in the Danube, July, 1703.
6. Ernest-Augustus, bishop of Osnaburg; created,
in 1716, duke of York and Albany and earl
of Ulster : died August, 1728.
7. Sophia-Charlotte ; married to Frederick-Wil-
ham, elector of Brandenburg, king of Prussia.
Issue of Charles I.
1. Charles, who died the day he was born.
2. Charles, prince of Wales,afterwards Charles II.
3. James, dulte of York, afterwards James II.
i. Henry, duke of Gloucester, who died unmar-
ried, in 1600.
6. Mary, married to William II. of Nassau,
prince of Orange, by whom she had an only
son, William, who ascended the throne of
England, as William III.
6. Elizabeth, who died of grief, a prisoner in Ca-
risbrook Castle in Sept. 1650, aged 15 years.
7. Anne, who died young.
8. Henrietta-Maria, married to Philip, duke of
Anjou, afterwards duke of Orleans, only
brother to Louis XIV.
Issue of Charles II.
[This prince left no legitimate issue, but had
many natural children by various mistresses ;
among these was the celebrated James, duke
of Monmouth, by Mrs. Lucy Walters '.]
I In IG79, a belief very generally obtained throughout the kingdom, that the king had been lawfully married to
this lady. This belief was countenanccd-the more on account of the populiirity of the duke of iVIonmouth, who
was daily gaining on the affections of the people. Some of Monmouth's supposed chief friends began to invite
him to cast his eyes upon the crown. This so affected the king that his majesty thought himself obliged, both
in conscience and honour, to cause the following Declaration to be entered in the records of his privy council :
" Whitehall, March 3, 1679.
" That to avoid any dispute which may happen in time to come, concerning the succession of the crown, he
" declares in the presence of Almighty God, that he never gave, nor made any contract of marriage, nor was ever
"married to any woman whatsoever, but to his present wife, Queen Catherine, now living.
Signed " Charles R."
With this Declaration some persons not being satisfied, and the duke of Monmouth growing still more popular,
his majesty thought fit to renew his Protestation, thus:
" On the word of a King and the faith of a Christian, that he was never married to Mrs. Lucy Barlow, alias
" Walters, the Dulie of Monmouth's mother, nor to any other woman whatsoever, besides the now Queen."
The latter protestation is of record in the Court of Chancery.
Issue of James II.
1. Charles, duke of Cambridge, who died young.
2 Mary, married to William-Henry of Nassai^
prince of Orange : she and her husband
aiterwards ascended the English throne as
Mary IL and William III.
3. James, duke of Cambridge ; born July, 1663 :
died in 1667.
4. Anne, who succeeded to the crown.
5. Charles, duke of Kendal ; died an infant.
6. Edgar, duke of Cambridge ; bom Sept. 14,
1667 : died June 8, 1671.
7. Henrietta ; died in infancy.
8. Catherine, who also died an infant.
These four sons and four daughters were by
lady Anne Hyde, and none of them, ex-
cept Mary and Anne, afterwards queens
regnant, survived four years of age. By
his second wife, the princess of Modena,
James had :
9. Catherine-Laura, who died in infancy.
10. Charles, duke of Cambridge ; died an infant.
11. Isabella; died in her 4th year.
12. Charlotte-Maria; died in infancy.
13. James-Francis- Edward, so well known after
his father's death as the Pretender, and
supposed by many to have been of fictitious
birth; born June 18, 1668; married, in
1719, Mary-Clementina, daughter of prince
James Sobieski, and grand-daughter of
John, king of Poland, by whom he had
issue :
I. Charles-Edward, the celebrated
Chevalier St. George, or Young
Pretender, born in 1720 ; mar-
ried the princess Stohlberg: died
in 1788.
II. Henry-Benedict, known as Car-
dinal York; died in 1807, when
the whole issue of James became
extinct.
14. Louisii-Maria-Theresa, bom in 1692 : died in
1712.
[James had also several natural children, of
whom was the renowned James Fitz-
James, duke of Berwick, by lady Arabella
Churchill : he followed his father, after his
abdication, into France ; became general
of the French and Spanish armies ; and
successfully contended against England
in the bal tie of Araanza, in 1707. Killed
at the siege of Philipsburgh in 1734.]
Issue of Queen Anne.
1. A daughter, still-born.
2. Mary, born June 9, 1685 : died Feb. 8, 1686.
3. Anne Sophia, born May 12, 1686 : died Feb. 2,
1687.
ENGLAND.
13
4. William, duke of Gloucester ; bom July 24,
1689 ; died July 30, 1700.
5. Mary, born and died in Nov. 1690.
6. George, born and died April 17, 1692.
Born of the House of Hanovee.
Issue of George I.
1. GEOEGE-Augustus ; succeeded his father as
George II.
2. Sophia-Dorothea ; bom March 16, 1685 ;
married to Frederick- William, of Prussia,
Nov. 28, 1706 : died July 5, 1757.
[Both the above were bom long before the
king ascended the throne; his queen was
kept confined on the continent during his
reign, and never came to England.]
Issue of Geokge II.
1. Frederick-Lewis, prince of Wales ; bom Jan.
20, 1707; married Augusta, daughter of
Frederick II., duke of Saxe-Gotha: died
in the lifetime of his father. For his issue,
see separate notice below.
2. Anne, princess-royal; born Oct. 22, 1709;
married to William-Charles-Henry, prince
of Orange.
3. Amelia-Sophia-Eleanora ; bom May 30, 1711;
died unmarried, Oct. 31, 1786.
4. Elizabeth-Caroline; bom May, 1713; died
unmarried, Dec. 28, 1757.
5. George- William ; died in infancy.
6. William-Augustus, duke of Cumberland ;
bom April 15, 1721. He commanded at
the battles of Fontenoy and Culloden : died
Oct. 31, 1765.
7. Mary ; bom Feb. 22, 1723 ; married to prince
Frederick of Hesse-Cassel : died Jan. 14, 1771.
8. Louisa ; born Dec. 7, 1724 ; married to Fre-
derick V. of Denmark ; died Dec. 8, 1751.
Issue of Fkederick-Lewis
(^prince of Wales).
1. Augusta; bom July 31, 1737; married
to Charles -William-Ferdinand, hereditary
prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. See that
family.
2. GEOEGE-William-Frederick, who succeeded
his grandfather on the throne as George III.
3. Edward-Augnstus, duke of York ; bom
March 14, 1739 ; died Sept. 17, 1767.
4. Elizabeth-Caroline; bom Dec. 30, 17i0; died
Sept. 4, 1759.
5. William-Henry, duke of Gloucester; bom
Nov. 25, 1743 ; married Maria, countess
dowager of Waldegrave, daughter of the
hon. sir Edward Walpole ; died Aug. 25,
1805 ; he had issue :
L Sophia-Matilda; bom May 29, 1773;
died Nov. 29, 1844.
II. Caroline- Augusta-Maria ; bom June 24,
1774 ; died in infancy.
in. William-Frederick; bom Jan. 15, 1776 ;
married the princess Mary, daughter
of George III. ; died Nov. 30, 1834.
6. Henry-Frederick, duke of Cumberland ; bom
Nov. 7, 1745 ; married Anne, daughter of
the earl Carhampton and widow of Chris-
topher Horton, esq., of Catton Hall, Derby-
shire; died Sept. 18,1790.
7. Louisa- Anne ; bom March 8, 1749 ; died
May 13, 1768.
8. Frederick- WiUiam ; bom May 30, 1750 ; died
Dec. 1765.
9. Caroline-Matilda; born (after her father's
death) July 11, 1751. This was the un-
fortunate queen of Christian VII. king of
Denmark. She died imprisoned in the
castle of Zell, May 10, 1776.
Issue of Geokge III.
1. Geokge- Augustus-Frederick,prince of Wales,
and, in 1811, prince regent; succeeded his
father on the throne as George IV.
2. Frederick, dulce of York and Albany ; born
Aug. 16, 1763; married Frederica-Char-
lotte-Ulrique, daughter of William II.
king of Prassia. The duchess died Aug. 6,
1820 ; and the duke Jan. 5, 1827.
3. WiLLiAit-Henry, duke of Clarence ; who suc-
ceeded to the crown.
4. Charlotte-Augusta-Matilda, princess royal ;
born Sept. 29, 1766 ; married to Frederick
Charles William, hereditary prince of
Wurtemburg; died Oct. 6, 1828.
5. Edward, duke of Kent and Strathern ; born
Nov. 2, 1767; married (May 29, 1818)
Victoria-Mary-Louisa, daughter of Fran-
cis-Frederick-Anthony, duke of Saxe-
Coburg Saalfeld, and widow of Emich-
Charles, prince of Leiningen : the duke
died Jan. 23, 1820, leaving an only daugh-
ter,
Alexandrina-ViCTORiA, her present most
gracious majesty, the Queen.
6. Augusta-Sophia; bom Nov. 8, 1768; died
Sept. 22, 1840.
7. Elizabeth ; bom May 22, 1770 ; married to
Frederick-Joseph-Louis, landgrave of
Hesse-Homberg ; died Jan. 10, 1840.
8. Ernest-Augustus, duke of Cumberland and
Tiviotdale; bom June 5, 1771. See Han-
over.
9. Augustus-Frederick, duke of Sussex; bom
Jan. 27, 1773; married, April 3, 1793,
lady Augusta Murray, daughter of John,
earl of Dunmore : this marriage was dis-
solved (being contrary to the statute
32 George III. c. 11.) in Aug. 1794. Died
April 21, 1843.
10. Adolphus-Frederick, duke of Cambridge;
born Feb. 24, 1774 ; married Augusta-
Wilhelmina-Louisa, daughter of Frederick,
landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, May 7, 1818.
Died July, 1850, leaving issue
I. George-Frederick- William-Charles ;
born March 26, 1819, the present
duke.
II. Augusta -Caroline -Charlotte -Eliza-
beth ; bom July 19, 1822 ; married
to Frederick -William -Gustavus,
hereditary grand duke of Meck-
lenburgb-Strelitz, June 28, 1843 ;
and has issue.
III. Mary- Adelaide -Wilhelmina - Eliza-
beth ; bora Nov. 27, 1833.
11. Mary ; born April 25, 1776 ; married to her
cousin, William-Frederick, duke of Glou-
cester, July 22, 1816. Sec Dulie of Glou-
cester.
12. Sophia ; born Nov. 3, 1777 ; died May 27,
1848.
14
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
13. Octavins; born Feb. 23, 1779; died May S,
178.3.
14. Alfred ; bom Sept. 22, 1780 ; died Aug. 2G,
1782.
15. Amelia; born Aug. 7, 1783; died Nov. 2,
1810.
Issue of Geokge IV.
Charlotte-Caroline- Augnsta ; born Jan. 7,
1796; married, May 2, 181G, to prince
Leopold-George-Frederick of Saxe-Coburg
Saalfeld, now king of the Belgians. The
princess died in childbed, deeply lamented
by the nation, Nov. G, i817. Issue, a son,
still-born, the day before.
Issue of William IV.
1. Charlotte-Augusta-Louisa, born March 27,
1819 ; died the next day.
2. Elizabeth-Georgina -Adelaide; bom Dec. 10,
1820 ; died March 4, 1821.
Issue of Queen Victokia.
See the " Present Royal Family of England"
page 7.
WALES.
The Britons being driven beyond the Severn, fortified themselves in this country,
anciently called Cambria, which name the kings of the Heptarchy changed into Wallish-
Land, or Wales. The inhabitants resisted for ages, in their inaccessible mountains,
the power of the Saxons; and subsequently fought valorously for their independence
against the English kings, until the reign of Edward I., by whom the whole country
was finally reduced into one principality, and made subject to England. Wales was
united and incorporated with England by act of parliament, 27 Henry VIII. 1535.
Kings and Peinces of Waibs.
Kings of Wales.
G88. Idwallo.
720. Rhodri, or Roderic,
75.5. Conan, or Cjman.
818. Mervyn, or Merfyn.
843. Eoderic, sumaraed the Great. This prince
divided Wales between his three sons,
allotting to each his part. To the eldest
he gave Nortli Wales ; to the second,
South Wales ; and to the third, Powys-
Land.
Pkdjces of Nobth Wales.
[ Counties of Merioneth, part of Denbigh, Flint,
Carnarvon, and the Isle of Anglesey. At Aber-
fraw, in this lust, was the prince's seat. ]
877. Anarawd.
913. Edwal Voel.
939. Howel Dha, or Hywel Dda, surnamed the
Good, prince of all Wales.
948. Jevaf or Jevav, and lago.
972. Howel ap Jevaf, or Hywel ab Jevav.
984. Cadwallon ab Jevaf.
985. Meredith ap Owen ap Howel Dha, or Me-
redydd ap Owain ab Hj-wel Dda.
992. Ertwal ab Meyric ab Edwal Voel.
998. Aedan, an usurper.
1015. Llewelyn ab Sitsyllt, and Angharad his
wife.
1021. lago ab Edwal ab Meyric.
1038. Griffith, or Grafydd ab LleweljTi ab Sit-
syllt.
1061. Bleddyn and Eygwallou.
1073. Trahaern ab Caradoc.
1079. Griffith ap Conan, or Grufydd ab Cynan.
1137. Owain Gwynedd.
1169. David ab Owain GwjTiedd.
1194. Leolinus Magnus.
1240. David ab Llewelyn.
1246. Llewelyn ap Griffith, or Grufydd, last prince
of the blood ; slain after battle, in 1282.
Princes of South Wales.
[ This principality contained the counties of Gla-
morgan, Pembroke, Carmarthen, Cardigaii, and
part of Brecknock. Dynevor Castle was the
prince's seat.']
877. Cadeth, or Cadell.
907, Howel Dha, or Hywel Dda, the Good,
prince of all Wales.
948. Owen ap Howel Dha, or Owain ap Hyiyel
Dda, his son.
987. Meredith ap Owen, or Meredydd ab Owain ;
all Wales.
993. Llewelyn ap Sitsyllt, and Angharad his
wife.
1021. Eytherch, or Ehydderch ab Jestyn; an
usurper.
1031. Hywel and Meredydd.
1042. Ehydderch and Ehys, the sons of the
usurper.
1061. Meredydd ab Owain ab Edwyn.
1073. Ehys ab Owen, or Owain, and Ehydderch
ab Caradoc.
1077. Ehys ab Tewdwr Mawr.
1092. Cadwgan ab Bleddyn.
1115. Griffith, or Grufydd ab Rhys.
1137. Ehys ab Grufydd, or Griffith, called the
lord Rhys.
1196. Grufydd ab Ehys.
1202. Ehvs ab Grufydd.
1222. Owain ab Grufydd.
1235. Meredith, or Meredydd ab Owain ; he died
in 1267.
Peinces and Lords of Powys-Land.
\_Pomys-Land comprehended the whole counties of
Montgomery and Radnor, with part of Denbigh,
SCOTLAND.
15
Srecknockt Merioneth^ and Shropshire. The
princess seat was at Matraval, in the Jirst-named
count?/.']
877. Merfyn, or Mervyn.
900. Cadeth, or CadcU; also prince of South
Wales.
927. I-Iowel Dha, or Hywel Dda, the Good,
prince of all Wales.
985. Meredydd ab Owain.
1061. Bleddvn ab Cmvyn.
1073. IVIered'ydd ab Bleddyn.
1087. Cadwgan ab Bleddjii.
llSf. Madoc ab Meredydd.
1160. Griffith, or Grufydd ab Meredydd.
******
1256. Gwenwinwin, or Gwenwynwyn.
1256. Owain ab Grufydd.
*#* The last prince who held this dom'nion entire, was
Meredydd ab Bleddyn. He divided it between
his two sons, Madoc and Grufydd.
The Welch having finally submitted to Edward I., and Llewelyn, their last prince
of the blood, having been slain, the king resolved to gain, if possible, the hearts of his
new subjects; and with this intention, he sent for his queen, Eleanor, then with child,
to Carnarvon Castle, where she was soon afterwards delivered of a son. Pie thereupon
convened the Welch chieftains, who were, he perceived, much indisposed to being
governed by strangers, and told them, he was about to offer them " a prince for their
ruler, who was of flieir own nation, who could not speak a word of English, and whose
life was free from reproach." The chieftains joyfully accepting this proposal, the king
named his new-born offspring as their prince ; and the eldest sons of the sovereigns of
England have been created princes of Wales soon after their birth, from this time.
Peinces of Waies of the Blood-Eotal op England.
1284. Edward, of Carnarvon, son of Edward I. ;
afterwards Edward II.
1343. Edward, the renowned Black Prince, eldest
son (rf Edward III.
1377. Eichard, of Bonrdeaux, only surviving son
of the Black Prince.
1399. Henrj', of Monmouth, eldest son of Henry
IV. ; afterwards king, as Henry V.
1454. Edward, of Westminster, only son of
Henry VI. This prince was mui'dered
by the dukes of Gloucester and Cla-
rence, in 1471.
1472. Edward, of Westminster, eldest son of Ed-
ward IV. ; aftenvards Edward V.
1483. Edward, earl of Salisbury, only son of
Eichard III. ; created Sept. 8, 1483 ;
died in April, 1484.
1490. Arthur Tudor, eldest son of Henry VII. ;
died in 1502.
1503. Henry Tudor, duke of York, second son of
Henry VII. ; created prince of Wales on
his brother's death ; afterwards ascended
the throne as Henry VIII.
1537. Edward Tudor, son of Henry VIII., after-
wards Edward VI. ; but the patent of
creation to the dignity was never ac-
tually passed. — Sandford.
1610. Henry-Frederick Stuart, eldest son of
James I. : died in 1612.
1616. Charles Stuart, duke of York, second son of
James 1. ; afterwards king as Charles I.
1630. Charles, eldest son of Charles I. ; afterwards
Charies II.
1714. George-Augustus, only son of George I. ;
afterwards George II.
1729. Frederick-Lewis, eldest son of George IT. ;
created Jan. 9, 1729 ; died, before his
father, March 20, 1751.
1751. George-William-Frederick, eldest son of
the preceding ; afterwards George 111.,
April 20, 1751.
1762. George-Augustus-Frederick, eldest son of
George III., afterwards George IV., Au-
gust 17, 1762.
1841. Albert-Edward, eldest son of her present
most gracious majesty, queen Victoria ;
created Dec. 7, 1841. The now Prince
of Wales.
SCOTLAND.
Caledonia. — Tacitus. Alhin (Highland name). — Macbean. Albine. — BcoTT.
This country was governed by a king long before the Romans visited England. It
continued an independent kingdom until the death of the English queen Elizabeth in
1603, when James VI. of Scotland, the most immediate heir, was called to the throne
of England ; he and his successors styling themselves kings of England and Scotland,
and each country having a separate parliament, until 1707, in the reign of queen
Anne. In that year and reign both kingdoms were united under the general name of
Great Britain.
16
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
Kings of Scotland.
Before Chkist.
[The early accounts of the kings are, by many
historians, deemed, in a great measure, fabu-
lous. The antiquity of the kings is carried as
far back as Alexander the Great.]
330. Fergus I. ; ruled 25 years : lost in the Irish
Sea.'
305. Fritharis, brother of Fergus : supposed to
have been poisoned.
290. Mainus ; succeeded his uncle ; a just and
esteemed prince.
261. Dornadilla, son of Blainus ; a peaceful reign
of 28 years.
233. Northatus, brother of the preceding ; cruel
and avaricious : slain.
213. Eeutherus, son of Dornadilla.
187. Eeutha, brother of Eeutherus : resigned in
favour of his nephew.
170. Thereus, son of Eeutherus, a tyrant ; de-
posed and exiled.
158. Josina, brother of Thereus.
134. Finanus ; succeeded his father Josina ; a
prosperous reign.
104. Durstus, son of the preceding; a sensual
prince ; murdered many of his nobles at
a feast, whereupon a civil war arose, and
he was slain.
95. Evenus, a just, resolute, and valiant ruler ;
succeeded by
76. Gillus, his illegitimate son, who, usurping
the royal power, caused the murder of
the rightful heirs : deposed by his nobles,
and beheaded.
76. Evenus 11., nephew of Finanus, chosen in
his room.
59. Ederus, grandson of Durstus.
12. Evenus III., succeeded his father Ederus :
deposed for his enormous crimes, and
strangled in prison.
4. Metellanus, nephew of Ederus : eminent
for his justice and virtues.
After Christ.
35. Caratacus or Caractacus, nephew of the
preceding.
55. Corbred, his brother.
72. Dardanus, son of Corbred ; a dissolute ty-
rant; his subjects slew him.
76. Corbred II., surnamed Galdus. Some sup-
pose this king to be the Galgacus whom
Tacitus mentions as having fought va-
liantly against Julius Agricola.
110. Luctacus or Lugthacus, his son, a cruel
and sensual tyrant; murdered by his
nobles.
113. Mogaldus, grandson of Corbred II. : mur-
dered.
149. Conarus, his son; he conspired in his
father's murder: deposed, and died in
prison.
163. Ethodius I. ; slain by an Irish harper in
revenge for the murder of a kinsman ;
the regicide was torn asunder by wild
horses.
195. Satrael or Satrahel, brother of the pre-
ceding ; grown odious for his vices and
oppression he was strangled by his
courtiers.
199. Donald I., brother of the two last.
216. Ethodius II., son of Ethodius I. : slain by
his guards in a domestic tumult.
231. Athirco, succeeded his father: an odious
tyrant; dishonoured the daughters of
Nathalocus, a noble, who took arms
against him : slew himself to avoid a
severer death.
242. Nathalocus, who usurped the throne on
the king's death; murdered many of
his nobles : killed by his domestics.
'253. Findochus, son of Athirco : murdered in a
conspiracy, in which his brothei', Ca-
rantius, was a principal.
264. Donald II., a third son of Athirco : slain
in a battle with Donald of the Isles,
who succeeded.
265. Donald III., lord of the Isles; usurped the
throne ; a terror to his people : slain by
his successor.
277. Carthilinthus or Crathilinthus, son of Fin-
dochus ; reigned 24 years.
301. Fincormachus, son of Donald II. ; reigned
47 years, and died lamented.
348. Eomachus, nephew of the preceding : slain
by his nobles, and succeeded by his
cousin.
351. Angusianus or .(Eneanus : fell in battle
with the Pictish king, who was also
slain.
354. Fethelmachus, also cousin of Eomachus ;
defeated the Picts and mortally wounded
their new king in battle ; murdered by
a Pictish minstrel who feigned himself
a Scot, hired by Hergustus, the suc-
ceeding king of that nation.
357. Eugenius I., son of Fincormachus : slain
in battle by Maximus, the Eoman ge-
neral, and the confederate Picts.
•,s* "With this battle ended the kingdom of the Scots,
after having existed from the coronation of Fer- -
gus I., a period of 706 years : the royal family fled
to Denmark — Boece. Buchanan,
[Interregnum of 27 years."!
404. Fergus 11.^ (I.) great-grandson of Eu-
genius and 40th king: slain in battle
with the Eomans.
420. Eugenius II. or Evenus, son of Fergus:
reigned 31 years.
451. Dongardus or Domangard, brother of Eu-
genius : defeated and drowned.
457. Constantine I., brother of Dongardus : as-
sassinated by Dugall, a noble whose
daughter he had dishonoured.
' Fergus, a brave prince, came from Ireland with an army of Scots, and was chosen king. Having defeated the
Britons and slain their king Coilus, the kingdom of the Scots was entailed upon his posterity for ever He went
to Ireland, and, having settled his affairs tlhere, was drowned on his return, launching from the shore near
the harbour, called^Cnrnci-Fergiis to this day, 3699 A. M Anderson. '
that they
Some call this Fergus the jirst king, and suppose that cither the foregoing kings are fabulous or
re only chiefs or generals of armies, having no royal authority, The controversy thus arising 'l le
decided by the antiquaries, and must follow the received histories of Scotland. — Anderson.
leave to be
SCOTLAND.
17
479.
601.
635.
658.
569.
570.
605.
606.
621.
632.
646.
664.
684
688.
698.
699.
715.
730.
761.
764.
767.
787.
819,
824.
831.
834
864
858.
874.
876.
893.
Congallus I., nephew of the preceding:
a just and prudent king.
Goranus, brother of Congalhis : murdered.
— Boece. Died while Donald of Athol
was conspiring to talce his life. — Scott.
Eugendua III., succeeded his uncle Go-
ranus : " none excelled him in justice."
Congallus II., brother of Eugenius III.
Kinnatellns, brother of the preceding ; re-
signed in favour of Aidanus.
Aidanus or Aldan, son of Goranua.
Kenneth or Kennett I., son of Congallus II. :
reigned one year.
Eugenius IV., son of Adiamis.
Ferchard or Ferquhard, son of the last:
confined for misdeeds to his palace,
where he laid violent hands upon him-
self.— Scott.
Donald IV., brother of Ferchard : drowned
in Loch Tay.
Ferchard II., son of Ferchard I. ; " the
most execrable of kings : " died from
the bite of a mad wolf.
Malduinus, son of Donald IV. : strangled
by his wife for his supposed infidelity,
for which crime she was immediately
afterwards burnt.
Eugenius V., brother of Malduinus.
Eugenius VI., aon of Ferchard II.
Amberkeletus, his nephew: fell by an
arrow from an unknown hand.
Eugenius VII., hia brother : some rufiiana
deaigning the king's murder, entered
his chamber, and he being absent,
stabbed his queen, Spontana, to death.
—Scott.
Mordachus, son of Amberkeletus.
Etfiuus, son of Eugenius VII.
Eugenius VIII., son of Mordachus ; sensual
and tyrannous: put to death by hia
noblea, and his parasites strangled.
Fergus III., son of Etfinus : killed by his
queen in a fit of jealousj'; she imme-
diately afterwards stabbed herself^
escape a death of torture.
Solvathius, son of Eugenius VIII.
Achaiua ; a just and wise prince.
Congallus III., a peaceful reign.
Dongal or Dougal, son of Solvathius :
drowned in the Spey.
Alpine, son of Achaius : taken prisoner and
beheaded, with many of his nobles, by
the Picts.
Kenneth II., son of Alpinus, and aumamed
Mac Alpine ; defeated the Picts, and slew
their Idng and hia nobiUty. United the
Picts and Scota under one sceptre, and
became the first sole monarch of all
Scotland 843.
Donald V., brother of Kenneth : dethroned,
and terminated an inglorious reign in
prison, dying by his own hand.
Constantine II., ao'n of Kenneth : taken in
battle by the Danes, and beheaded.
Eth or Ethus, sumamed Lightfoot: died
of grief in priaon, having been thrown
into confinement for his aensuality and
crimes.
Gregory, called the Great ; distinguished
(as a king) for his bravery, moderation,
and justice.
Donald VI., second son of Constantine ; an
excellent prince.
904. Constantine III., son of Ethus : resigned in
favour of Malcolm, after a long reign,
and retired to a monastery.
944. Malcolm I., son of Donald VI. : treache-
rously murdered in Moray.
953. Indulfus or Gondulph : killed by the Danes
in an ambuscade.
961. Dufi' or Duffiis, son of Malcolm; basely
murdered by Donald, the governor of
Forres Castle.
965. CuUen or Culenus, son of Indulfus; avenged
the murder of his predecessor : aaaassi-
nated at Methven by a thane, whose
daughter he had dishonoured.
970. Kenneth III., brother of Duffus : murdered
by Fenella, the lady of Fettercairn.
994. Constantine IV., son of Culenua, uaurped
the throne ; slain.
996. Grimus, or the Grim, son of Duffus : routed
and slain in battle by Malcolm, the
rightful heir to the crown, who suc-
ceeded.
1003. Malcolm II., son of Kenneth III. : assassi-
nated on his way to Glamis ; the assas-
sins in their flight, crossing a fi'ozen
lake, were drowned by the ice giving
way. Malcolm was succeeded by his
grandson,
1033. Duncan I. : assasainated by his couain
Macbeth, who ascended the throne.
1039. Macbeth, uaurper and tyi-ant: alain by
Macduff, the thane of Fife, and the
rightful heir succeeds.
*** Historians so differ up to this reign, in the number
of the itings, the dates of succession, and the cir-
cumstances narrated, that no account can be
talten as preciseiy accurate.
1057.
1093.
1094.
1094.
1098.
1107.
1124.
1153.
1165.
1214.
1249,
1286,
Malcolm III. (Cean-Mohr or Canmore)
son of Duncan : killed while besieging
Alnwick Caatle.
Donald VII. or Donald Bane, brother of
Malcolm, usurped the throne: fled to
the Hebrides.
Duncan II., natural son of Malcolm ; also
an uaurper : murdered.
Donald Bane, again : deposed.
Edgar, son of Malcolm, and rightful heir.
Henry I. of England married his sister
Maud, who had taken the vows, but
not the veil.
Alexander, aumamed the Fierce, brother
of Edgar.
David, brother of the two preceding kings ;
married Matilda, daughter of Waltheof,
earl of Northumberland.
Malcolm IV., grandson to David : succeeded
by his brother,
William, surnamed the Lion.
Alexander II., son of William ; married
Joan, daughter of John, -king of England.
Alexander III. ; married Margaret, daugh-
ter of Henry III. of England ; dislocated
his neck, when hunting, near Kinghora.
Margaret, called the *' Maiden of Norway,"
grand-daughter of the last king ; " re-
cognized by the states of Scotland,
though a female, an infant, and a fo-
reigner : " died on her paasage to Scot-
land.
[On the death of Margaret, a competition
arose for the vacant throne, which Ed-
ward I. of England decided in favour of]
18
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
1292. John Baliol, who afterwards surrendered
his crown, and died in exile.
[Interregnum.]
Eobert (Bruce) I. ; the Bruce of Bannock-
bum; a brave prince, beloved by his
people.
David (Bruce) II., son of Eobert. Edward
Baliol disputed the throne with him.
Edward Baliol, son of John: resigned.
David II. again; eleven years a prisoner
in England ; succeeded by his nephew,
Eobert (Stuart) II. ; succeeded by his son,
Eobert III.,' whose proper name was
John, changed on his accession.
James I., second son of the preceding ; im-
prisoned 18 years in England ; set at
liberty in 1423 : conspired against and
murdered, 1437. Assassinated in his
bed-chamber, Feb. 21, 1437-8. — Sanis.
1306.
1829. :
1332.
1342,
1371.
1390.
1406.
1437. James II., son of James I., whom he suc-
ceeded at seven years of age : killed at
the siege of Koxburgh Castle by a can-
non bursting.
1460. James III. ; succeeded his father : killed in
a revolt of his subjects at Bannock-
burn-field.
1488. James IV.; married Margaret Tudor,
daughter of Henry VII. of England :
killed at the battle of Flodden.
1513. James V. ; son of the last king : succeeded
when little more than a year old; a
sovereign possessing many virtues.
1542. Mary, daughter of James V. ; succeeded in
her infancy : put to death in England.
1667. James VI. ; son of Mary. In 1603, on the
death of queen Elizabeth, he succeeded
to the throne of England, and the king-
doms became united. See England.
IRELAND.
Hibernia. Tacitus. lerne. — Straeo.'^ It is disputed by historians from -what
nation this country was originally peopled. It seems, liowever, to be satisfactorily
shown that the first colonists were Phoenicians. The Partholani landed in Ireland
about 2048 B. c. The descent of the Damnonii was made about 1463 b. c. This was
followed by the descent of Heber and Heremon, Milesian princes, from Galicia, in
Spain, who conquered Ireland, and gave to its throne a race of 171 kings. Ireland
was formerly divided among a number of petty sovereigns, or chiefs, which circum-
stance facilitated the conquest of the whole by Henry 11. in A. d. 1172; but the
Eno-lish did not remain quiet possessors of the entire kingdom untU the reign of
James I., or after the year 1614.
Kings op Ireland
(^According to Keating).
Before Christ. 1282.
[So much fable is mixed up with the early
history of this country, and the dates and the
orthography of names so vary in every ac- 1281.
count, it is impossible to do more than compile
from accepted authorities. ']
From the Milesian Conquest.
1300. Heber and Heremon.
1291. Heremon, alone.
1285. Muirmhne, Luighne, and Laighne, suc-
ceeded their father, Heremon ; reigning
jointly: the first died, and the other
two were slain in battle by the sons of
Heber.
1271.
1251.
1221.
1171.
1147.
1107.
1083.
Er, Orbha, Fearon, and Feargna, sons of
Heber, succeeded the sons of Heremon :
all slain in battle by their successor.
Irial, or Irial-Faidh ; slew and succeeded
the four sons of Heber.
Eithrial : slain in battle by his successor.
Conmaol, or Conveal, " first absolute mo-
narch of the Hibernian race :" slain in
battle.
Tigermas ; introduced idolatry into Ireland.
Eochaidh-Eadgothac.
Cearmna and Sobhair, brothers; parti-
tioned Ireland into south and north.
Fiachade-Labhruin : slain by his successor.
Eochaidh-Mumho : slain by his successor.
1 David, eldest son of this sovereign, was ereated dulce of Rothesay in 139S, from which time the principality
and stewartcy of Scotland, the dukedom of Rothesay, the earldom of Carrick, lordship of the Isles, and barony
of Renfrew, have been vested in the heir-apparent of the sovereign, who from his birth or his father's accession
to the throne, enjoys those honours.
2 The appellation lerne comes nearest the original name Erin, or rather lar m, which, in the Celtic, denotes
a western country. Mela s.ays, " Ireland had no corn, but had excellent pasture land." Several colonies of
Scoti settled in tlie northern counties ; the native Irish called them Daone Gaul or Gaulte, signifyinc " foreign
or barbarous men ; " and to this day one of the counties in that quarter is called Donegal! Macbean. Tne
inhabitants of lerne were a wilder people than the Britons Slrobo.
3 The Irish writers carry their succession of kings very high, as high as even before the Flood. The learned
antiquary, Thomas Innes, of the Scots' College of Paris, expresses his wonder that " the learned men of the Irish
nation, have not, like those of other nations, yet published the valuable remains of their ancient history whole
and entire, with just translations, in order to separate what is fabulous and only grounded on the traditions of
their poets and bards, from what is certain history." " O'Flaherty, Keating, Toland, Kennedy and other
modern Irish historians have rendered all uncertain by deducing their history from the Deluge with as much
assurance as they deliver the transactions of Ireland from St. Patrick's time." — .4«tfirso« '
IRELAND.
19
1061. Aongus-Olmucliao : slain by his successor.
lOiS. Eadna-Airgtheach, and
1016. Eotheachta: both slain by their successors.
991. Seadhna : slain by his own son.
986. Fiachadh-Fionsgothach : slain by his suc-
cessor.
966. Muinheamhoin, or Muinimone: died of
the plague.
961. Aildergoidh; succeeded his father: slam
by his successor.
934. Odlamh-Fodhla, " the wisest and most
virtuous prince that ever mounted the
Irish throne."
924. Fionachta, his son.
909. SlauoU, succeeded his brother : diedatTara.
894. Geide-Olgothach, also a son of Odlamh-
Fodhla : slain by his nephew.
877. Fiachadh : slain by his successor.
8.53. Beamgall : slain by his successor.
841. OiUiol : slain by his successor.
825. Siorna-Saoghalach : slain by his successor.
804. Eotheachta: burnt.
[Six succeeding kings, among whom was
Nuadha-Fionn-Fail, died violent deaths. ]
735. Fion-Fin, of the line of Er, or Ii-.
715. Seadhna ; " invented banners to distin-
guish his troops :" tortured and cut into
quarters by his successor.
695. Simeon Breac : suifered the same fate.
689. Duach-Fionn or Fin : slain by his successor.
684. Muireadach, and two succeeding kings,
died violently.
659. Siorlamh : " he had such long hands and
arms that when he stood upright his
fingers touched the groimd:" slain by
his successor.
[Eleven princes succeeded, who all died in
civil wars or broils, or by assassination.]
640. Aodh-Euadh: drowned.
519. Diothorba : died of a malignant distemper.
498. Coimbaoth : died of the plague.
478. Machadh-Mongruadh, queen, sumamed
the Red-haired Princess ; succeeded her
cousin, and " reigned magnificently :"
slain by her successor.
471. Eeachta-Eighdhearg : slain by his suc-
cessor.
451. Ugaine Mor, or the Great: "had 22 sons
and 3 daughtei-s, among whom he par-
titioned his kingdom:" slain by his
brother.
421. Laoghaire-Lorck : slain by his brother.
419. Cabhthaick ; .slew bis brother and nephew :
himself slain by his grand-nephew.
[Ten kings succeeded, of whom three only
died natural deaths.]
275. Feargus-Forthamhuil : killed in battle.
263. Aongus-Tuirimheach : slain at Tara.
[Of fifteen succeeding princes, eleven died
in battle, or were murdered.]
66. Conaire Mor, or the Great: deprived of
his crown and life by his successor.
36. Lughaidh-Eiebdearg : Jdlled himself by
falling on his sword.
[Two kings succeeded, of whom the latter
died A. D. 4.]
Aftbe Christ.
4. Fearaidhach-Fionfachtna, "a most just
and good prince :" slain by his successor.
24. Fiachadh-Fion : slain by his successor.
27. Fiachadh-Fionohudh, the Prince with the
white cows: "murdered by the Irish
plebeians of Connaught."
54. Cairbre-Cinncait : murdered in a con-
spiracy.
59. Elim : slain in battle.
79. Tuathal-Teachtmar : slain by his suc-
cessor.
109. Mai or Mail : slain by his successor.
113. FeidhUmhidh; "an excellent justiciar:"
died a natural death.
122. Cathoire Mor, or the Great : " had thirty
sons."
125. Conn Ceadchadhach, called the Hero of the
hundred battles : slain.
145. Conaire: killed.
152. Art-Aonfhir, the Melancholy: slain in
battle.
182. Lughaidh, surnamed Mac Conn: thrust
through the eye with a spear, in a con-
spiracy.
212. Feargus, surnamed Black-teeth ; murdered
at the instigation of his successor.
213. Cormac-Ulfhada, "a prince of most ex-
cellent wisdom, and kept the most splen-
did court that ever was in Ireland:"
choked by the bone of a fish at supper.
253. Eochaidh-Gunait : killed.
254. Cairbre-Lifieachair : .slain in battle.
282. Fiachadh ; succeeded his father : slain in
battle by his three nephews.
315. CairioU or CoUa-Uais : dethroned, and re-
tired to Scotland.
319. Muirreadhach-Tireach : slain by his suc-
cessor.
352. Caolbhach : slain by his successor.
353. Eochaidh-Moidhmeodhain : died a natural
death.
360. Criomthan : poisoned by his own sister to
obtain the crown for her son.
375. Niall, surnamed of the nine hostages : killed
in France, on the banks of the Loire.
398. Dathy: killed by a thunderbolt at the foot
of the Alps.
421. Laoghaire: killed by a thunderbolt.
453. OilioU-Molt : slain in battle.
473. Lughaidh : killed also by a thunderbolt.
493. Murtough : died naturally.
515. Tuathal-Maolgarbh : assassinated.
528. Diarmuid : fell bythe sword ofHughDubh.
550. Feargus, in conjunction with his brother
Daniel : the manner of their deaths un-
certain.
551 . Eochaidh, jointly with his uncle Baodan :
both slain.
654. Ainmereach: deprived ofhiscroivn and life.
657. Baodan ; slain by the two Cuimins.
558. Aodh or Hugh : killed in battle.
587. Hugh Slaine: assassinated.
591. Aodh-Uaireodhnach: killed in battle.
618. Maolcobha : defeated in a dreadful battle,
in which he was slain.
622. Suibhne-Meain: killed.
635. Daniel : died a natural death.
648. Conali Claon, jointly with his brother
Ceallach : the first was murdered, the
other drowned in a bog.
661. Diarmuid and Blathmac : both died of the
plague.
668. Seachnasach: assassinated.
674. Cionfaola; succeeded his brother: mur-
dered.
678. Fionachta-FIeadha : murdered.
685. Loingseach : killed in battle.
693. Congal Cionmaghair, " a cruel persecutor
of the Irish Church, without mercy or
distinction : " sudden death.
c 2
20
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
702. Feargal : routed and slain in battle.
719. Fogartacli : slain in battle.
720. Cionaoth : defeated, and found dead on the
battle field.
724. Flaithbheartagb : became a monk.
731. Aodh, or Hugh Alain : killed in battle.
740. Daniel : died on a pilgrimage at Joppa, in
Palestine.
782. Niall-Freasach : became a monk.
786. Donagh, or Donchad : " died in his bed."
815. Aodh, or Hugh : slain in battle.
837. Connor, or Conchabhar : " died of grief,
being unable to redress the misfortunes
of his country."
851. Niall-Caillie: drowned in the river Caillie.
866. Turgesius, the Norwegian chief; possessed
himself of the sovereign power ; " ex-
pelled the Irish historians and burnt
their books : " made prisoner, and thro'wn
into a lough, and drowned.
879. Maol Ceachlin, or Malachy I.
897. Hugh Fionnliath.
913. Flann Sionna.
951. Niall-Glundubh : " died on the field of
honour."
954. Donnagh, or Donough.
974. Congall : slain by the Danes at Armagh.
984. Daniel : became a monk.
1004. Maol Ceachlin H. : resigned on the election
of Brian Boiroimhe as king of Ireland.
1027. Brian Boromy, or Boiroimhe ; a valiant
and renowned prince ; defeated the Danes
in the memorable battle of Clontarf, on
Good Friday 1039 : assassinated in his
tent the same night, while in the atti-
tude of prayer.
[Brian Boiroimhe was 30 years king of
Munster, and 12 king of Ireland.]
1039. Maol Ceachlin II. restored.
1048. Donough, or Denis O'Brian, third son of
the preceding.
1098. Tirloch, or Turlough, nephew of Donough.
1110. Muriertagh, or Murtough : resigned, and
became a monk.
1130. Turlough (O'Connor) II., the Great.
1150. Murtough Mac Neil Mao Lachlin: slain
in battle,
1168. Eoderic, or Roger O'Connor.
1172. Henry II., king of England ; conquered
the country, and became lord of Ireland.
[The English monarchs were styled " Lords
of Ireland," until the reign of Henry
VIII., who styled himself king; and this
title has continued ever since.]
GEEMANY. — AUSTRIA.
Oermania, and Alemania. Anciently divided into several independent states. The
Germans withstood the attempts of the Romans to subdue them ; and although that
people conquered some parts of the country, they were expelled before the close of
the 3rd century. In the 5th century the might of the Huns and other nations prevailed
over the greater portion of Germany ; it was not, however, totally reduced until
Charlemagne made himself master of the whole. This great prince took the title of
emperor, entailing the dignity upon his family ; but after his race became extinct
ill 911, the empire went to the Germans, and the rank was afterwards made elective.
The house of Austria enjoyed the distinction almost uninterruptedly from 1438
(when one of its princes was raised to the imperial throne) until 1804. In that year
Francis II. resigned the honour and office of emperor of Germany, and became
emperor oi Austria only" ; the latter title being hereditary.
Kings and Emperors op Germany.
Caelovingian Eace.
800. Charlemagne.
814. Louis le Debonnaire, king of France.
840. Lothaire, or Lother, son of Louis ; died in
a monastery at Treves.
855. Louis II., son of Lother.
875. Charles II., called the Bald, king of France :
poisoned by his physician, Zedechias, a
Jew. — I-lenauU,
%11. [Interregnum.]
880. Charles III., le Gros ; crowned king of
Italy : deposed ; succeeded by
887. Arnulf, or Amoul: crowned emperor at
Rome in 896.
899. Louis III., called IV. : the last of the Car-
lovingian race in Germany,
1 This monarcli surrendered the dignity of emperor of Germany on the lllh of August 1804- and tii^iin
A''l°,f7r'',?nr""'' ^If' '"^™"' "'"' ''"''"'^ declaration, in ^'hleh he assumed the rank of emperor of 'Austrfa* on
proi"a\on or°5/apoTeonroFF™n"e.''''''"^' """'"« "^"^ '"^ °»™="'= ■■■">•"-' ^'^'^^ the^SvIA^nde/'re
Saxon Dtnastv.
911. Otho, duke of Saxony : refused the dignity
on account of his age.
911. Conrad I,, duke of Franconia,
918. Henry I., surnamed the Fowler, son of
Otho, duke of Saxony ; king.
936. Otho I., styled the Great, son of Henry.
Many writers withhold the imperial title
from him until crowned by pope John
Xn, in 962.
973. Otho IL, the Bloody ; so stigmatised for
his cruelties: massacred his chief no-
bility at an entertainment to which he
had invited them : wounded by a poi-
soned arrow.
GEKMANY. — AUSTRIA.
21
983. Otho III., surnamed the Eed, his son, yet
in his minority : poisoned.
1002. Henry II., duke of Bavaria, surnamed the
Holy, and the Lame-
1024. Conrad II., surnamed the Salique.
1039. Henry HI., the Black, son of Conrad II.
1056. Henry IV., son of the preceding ; a minor,
under the regency of his mother Agnes ;
deposed by his son and successor,
1106. Henry V. ; married Maud or Matilda,
daughter of Henry I. of England
1125. Lothaire II., surnamed the Saxon.
1138. [Interregnum.]
1 138. Conrad HI., duke of Franconia.
1152. Frederick Barbarossa ; one of the most
splendid reigns in the German annals :
drowned by his horse throwing him into
the river Salphet, or the Cydnus.
1190, Henry VI., his son, surnamed Asper, or the
Shai-p: it was this emperor that de-
tained Richard I. of England a prisoner
in his dominions.
1198. Philip, brother to Henry : assassinated at
Bamberg by Otto, of Wittelsbach.
1208. Otho IV., sirmamed the Superb, recognised
as king of Germany, and crowned as
emperor the next year : excommunicated
and deposed.
1212. Frederick II., king of Sicily, the son of
Heru-y VI. : deposed by his subjects,
who elected Henry, landgrave of Thurin-
gia. Frederick died in 1250, naming
his son Conrad his successor, but the
pope gave the imperial title to William,
earl of Holland.
1250. Conrad IV., son of Frederick.'
1250. William, earl of Holland: died in Dec.
1255. The electors could not agree in
the choice of a successor.
1266. [Interregnum.]
Houses of Hapsbueg, Ldxemeukg, and
Bavaeia.
1273. Eodolph, count of Hapsburg ; the first of
the Austrian femily.^
1291. [Interregnum.]
1292. Adolphus, count of Nassau, to the exclu-
sion of Albert, son of Rodolph : deposed ;
slain at the battle of Spires.
1298. Albert, duke of Austria, Eodolph's son :
killed by his nephew at Eheinfels.
1308. Henry VII. of Luxemburg.
1313. [Interregnum.]
1314. Louis IV. (HI.) of Bavaria, and Frederick
HI. of Austria, son of Albert, rival em-
perors : Frederick died in 1330.
1830. Louis reigns alone.
1347. Charles IV. of Luxemburg. In this reign
was given at Nuremberg in 1356, the
famous Golden Jiull, which became the
fundamental law of the German empire.
1378. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia, son of Charles :
twice imprisoned, and at length forced
to resign ; but contiimed to reign in
Bohemia.
1400. Fx'edericlt, duke of Brunswick; assassinated
immediately after his election, and sel-
dom placed in the list of emperors.
1400. Eupert, count palatine of the Ehine ;
crowned at Cologne : died in 1410.
1410. Jossus, marquess of Moravia ; chosen by a
party of the electors : died the next year.
1410. Sigismund, king of Hungary, elected by
another party. On the death of Jossus,
he is recognised by all parties ; king of
Bohemia in 1419.
House of Austria.
1438. Albert II., surnamed the Great, duke of
Austria, and king of Hungary and Bo-
hemia : died Oct. 27, 1439.
1439. [Interregnum.]
1440. Frederick IV., surnamed the Pacific;
elected emperor Feb. 2 ; bxit not crowned
until June, in 1442. '
1493. Maximilian I., son of Frederick : died in
1519. Francis I. of France and Charles I.
of Spain became competitors for the
empire.
1519. Charles V. (I. of Spain), son of Joan of
Castile and Philip of Austria, elected :
resigned both crowns, and retired to a
monastery, where be died soon after.
1658. Ferdinand I., brother to Charles, king of
Hungar}' ; succeeded by his son,
1664. Maximilian H., king of Hungary and Bo-
hemia ; succeeded by his son,
1676. Eodolph II.
1612. Matthias, brother of Eodolph.
1619. Ferdinand IL, his cousin, son of the arch-
duke Charles ; king of Hungary.
1637. Ferdinand HI., son of the preceding em-
peror ; succeeded by bis son,
1658. Leopold I., son of Ferdinand III.
1705. Joseph I., son of the emperor Leopold.
1711. Charles VI., brother to Joseph ; succeeded
by his daughter,
1740. Maria-Theresa, queen of Hungaiy and
Bohemia, whose right to the empire
was sustained by England. ^
1742. Charles VII., elector of Bavaria, whose
claim was supported by France : rival
emperor, and contested succession.
[This competition for the throne of Ger-
many gave rise to an almost general
war. Charles died in Jan. 1745.]
. Fro™ the de.th of Freder^k. I unti^he accession of ^
lost the di^IybfattSg thTJin wars inSogiand , and the last lost ?t by negligence ; so neither is reckoned
'"/^,!i1«S^j^supg.eatobethen™t„.^
grandson of Gontram, count of Brisgau ; ana aerivea its. "'^"'^ "V _^„. rp^. «ia1p Hnp of Hansbure became
bSflt40,T„^'4rArnrcJUVsVT''af^rvi^
matic sanction) upon his only d»,'^fh'er and Jiaress the arcMucness B^^^ja, who was declared king
husband of his niece (Mana-Amelia, d^'-Bht" of Joseph 1) «^naries, c • claries VII. This
of Bohemia in 1741, and crowned emperor of G*™™?.^' *"'y''° ,„ „hirh all the Leat European powers were
dispute disturbed the tranquillity pi- Eur^^^^^^
lYdtef iawmtni* Tjlnf^^r'^^te^iV^lrlll^^ treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.
22
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
1745. Francis I. of Lorraine, grand duke of Tus-
cany, consort of Maria-Theresa.
1765. Joseph II., son of the emperor Francis and
of Maria-Theresa.
1790. Leopold II., brother to Joseph ; succeeded
by his son,
1792. Francis II. In 1804 this prince took the
style of emperor of Austria only.
Empeeors op Austria.
Austria only, Aug. 11, 1804: died
March 2, 1835.
1835. Ferdinand his son : abdicated in favour of
his nephew, Dec. 2, 1848.
1848. Francis- Joseph ; born Aug. 18, 1830; came
to the throne on the abdication of his
uncle (and the relinquishment of his
right to the succession by his father,
Francis-Charles-Joseph, the presump-
tive heir), Dec. 2, 1848. The present
(1850) Emperor of Austria.
1804. Francis I. (late Francis II. of Germany),
commenced his reign as emperor of
The T.ATE Emperor. Ferdinand I. (Charles-Leopold-Joseph) bom April 19, 1793 ; married Feb.
27, 1831, Maria- Anna-Caroline-Pia, e-x-empress, daughter of Victor-Emmanuel, king of Sardinia.
Present Emperor's Father. Archduke Francis-Charlcs-Joseph, bom Dec. 7, 1802; married
Nov. 4, 1824, Frederica-Sophia, daughter of MaximiKan-Joseph I., king of Bavaria.
His Brothers. 1 1. Ferdinand- Maximihan- Joseph, born July 6, 1832.
2. Charles-Louls-Joseph-Marj', bom July 30, 1833.
3. Louis-Joseph-Anthony- Victor, bom May 15, 1842.
FRANCE.
Gallia, Roman. Galatia, Greek. In the decline of the Roman power Gaul was
conquered by the Pranks, a warlike people, who gave name to the kingdom, and
whose territory, lying between the Rhine and the Elbe, is still called Franconia. The
origin of the Franks is a matter of conjecture. It is supposed that they were at first
a mixed multitude of several ancient nations, who, uniting against the Romans in
defence of their common liberty, styled themselves Franks, that word in their lan-
guage signifyingyree. The invaders crossed the Rhine, under the conduct of their
king Pharamond, who shortly afterwards assumed the royal authority in France.
Kings op Fkance.
Merovinoian Eace.
418. Pharamond.
427. Clodion, or Clodius, the Hairy ; supposed
son of Pharamond.
448. Merov«us, or Merove'e, son-in-law of Clo-
dion: this race of kings called from
him Merovingians.
458. Childeric, son of Merov^e.
481. Clovis the Great, his son, and the real
founder of the monarchy. — Henault.
He left four sons, -who divided the em-
pire between them : —
511. Childebert; Paris.
— Clodomir; Orleans.
— Thierry; Metz; and
— Clotaire, or Clotharius ; Soissons.
534. Theodebert; Metz.
548. Theodebald, succeeded in Metz.
558. Clotaire ; now sole ruler of France. Upon
his death the kingdom was again di-
vided between his four sons : viz.
561. Charebert, ruled at Paris.
— Gontran, in Orleans and Burgundy.
— Sigebert at Metz, and ) both assassi-
— Chilperic at Soissons J nated.
[France continued at times afterwards to
be ruled in various divisions by sepa-
rate kings.]
575. Childebert IL
584. Clotaire II. ; Soissons.
596. Thierry IL, son of Childebert ; in Orleans.
— Theodebert II. ; Metz.
613. Clotaire II., became sole king.
628. Dagobert the Great, son of Clotaire II. :
he divided the kingdom, of which he
had become sole monarch, between his
two sons : —
038. Clovis IL, who had Burgundy and Neu-
stra ; and
— Sigebert IL, who had Austrasia.
656. Clotaire III., son of Clovis IL
670. Childeric II. : he became king of the whole
realm of France : assassinated, with his
queen, and his son Dagobert, in the
forest of Livri. — Henault.
[At this time Thierry III. rules in Bur-
gundy and Neustra, and Dagobert IL,
son of Sigebert, in Austrasia. Dago-
bert is assassinated, and Thierry reigns
alone. — Henault. ]
691. Clovis III. Pepin, mayor of the palace %
rules the kingdom, in the name of this
Ji^J^^' I'"'"^'P""y. n i^e foUowiiii? lists, at giving the immediate families of the reigning soveroicns • those
?hi .nllS'i *''°"' P'-°P»"!""y may indicate the probable succession to the throne ; omitting, XrlpMs We
the collatera or more remote branches, as being unnecessary in a work of this nature. possible,
merrilsJrv™t,''^fiS/„';l',^°^ ■'"':;"''?,' ''?'='' "' France had .lUowed the mayors of the palace, from being
PRANCE.
23
sovereign, who is succeeded by hia
brother,
695. Childebert III., surnamed the Just: in
this reign Pepin also exercises the royal
power.
711. Dagobert III., son of Childebert.
716. Chilperic II. (Daniel) : he is governed, and
at length deposed, by Charles Martel,
mayor of the palace, whose sway is now
unbounded.
719. Clotaire IV., of obscure origin, raised by
Charles Martel to the throne : dies soon
after, and Chilperic is recalled from
Aquitaine, whither he had fled for re-
fuge. — Henault.
720. Chilperic II., restored: he shortly after-
wards dies at Noyon, and is succeeded by
— Thierry IV., son of Dagobert III., sur-
named de Clielks : died in 737. Charles
Martel now rules under the new title
of " duke of the French." — Henault.
737. Interregnum, till the death of Charles
Martel, in 741 ; and until
742. Childeric III., son of Chilperic II., sur-
named the Stupid. Carloman and Pepin,
the sons of Charles Martel, share the
government of the kingdom, in this reigu.
The Carlovingians.
752. Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel :
he is succeeded by his two sons,
768. Charlemagne and Carloman: the former,
surnamed the Great, crowned emperor
of the West, by Leo III., in 800. Car-
loman reigned but three years.
814. Louis, ie Debonnavre^ emperor : dethroned,
but restored to his dominions.
840. Charles, surnamed the Bald ; emperor in
875 : poisoned by Zedechlas, a Jew
physician. — Henuvlt.
877. Louis the Stammerer, son of Charles the
Bald.
879. Louis III. and Carloman II. : the former
died in 882 ; and Carloman reigned alone.
884. Charles le Gros ; an usurper, in prejudice
to Charles the Simple.
887. Eudes or Hugh, count of Paris.
893. Charles III. the Simple : deposed, and died
in prison in 929 : he had married Ed-
gina, daughter of Edward the Elder,
of England, by whom he had a son,
who was afterwards king.
922. Robert, brother of Eudes : crowned at
Eheims ; but Charles marched an army
against him, and killed him in battle.
— Henault.
923. Kodolf, duke of Burgundy : elected king ;
but he was never acknowledged by the
southern provinces. — Henault.
936. Louis IV. d^Outremer, or Transmarine
(from having been conveyed by his mo-
ther into England), son of Charles III.
andEdgina: died by a fall from his horse.
954. Lothaire, his son : he had reigned jointly
with his father from 952, and succeeds
him, at 15 years of age, under the pro-
tection of Hugh the Great : poisoned.
986. Louis V. the Indolent, son of Lothaire :
also poisoned, it is supposed by his
queen Blanche. In this prince ended
the race of Charlemagne.'
The Capets.
987. Hugh Capet, eldest son of Hugh the Abbot,
and the Great, count of Paris, &c. : he
seized the crown, in prejudice to Charles
of Lorraine, uncle of Louis Transmarine.
From him this race of lungs is called
Capevingians, and Capetians.
996. Robert II., surnamed the Sage, son of
Hugh : died lamented.
1031. Henry I., sou of Robert.
1060. Philip 1. the Fair, and TAmoureux : suc-
ceeded at eight years of age, and ruled
at fourteen.
1108. Louis VI., surnamed the Lusty, or k Gros :
succeeded by his son.
1137. Louis VII., surnamed the Young, to dis-
tinguish him from his father, with whom
he was for some years associated on the
throne.
1180. Philip II. (Augustus) ; succeeds to the
crown at fifteen : crowned at Rheims
in his father's hfetime.
1223. Louis VIII., Ccmr ck Lion, son of Philip :
succeeded by
1226. Louis IX., called St. Louis ; ascended the
throne at fifteen, under the guardian-
ship of his mother, who was also regent :
died in his camp before Tunis, and was
canonized.
1270. Philip IIL, the Hardy; son of Louis IX. :
died at Perpignan.
1285. Phihp IV., the Fair: ascended the throne
in his 17th year.
1314. Louis X., surnamed Hutin, an old French
word signifying headstrong, or muti-
nous. — Henault.
1316. John, a posthumous son of Louis X. : lived
a few days only.
— Philip v., the Long (on account of his
stature) ; brother of Louis X.
1322. Charles IV., the Handsome: this king,
and Louis X, John, and Philip v.,
were kings of Navarre.
House of Valois.
1328. Philip VI., de Valois, grandson of PhiUp
the Hardy. He was called the For-
tunate; but this must have been before
the battle of Cressy.
1350. John II., the Good : died suddenly in the
Savoy in London,
1364. Charles v., surnamed the Wise: the first
prince who had the title of Dauphin.^
— Freret.
1380. Charles VL, the Beloved.
1422. Charles VII., the Victorious.
1461. Louis XI. ; detested for his atrocious cru-
1483. Charies VIII., the Affable.
1498. Louis XII., duke of Orleans, surnamed the
Father of his People.
• Towards the end of the second race, the kingdom was held by the law of feudal tenures ; and was governed
rather as a great fief, than as a monarchy. — Mexeray.
2 It is a vulpar error to suppose, that by the treaty (1343) which gave the full sovereignty of Dauphine to our
kings, it was stipulated that the eldest son of the kmg should hear the title of dauphin ; so far from it, the first
dauphin named m that agreement, was Philip, second son of Philip, of Valois. — Henault.
C 4
24
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
1515. Francia I., of Angouleme ; called the
Father of Letters.
15i7. Henry II. ; died of a wound received at a
tournament, when celebrating the nup-
tials of his sister ivith the duke of Savoy,
accidentally given him by the count de
Montmorency.
1559. Francis II. ; married Maiy Stuart, after-
wards queen of Scots : died the year
after his accession.
15G0. Charles IX. ; Catherine of Medicis, his
mother, obtained the regency, which
tnist she abused.
1574. Hem-v III., elected king of Poland : mur-
dered Aug. 1, 1589, by Jacques Clement,
a Dominican friar. In this prince was
extinguished the house of Valois.
House op Bouebon.
] 589. Henry IV., the Great, of Bourbon, king of
Navarre : murdered by Francis Eavillac.
1610. Louis XIIL, the Just, son of the preceding
king.
1643. Louis XIV., the Great, also styled Dieu-
donne. This was a long and splendid reign.
1715. Louis XV., the Well-beloved ; but which
surname he lost.
1774. Louis XVI., his grandson: ascended the
throne in his 20th year; married the
archduchess Maria-Antoinette, of Aus-
tria, in May, 1770. Dethroned in the
great revolution, which commenced with
the destruction of the Bastile, July 14,
1789 : the king was guillotined, Jan. 21,
1793 ; and his queen, Oct. 10, following.
1793. Louis XVIT., son of Louis XVL Though
numbered with the Idngs, this prince
never reigned : he- died in prison, sup-
posed by poison, June 8, 1795, aged ten
years and two months.
Fkench Empire.
1804. Napoleon Buonaparte, born Aug. 15, 1769.
Elected by the republic consul for ten
years. May 8, 1802 ; made first consul
for life, Aug. 2, same year ; and declared
emperor. May 18, 1804. Divorced his
first wife, the empress Josephine ; and
married IVIaria-Lousia of Austria, April
7, 1810. The reverses of Napoleon com-
pelled him to renounce the thrones of
France and Italy, and accept the isle of
Elba for his retreat, April 5, 1814.
1815. Napoleon again appears in France, March 1.
He is defeated at Waterloo ; and finally
abdicates in favour of his infant son,
Jmie 22. Banished to St. Helena, where
he dies, May 5, 1821.
BOUKEOKS KESTOKED.
1814. Louis XVIII. (crnipte de Frovenee), next
brother of Louis XVL ; born Nov. 17,
1755 ; married- Maria-Josephine-Louise,
of Savoy. Entered Paris, and took pos-
session of the throne. May 3, 1814;
obliged to flee, March 20, 1816; re-
turned, July 8, same year: died Sept.
16, 1824, leaving no issue.
1824. Charles X. {compte d'Artois), his brother ;
born Oct. 9, 1757 ; married Maria-The-
rese, of Savoy. Conflicts in Paris be-
tween the populace (ultimately aided
by the national guard) and the army,
commence July 27, and the king is de-
posed, July 30, 1830. He subsequently
takes refuge in England; and dies at
Gratz, in Hungary, Nov. 6, 1836.
House of Okleans.
1830. Louis-Philippe, son of the celebrated duke
of Orleans, called EgaliU; bom Oct. 6,
1773; maiTied, Nov. 25, 1809, Maria-
AmeHa, daughter of Ferdinand I. (IV.)
king of the Two Sicilies. Raised to the
throne, as king of the French, Aug. 9,
1830 : deposed Feb. 24, 1848. Died in
exile, in England, Aug. 26, 1850
New Kepubuc.
1848. The revolution commenced in a popular
insurrection at Paris, Feb. 22, 1848.
Tlie royal family escaped by flight to
England, a provisional government was
established, monarchy abolished, and
France declared a republic.
Louis-Napoleon-Charles Buonaparte,
(born April 20, 1808), son of Louis
Buonaparte, some time king of
Holland, and nephew of the late
emperor Napoleon : elected presi-
dent of the republic, by 6,048,872
votes, out of 8,040,604; having a
majority of 4,600,770 votes over his
great rival, general Cavaignac,
Dec. 11, 1848.
Louis-Napoleon declared by the n.a-
tional assembly (Dec. 19), presi-
dent of the republic of France ; and
proclaimed, next day, Dec. 20. The
now (1850) President.
Sons and Daughters of the ex-King Louis-Philippe.
1. Ferdinand - Philippe - Louis - Charles - Henry -
Joseph, of Orleans, due d'Orleans, prince
royal : born Sept. 3, 1810 ; married, May 30,
1837, Helena-Louisa-Elizabeth, daughter of
Frederic-Louis, hereditary grand duke of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin : died of a fall from
his carriage, July 13, 1842 ; leaving issue :
I. Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orleans, count
of Paris ; born Aug. 24, 1838.
II. Robert-Philippe-Louis - Eugene - Ferdi-
nand, of Orleans, due de Chartres;
born Nov. 9, 1840.
Louisa-Maria-Therese-Charlotte-Isabel ; born
April 3, 1812 ; late queen of the Belgians.
Maria-Christiana-Caroline- Adelaide-Frances',
mademoiselle of Valois ; bom April 12, 1813 ;
died duchess of Wurtemberg, Jan. 2, 1839.
Louis-Charles-Philippe-Eaphael, due de Ne-
1 It was this charming and gifted princess who sculptured, among other works the beautiful figures of Joan
of Arc, so well known, from copies, in England. Of her, when she died, her amiable mother, the queen, said, with
sainted resignation, " O God ! thou hast an angel more ; / have a daughter less." The prince de Joinville, in a
letter with which his royal highness honoured us, in relation to the death of this sister, says ; " Le dye de
Nemours, sonjrere, en Imjermant les yeux, ait : ' Novs avona perdu un ange sur la ierre, wais une sairUe est au
del.' " This allccting domestic Incident, a natural one, is introduceil out ol respect for the family. — Editoh.
rHANCE.
25
mours, born Oct. 25, 1814; married, April
27, 1840, Victoria - Augusta - Antoinette,
daughter of Ferdinand, duke of Saxe-
Coburg.
6. Mary-Clementina - Caroline - Leopoldina - Clo-
tilde ; bom June 3, 1817 ; married, April 20,
1843, to Augustus, prince of Saxe-Cobm'g
and Gotha.
6. Francis-Ferdinand-PhiHp-Louis-Mary, prince
de Joinville ; born Oct. 14, 1818 ; "married.
May 1, 1843, donna Frances-Caroline-Jane-
Charlotte-Leopoldina-Komaine-Xaviera de
Paula-Mioaela-Gabrlela-Gonzaga, daughter
of the emperor Pedro I. of Brazil.
7. Henry-Eugene-Philip-Loxiis, due d'Aumale;
born Jan. 16, 1822 ; married, Nov. 25, 1844,
Maria-Caroline, princess of Salerno, daughter
of John- Joseph, prince of Salerno.
8. Anthony-Mary-Philip-Louis, due de Mont-
pensier, born July 31, 1824; married, Oct.
10, 1846, the infanta Maria-Louisa-Ferrti-
nanda (born Jan. 30, 1832), sister to the
queen of Spain ; and has issue a daughter,
presumptive heiress to the Spanish throne.
Elder Branch of the Bourbons.
1. Henry-Charles-Ferdinand-Mary-TJwa-Donne, "
of Artois, duke of Bordeaux ; born Sept. 29,
1820;
and
2. Louisa-Maria-Theresa, Mademoiselle; born
Sept. 21, 1819.
Son and daughter of Charles-Ferdinand d'Artois,
due de Berry (who was son of Charles X.),
and Caroline-Ferdinanda-Louisa, daughter
of Francis I., king of the Tyro Sicilies. The
duke de Berry was assassinated in Paris,
Feb. 14, 1820.
Maria-Theresa-Charlotte, daughter of Louis XVI. ; born Dec. 1 9, 1778 ; married, June 10, 1799,
Louis-Anthony, due d'Angouleme (bom Aug. 6. 1775), son of Charles X. The duke died at
Goritz, in Illyria, June 3, 1844.
Late Imperial Family op France.
Napoleon's Empresses.
Josephine, daughter of Tascher de la Pagerie,
bom June 24, 1768 ; married, 1st, to M. de
Beauharnois ; 2dly, to the emperor, March 8,
1796 ; divorced Dec. 16, 1809 ; and died May
29, 1814.
Maria-Louisa, archduchess of Austria; bom
Dec. 12, 1791 ; married to the emperor, April
2, 1810; survived him, and died Dec. 18,
1847. See Farma.
His Son.
Francis - Joseph - Charles - Napoleon ; born
March 20, 1811. Created king of Eome, and
afterwards made duke of Eeichstadt : died
July 22, 1832.
Bkotheks of Napoleon.
1. Joseph Buonaparte, Idng of Naples, afterwards
king of Spain ; married Maria- Julia de Clary.
Died July 28, 1844.
2. Lucien Buonaparte, prince of Canino ; a great
republican ; refused a croivn : died June 30,
1840.
3. Louis Buonaparte, king of Holland ; married
Hortensia-Eugenia de Beauharnois, daughter
of the empress Josephine: died July 25,
1846
4. Jerome Buonaparte, king of Westphalia ; mar-
ried Miss Patison, an American, whom he
divorced by command of the emperor, to
marry Frederica, daughter of the king of
Wurtemberg.
His Sisters.
1. Elizabeth, grand ducheg^ of Florence, and
princess of Piombino ; married to general
Felix Bacciochi, actual prince of Piombino.
2. Maria-Paulette, or Pauline ; married, 1st, to
general Leclerc ; 2d, to the prince Borghese.
3. Annonceade-Caroline ; married to Joachim
Murat, afterwards king of Naples.
His other Eelatives.
Cardinal Fesch, archbishop of Lyons; uncle
to Napoleon.
Eugene de Beauharnois, son of Josephine ;
viceroy of Italy, grand duke of Frankfort,
and afterwards duke of Leuchtenberg and
prince of Eichstadt; married Amelia- Au-
gusta, princess of Bavaria.
Stephanie de la Pagerie, niece of Josephine,
princess of Baden.
Louis-Napoleon (son of Louis, king of Hol-
land), now president of the French republic ;
and other nephews.
Napoleon's Great Officers of State, Marshals, &c.
Officers of State.
Cambaceres, duke of Parma.
Caulaincourt, duke of Vicenza.
Champagne, duke of Cadore.
Duroc, duke of Friuli.
Fouche, duke of Otranto.
Le Brun, duke of Piacenza.
Maret, duke of Bassano.
Savary, duke of Eovigo.
Talleyrand de Perigord, prince of Benevento.
Marshals.
Arrighi, duke of Padua.
Augereau, duke of Castiglione.
Bernadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo; afterwards
king of Sweden.
Berthier, prince of Neufchatel and Wagram.
Bessieres, duke of Istria.
Davoust, prince of Eckmuhl and duke of Auer-
stadt.
Jourdan, peer of France.
Junot, duke of Abrantes.
Kellerman, duke of Valmy.
Lannea, duke of Montebello.
Lefebre, duke of Dantzic.
Macdonald, duke of Tarento.
Marmont, duke of Eagusa.
Massena, prime of Essling and duke of Eivoli.
26
PKINGES OF EUROPE.
Moncey, duke of Conegliano.
Mortier, duke of Treviso.
Murat, king of Naples.
Ney, prince of Moskwa and duke of Elchingen.
Oudinot, duke of Eeggio.
Soult, duke of Dalmatia.
Sucliet, duke of Albufera.
Victor, duke of Belluno.
Bemakkable Generals.
Andreossi, Gonvion St. Cyr, Grouchy, Hulin,
Eapp, Eegnier, Sebastian!, Serrnrier, Van-
damme, &c.
SPAIN.
The name, Hispania, is of Phoenician origin. Spain was called Iberia by the Greeks,
from the river Iber ; and Hesperia Ultima by the Romans, because the westernmost
part of Europe, and to distinguish it from Italy. — Horace. The Phoenicians and
Carthaginians successively planted colonies on the coasts ; and the latter people
extended their conquests under Hannibal. The Romans afterwards became masters
of the whole country ; but in the decline of their power they were expelled by the
Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, who, in their turn, were conquered by the Saracens, in
711. Spain was anciently divided into a number of petty states. The counts of
Castile became possessed of Leon, Oviedo, and Toledo, which had been separate
territories ; and, after many wars, the kingdom of Castile was united to that of
Arragon by the marriage of Isabella, queen of Castile, with Ferdinand, king of
Arragon, in 1474. Ferdinand, by the conquests of Navarre and Granada, entirely
put an end to the dominion of the Moors ; and we may hence date the foundation
of the present monarchy.
Kings of Spain.
a.d. Eeign of the Goths.
406. Alaric, Idng of the Goths.
411. Ataulfo ; murdered by his soldiers.
415. Sigerico : reigned a few weeks only.
415. Valia, or AYallia.
420. Theodoric I, : Idlled in a battle, which he
gained, against Attila.
421. Thorismund, or Torrismund : assassinated
by his favourite.
452. Theodoric II. : assassinated.
466. Euric, or Evarico.
484. Alaric II. : killed in battle.
607. Gesalric ; his bastard son.
511. Amalric, or Amalaric: legitimate son of
Alaric.
531. Theudis, or Theodat: assassinated by a
madman.
648. Theudisela, or Theodisele: murdered for
female violation.
649. Agila : taken prisoner, and put to death.
5.54. Atanagildo.
567. Liuva, or Levua I.
568. Leuvigildo : associated on the throne with
Liuva, in 568 ; and sole king in 572.
585. Eecaredo I.
601. Liuva II. : assassinated.
603. Vitericus : also murdered.
610. Gundemar.
612. Sisibut, or Sisebuth, or Sisebert.
021. Eecaredo IL
621. Suintila: dethroned.
631. Sisenando.
640. Tulga, or Tulca.
641. Cindasuinto ; died in 652.
649. Eecesuinto : associated on the throne this
year, and in 652 became sole king.
672. Vamba, or Wamba : dethroned, and died
in a monastery.
680. Ervigius, or Ervigio.
687. Egica, or Egiza,
698. Vitiza, or Witiza : associated on the throne ;
in 701 sole king.
711. Eodrigo, or Eoderio : slain in battle.
Second Monarchy.
718. Pelagius, or Pelayo : overthrew the Moors,
and put a stop to their conquests.
737. Favila : killed in hunting.
739. Alfonso the Catholic.
757. Froila: murdered his brother Samaran, in
revenge for which he was murdered by
his brother and successor,
768. Aurehus, or Aurelio.
774. Silo, the Saracen.
783. Mauregato, the Usurper.
788. Veremundo (Bermuda) I.
791. Alfonso II., the Chaste. Eefusing to pay
the Saracens the annual tribute of 100
virgins, war is declared: Alfonso is
victorious, and obtains the appellation
of the Chaste, and the Victorious. —
Babbe.
842. Eamho I. : he put 70,000 Saracens to the
sword in one battle. — Babbe.
850. Ordogno, or Ordono.
866. Alfonso III., surnamed the Great: relin-
quished his cro^vn to his son,
910. Garcias.
914. Ordogno, or Ordono II.
923. Froila II.
925. Alfonso IV., the Monk : abdicated.
927. Eamiro II. : killed in battle.
950. Ordogno, or Ordono III.
955. Ordogno, or Ordono IV.
966. Sancho I., the Fat : poisoned with an
apple.
SPAIN.
27
967. Eamiro III.
982. Veremundo II. (Bermuda) the Gouty.
999. Alfonso V. : killed in a siege.
1027. Veremundo III. (Bermuda) : killed.
*** The above were kings of Asturias, of Oviedo, or of
Leon.
Kings of Navarre.
905. Sancho Garcias ; a renowned warrior.
926. Garcias I.
970. Sancho 11.
994. Garcias 11., surnamed the Trembler.
1000. Sancho III., surnamed the Great.
1035. Garcias III.
1054. Sancho IV.
1076. Sancho Ramirez, king of Arragon.
1094. Peter of Arragon.
1104. Alfonso I. of Arragon.
1134. Garcias Ramirez.
1150. Sancho VI., surnamed the Wise.
1194. Sancho VII., surnamed the Infirm.
1234. Theobald I., count of Champagne.
1253. Theobald II.
1270. Henry Crassus.
1274. Juanna; married to Philip the Fair of
France, 1285.
1305. Louis Hutin, of France.
1316. John: lived but a few days.
1316. Philip V. the Long, of France.
1322. Charles I. the IV. of France.
1328. Juanna I. and Philip count d'Evereux.
1343. Juarma alone.
1349. Charles II., or the Bad.
1387. Charles III., or the Noble.
1425. John II., afterwards king of Arragon.
1479. Eleanor.
1479. Francis Phoebus.
1483. Catharine and John d'Albret.
1612. Navarre conquered by Ferdinand the Ca-
tholic.
Kings of Castile.
1035. Ferdinand the Great, of Leon and Castile.
1065. Sancho II, the Strong, son of Ferdinand.
Alfonso in Leon and Asturias, and Gar-
cias in Galicia.
1072. Alfonso VI. the Valiant, king of Leon.
1109. Urraca and Alfonso VII.
1126. Alfonso VIIL, Raymond.
1 157. Sancho III., surnamed the Beloved.
1158. Alfonso IX., the Noble.
[Leon is separated from Castile, and Fer-
dinand king.]
1214. Henry I.
1217. Ferdinand III., the Saint, and the Holy.
In him Leon and Castile were per-
petually annexed.
1252. Alfonso X., the Wise. The Alphonsine
Tables were dra%vn up under the di-
rection of this prince.
1284. Sancho IV., the Great, and the Brave.
1294. Ferdinand IV.
1312. Alfonso XI.
1350. Peter the Cruel : deposed. Reinstated by
Edward the Black Prince of England;
afterwards slain by his subjects.^
1368. Henry II., the Gracious: poisoned by a
monk.
1379. John I. : he united Biscay to Castile.
1390. Henry III. 3, the Sicklj'.
1406. John II., son of Henry.
1454. Henry IV., the Impotent.
1474. Ferdinand V., the Catholic, in whom, by
his marriage with Isabella, now queen
of Castile, the kingdoms of Castile and
An'agon were united.
1504. Joan, or Jane, daughter of Ferdinand and
Isabella, and
Philip I. of Austria. On her mother's
death Joan succeeded, jointly with her
husband Philip ; but Philip dying in
1506, and Joan becoming an imbecile,
her father Ferdinand continued the
reign ; and thus perpetuated the union
of Castile with Arragon.
Kings of Arragon.
1035. Ramiro L
1063. Sancho Ramirez.
1094. Peter, of Navarre.
1104. Alfonso, the Warrior, king of Navarre.
1134. Ramiro II., the Monk.
1137. Petronilla, and Raymond, count of Barce-
lona.
1162. Alfonso II.
1196. Peter II.
1213. James I. ; succeeded by his son,
1276. Peter III. This prince contrived the
hoiTible massacre known as the Sicilian
Vespers, in 1282.
1285. Alfonso III., the Beneficent.
1291. James II., surnamed the Just.
1327. Alfonso IV.
1336. Peter IV., the Ceremonious.
1387. John L
1396. Martin L
1410. [Interregnum.]
1412. Ferdinand the Just, king of Sicily.
1416. Alfonso V., the Wise.
1458. John II., king of Navarre, brother of Al-
phonso : died 1479.
1479. Ferdinand V., the Catholic, the next heir :
by his marriage with Isabella of Castile,
the kingdoms were united.
Spain.
1512. Ferdinand V., the Catholic. This prince
having conquered Granada and Navarre,
became king of all Spain : succeeded by
his grandson,
1 Being observed one day to tremble while he was putting on his armour, he exclaimed, " My body trembles
at the dangers into which my courage plunges me."— flflSii!. . j v ■ » r
2 It is just to the memory of our illustrious prince to state, that he soon deeply regretted his mterference on
behalf of this wicked and ungrateful king, who justly merited the mfamons epithet he bore. Peter succeeded to
the throne at sixteen years of age, and commenced his reign by several wanton acts of barbarity. Having mar-
ried Blanche, daughter of Philip de Bourbon and sister to the queen of France, he repudiated her three days
afterwards, and sent her to prison that he might renew his connexion with Maria de Padilla, his former mistress,
whom he married, making way for his union with her by poisoning his consort. His cruelties provoked his
subjects to take up arms against him in 1366, and they placed at their head Henry of I ranstamare, his natural
brother, who slew Peter with his own hand in 1368, and was placed on the throne of Castile, which he transmitted
°3 HenrVni^'of Castile used to say, that " tie feared the curses of his people more than he did the arms of his
enemies." An ancient writer forcibly and eloquently adds, " In this he showed as much wisdom as humanity,
since while he was beloved at home, he had nothing to fear from abroad; the curses of his subjects were the
likeliest means of bringing upon him the arms of his foes."
28
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
151G. Charles I., son of Joan of Castile and Pliilip
of Austria; became emperor of Ger-
many, as Charles V. in 1519 : resigned
both croivns, and retired to a mo-
nastery.
1556. Philip II., his son, king of Naples and
Sicily ; a merciless bigot ; married Mary,
queen-regnant of England : died a most
dreadful death, being covered -with
ulcers from which vermin swarmed.
[This reign is made memorable by the
Spanish armament, called the Armada,
designed to reduce England.]
Philip III., son of the preceding : he drove
all the descendants of the Moors from
Granada and the adjacent provinces, to
the number of 900,000.
Philip IV., his son ; a reign of nearly con-
tinuous and imfortunate wars with the
Dutch and France : he lost Portugal in
1640.
1665. Charles II., son of Philip IV., the last
prince of the Austrian line : nominated,
by will, as his successor,
1700. Philip v., duke of Anjou, grandson of
Louis XIV. of France : hence arose the
1598.
1621.
war of the succession, terminated by the
treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
1724 Louis I. ; who reigned only a few months.
1724. Philip V. ; again.
1746. Ferdinand VI., surnamed the Wise; he
distinguished his reign by acts of libe-
rality and beneficence.
1759. Charles III., king of the Two Sicilies, and
brother of Ferdinand VI. : on ascending
the Spanish throne he renounced the
Sicilies to his third son Ferdinand.
1788. Charles IV., son of Charles IIL ; the in-
fluence of Godoy, prince of peace, reached
to almost royal authority in this reign ;
Charles abdicated in favoul of his son
and successor,
1808. Ferdinand VII., whom Napoleon, of France,
also forced to resign.
1808. Joseph Buonaparte, brother of Napoleon :
deposed.
1814. Ferdinand VII. : restored ; succeeded by
his daughter,
1833. Isabella II., who ascended the throne
Sept. 29. The present (1850) Queen of
Spain.
The Queen. Maria Isabella II. (Louisa) born Oct. 10, 1830 ; succeeded her father, Ferdinand VII.,
Sept. 29, 1833, while yet in her 3d year. The Salic law, existing in Spain, had been formally
abolished by Ferdinand, under a decree March 29, 1830, by virtue of which the order of suc-
cession was altered iu favour of his daughter, to the exclusion of his brothers, Don Carlos
and Don Francis. Declared by the Cortes to be of age at 13, Nov. 8, 1843 ; married, Oct. 10,
1846, to her cousin, the infant Don Francis d'Assis, duke of Cadiz (born May 13, 1822), son of
Don Francis de Paula : issue,
A son, born July 12, 1850, who died a few minutes after his birth.
The Queen's Sister : The infanta Maria-Louisa-Ferdinanda, born Jan. 30, 1832 ; married, Oct. 10,
1846, to prince Anthony-Mary-Philip-Louis d'Orl&ns, due de Montpensier, son of Louis-
Phihppe, of France ' ; and has issue, a daughter,
Maria-Isabella-Francisca-Adelaide, born at Seville, Sept. 21, 1848.
Her Mother : Queen dowager Maria-Christina, daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies,
bom April 27, 1806 ; married, Dec. 11, 1829, to the late king, Ferdinand VIL, who died Sept. 29,
1833. Regent of the kingdom during the minority of the queen, in virtue of the will of her
father; which office she resigned by a manifesto dated Oct. 12, 1840. Her marriage with don
Fernando Munoz, duke of Kianzarfes (since Dec. 28, 1833), received the " nuptial benediction,"
Oct. 13, 1844.
Uncles :
1. Charles-Maria-Isodore, born March 28, 1788 ; married, 1st, Sept. 29, 1816, Maria-Frances
d'Asis, daughter of John VI., lung of Portugal ; 2nd, Maria-Theresa, of Bourbon and
Braganza, princess of Beira, widow of the infant Peter of Spain : issue,
I. Charles-Louis-Maria- ITerdinand (comte de Montemolin), born Jan. 31, 1818.
II. John-Charles-Maria-Isodore, born May 15, 1822 ; married, Feb. 6, 1847, Mary-Bea-
trice-Anne-Frances, daughter of Francis IV. of Modena.
III. Ferdinand-Maria- Joseph, born Oct. 19, 1824.
2. Francis de Paulo-Anthony-Maria, born March 10, 1794; married, June 12, 1819, Louisa-
Charlotte, daughter of the late Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies ; she died Jan. 29, 1844 ;
leaving issue,
I. Isabella-Ferdinanda, born May 18, 1821 ; married, June 26, 1841, to Ignatius, count
Gurowski.
II. Francis d'Asis-Maria-Ferdinand, born May 13, 1822 ; married, Oct. 10, 1846, to
the queen, Isabella II.
III. Henry-Mary-Ferdinand, duke of Seville, born Api-il 17, 1823 ; married, May 6, 1847,
to Helena de Castella.
IV. Louisa-Tlieresa-Frances, born June 11, 1824; married, Feb. 10, 1847, to Joseph, comte
de Transtamare.
V. Josephine- Ferdinanda-Louisa, born May 26, 1827.
VI. Ferdinand-Maiy, born April 11, 1832.
VIL Maria-Christina-Isabella, born June 6, 1833.
VIII. Amelia-Philippina, born Oct. 12, 1834.
1 The marriage of this princess with a son of Louis-Philippe, occasioned great displeasure at the court of
St. James s, and disturbed the friendly relations between the French and English governments However not
withstandmg much remonstrance, this union was persisted in ; and the two marriages of the queen of Spain and
her sister Mana-Louisa, were solomnized at the same time, at 10 at night, by the patriarch of the Indies in the
pfllilCS 3X iVIfturiUi '
PORTUGAL.
29
PORTUGAL.
The ancient Lnsitania. The name is derived from Porto Cole, or Ccdlo, the original
appellation of the city of Oporto. It submitted to the Eoman arms about 250 b. c,
and underwent the same changes as Spain on the fall of the Eoman empire. Conquered
by the Moors A. d. 713. They kept possession till they were vanquished by Alfonso VI.
the Valiant, of Castile, assisted by many other princes and volunteers. Among those
who shone most in this celebrated expedition was Henry of Burgundy, grandson
of Robert, king of France. Alfonso bestowed upon him Theresa, his natural
daughter, and, as her marriage portion, the kingdom of Portugal, which he was to
hold of him. Portugal fell under the Spanish yoke in 1580, but shook it off in 1640,
since which time the Braganza family has reigned.
Kings of Portugal.
1093. Henry, count or earl of Portugal.
1112. Alfonso, his son, and Theresa.
1128. Alfonso, count of Portugal, alone.
1139. Alfonso declared king, having obtained a
signal victory over a prodigious amay of
Moors on the plains of Ourique.
1185. Sancho I., sou of Alfonso.
1212. Alfonso II., sumamed Crassus, or the Fat.
1223. Sancho II., or the Idle: deposed.
1248. Alfonso III.
1279. Denis or Dionysius, styled the Father of
his Country.
1825. Alfonso IV.
1367. Peter the Severe : succeeded bj' his son,
1367. Ferdinand I. : succeeded by his natural
brother,
138i. John I., the Bastard, and the Great : mar-
ried Philippa, daughter of John of Gaunt,
duke of Lancaster.
1433. Edward.
1438. Ahbnso V.,-the African.
1481. John II., -whose actions procured him the
titles of the Great, and the Perfect:
succeeded by his cousin,
1495. Emmanuel, the Fortunate.
1521. John III., son of Emmanuel : he admitted
into his kingdom the reh'gious insti-
tution of the inquisition.
1557. Sebastian : slain in tl>e great battle of
Alcazar, in Africa, Aug. 4, 1578 ;
when the crown reverted to his great
uncle,
1678. Henry, the Cardinal, son of Emmanuel.
1680. Anthony, prior of Crato, son of Emmanuel :
deposed by Philip II. of Spain, who
united Portugal to his other dominions,
till 1640.
1640. John IV., duke of Braganza ; dispossessed
the Spaniards in a bloodless revolution,
and was proclaimed king, Dec. 1.
1656. Alfonso VI. : deposed in 1668, and his
brother and successor Peter made re-
gent ; the latter ascended the throne in
1683. Peter II. ; succeeded by his son,
1706. John V. ; succeeded by his son,
1750. Joseph. The daughter and successor of this
prince married his brother, by dispen-
sation from the pope, and they ascended
the throne, as
1777. Maria (Frances-Isabella) and Peter III.,
jointly.
1786. Maria, alone : this princess afterwards falls
into a state of melancholy and derange-
ment.
1792. Regency. John, son of the queen, and
afterwards king, declared regent of the
kingdom,
1816. John VI., previously regent. He ^ had
withdrawn in 1807, owing to the French
invasion of Portugal, to his Brazilian
dominions ; but the discontent of his
subjects obliged him to return in 1821 :
died in 1826.
1826. Peter IV. (Dom Pedro) son of John VI. :
making his election of the empu'e of
Brazil, abdicated the throne of Portugal
in favour of his daughter,
1826. Maria II. (da Gloria), who became queen
at 7 years of age.
1828. Dom Miguel, brother to Peter IV. : usurped
the crown, which he retained, amid
civil contentions, until 1833.
1833. Maria II. restored : declared in Sept. 1834
(being then 15) to be of age, and as-
sumed the royal power accordingly.
The PEESENT (1850) Queen of Portugal,
The Queen. Donna-Maria II. da Gloria, daughter of Peter IV. (ex-emperor of Brazil) and of
Leopoldine-Caroline, archduchess of Austria, born April 4, 1819; married, Jan. 26, 1835, to
Augustus-Charles-Eugene-Xapoleon, duke of Leuchtenberg, who died March 28, same year ;
2nd, April 9, 1836, Ferdinand-Augustus-Francis-Anthony, prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,
bom Oct. 29, 1816 ; and has issue :
1. Dom Pedro de Alcantara, prince royal, bom Sept. 16, 1837.
2. Louis-Philippe-Mary, duke of Oporto, bom Oct. 31, 1838.
3. Joa5-Maria-Fernando-Gregorio, bom March 16, 1842.
4. Maria-Anna- Femanda-Leopoldina, born Jul ' 21, 1843.
5. Antonio, born Feb. 18, 1845.
6. Fernando, bom July 23, 1846.
7. Augosto, born Nov. 4, 1847.
Uncle. Prince Michael-Mary-Evariste (Dom Miguel), bom Oct. 26, 1802.
AusTS. Maria-Theresa, princess of Beira ; married, 1st, to the infant Peter-Charles, of Spain ; 2nd,
Feb. 1838, to Don Carlos, of Spain, being his second consort.
Isabella-Maria, regent of Portugal, from March 1826 to Feb. 1828.
Anna de Jesus-Maria, married to the duke of Louie.
30
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
EMPIRE OF BRAZIL.
The French having seized on Portugal in 1807, the royal family of that kingdom
embarked for Brazil at the close of the same year. Brazil was erected into an empire
in Nov. 1825, when Dom Pedro took the title of emperor, soon after his abdication
of the throne of Portugal.
Emperors.
1825. Pedi-0 I. (of Portugal) Nov. 18 ; first em-
peror : abdicated the throne of Brazil, I
in favour of his infant son, April 7, 1831.
Died Sept. 24, 1834. |
1831. Pedro II. ; succeeded on his father's abdi-
cation ; assumed the government Jul}''
23, 1840; and was crowned July 18,
1841. The PKESENT emperor.
The Empekor. Dom Pedro de Alcantara, born Dec 2, 1825 ; became emperor in his sixth year, and
was crowned in his sixteenth. Married (Sept. 4, 1843) Theresa-Christiana-Mary, daughter of
Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies, and has issue :
1. Isabella-Christina-Leopoldine- Augusta, born July 29, 1846.
2. Leopoldine-Therese-Frances-Caroline, born July 13, 1847.
3. The Prince Eoyal (not yet named), born July 19, 1848.
Sisters :
1. Donna Maria 11. da Gloria, queen of Portugal.
2. Donna Januaria, born March 11,1822; married, April 28, 1844, Louis Charles, comte
d'Aquila, son of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies.
3. Donna-Frances, born Aug. 2, 1824 ; married. May 1, 1843, to Francis d'Orl&ns, prince
de Joinville, son of the late Louis-Philippe, of France.
4. Donna-Maria-AmeUa-Augusta-Josephine, born Dec. 1, 1831.
SICILY.— NAPLES.— THE TWO SICILIES.
Sicily, anciently Sicania. — Virgil; and Sicilia. — Pliny, Naples, the continental
division of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, was called, at first Parthenope, afterwards
Neapolis. — Strabo. The Greek emperors, upon the expulsion of the Ostrogoths by
Belisarius in the 6th century, took possession of Lower Italy, and retained it for more
than 200 years. The duchy of Benevento (Naples), however, founded by the Lom-
bards in the same century, attained such importance and territorial extent, that it
possessed, within 120 years, the greater part of the country now comprisino- the
kingdom of Naples. In the 9th century the Arabs conquered the island of Slcily,
which was wrested from them in the 11th by count Roger I., who inherited Naples
from his elder brother, Robert Guiscard, by whom it had been acquired by conquest.
Kings op Sicily.
Counts ahd Dukes of Apulia.
1043. William I., Bras de Fur, or Iron Arm.
1046. Drogo.
1051. Humfrey.
1054. Robert Guiscard; duke in 1060.
1085. Eoger.
Sicily.
1072. Eoger I. ; count of Sicily.
1101. Eoger II., his son; obtained from pope
Honorius II., in 1130, the style of "king
of Sicily."
1154. William, sumamed the Wicked.
1166. William IL, sumamed the Good.
1189. Tancred, count de Lecc^ grandson of
Eoger II., succeeded by
1194. William III., his son : dethroned.
1194. Henry (husband of Constantia, daughter
of William III.), emperor, as Henry VL.
in 1190.
1197. Frederick I., his son, crowned emperor in
1212, as Frederick IL
1250. Conrad I., son of Frederick L ; emperor as
Conrad IV. : succeeded by
1264. Conrad IL, or Conradin, his infant son;
deposed in his minority by his uncle
Manfred ; afterwards beheaded.
1268. Manfred or Mainfroy, tyrant and usurper :
slain in battle by his successor.
1266. Charles of Anjou, youngest son of Louis
VIII. of France; deposed in 1282 by
the bloody revolution known as the
" Sicilian Vespers." •
1282. [Sicily now separated from Naples; Charles
ripe, when the following occurrence led to develop and accomnlis, t ^n F XV M^n l?,,^[ i^?", ""^ ^^"'■'^y
had assembled at Palermo ; and while the Frenclfwere e,,gVe'un tti^UleCa "idli an l^rfdo harpened Trr'all
THE TWO SICILIES.
3]
of Anjou, retaining the style of lord
paramount of Naples, and governing
there.]
1282. Peter, the Great, king of Arragon, consort
of Constantia, daughter of Manfred, the
Usurper.
1285. James I. : succeeded to the kingdom of
Arragon as James II, in 1291.
1295. [Interregnum.]
1296. Frederick II.
1337. Peter II.
1342. Louis I.
1355. Frederick III., surnamed the Simple.
1377. Mary, daughter of Frederick; aftenvards
jointly with her consort.
1391. Mary, and Martin, prince of Arragon.
1402. Martin, alone.
1409. Martin the Elder.
Sicily united to Aeragon.
1410. Ferdinand, king of Arragon.
1435. Alfonso, king of Arragon.
1458. John, king of Arragon.
1479. Ferdinand the Catholic.
[In 1503 this prince took entire possession
of Naples (which he had previously
seized, and divided with Louis XII. of
France), and Sicily remained suhject
to the sovereigns of Spain until 1713.]
1713. Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy, obtained
the crown of Sicily from Spain.
1718. He exchanged Sicily with Austria for Sar-
dinia, which became a kingdom. See
Naples and Sardinia.
Kings of Naples.
1282.
1285.
1309.
1343.
1382.
1386.
1414.
1435.
1458.
1494.
1495.
1496.
1601.
1707.
1713.
Charles of Anjou, lord paramount.
Charles II., the Lame.
Robert, the Wise.
Joanna I. : dethroned by her cousin,
Charles III,, Durazzo.
Ladislas, his son, and father of
Joanna IT., or Janella, or Johannilla, of
Bourbon.
Alfonso, the Wise ; Alfonso V. as king of
Arragon. Succeeded by his natural son,
Ferdinand I., the Bastard.
Alfonso II.
Ferdinand II.
Frederick III., his son.
[Partitioned by France and Spain j but
two years after Ferdinand the Catholic
became master of the whole, and it re-
mained under the dominion of Spain
until 1707.]
Charles, of Austria,'afterwards the emperor
Charles VI.
The possession of Naples confinned to
Austria by the treaty of Utrecht.
1734. [Sicily and Naples (the Two Sicilies), lost
to Austria, became vested in the royal
family of Spain.]
1735. Charles, son of Philip V. of Spain : he suc-
ceeded to his father's dominions, and
ceded the Two Sicilies to his third son,
Ferdinand.
1759. Ferdinand IV., ascended at eight years of
age : deposed by the French in 1798 ;
again in 1806. In the latter year, the
emperor Napoleon placed his brother
Joseph on the throne of Naples.
1806. Joseph Buonaparte: advanced in 1808 to
the throne of Spain.
1808. Joachim Mnrat, brother-in-law to Na-
poleon, succeeded as king.
1815. Ferdinand IV., restored.
[It was now decreed that Naples and Si-
cily should, as formerly, be united in one
monarchy, under the designation of the
" Kingdom of the Two Sicilies."]
Kings of the Two Sicilies.
ceeded Nov. 8, 1830. The present
(1850) King of the Two SiciUes and of
Jerusalem.
1815. Ferdinand I. (late IV.), king of the Two
Sicilies.
1826. Francis I., his son.
1830. Ferdinand II., son of the last king. Suc-
The King. Ferdinand (II.) Charles, bom Jan. 12, 1810 ; succeeded his father, the late king,
Francis I., Nov. 8, 1830; married, Nov. 21, 1832, Maria-Christina-Caroline- Josephine (born
Nov. 14, 1812), daughter of the late Victor-Emmanuel, king of Sardinia ; and 2nd (Jan. 9,
1837), Maria-Theresa-Isabelle (bom July 31, 1816), daughter of the late archdulte Charles, of
Austria ; and has issue : —
1. Francis-Mary-Leopolrl. prince-royal, duke of Calabria ; bom (of first marriage) Jan. 16, 1836.
2. Louis-Mary, comte de Trani, bora (of second marriage, with the following) Aug. 1, 1838.
3. Alphonso-Mary-Joseph-Albert, comte de Caserta, bora March 28, 1841,
4. Mary-Annonciate-Isabelle, bom March 24, 1843.
5. Mary-ImmacuMe-CIementina, born April 14, 1844.
6. Gaetan-Mary-Frederick, comte de Girgenti, bora Jan. 12, 1846.
7. Joseph-Mary, comte de Lucera, bom March 4, 1848.
8. A prince, bom Aug. 3, 1849.
bv with her train. She was observed by one Drochet, a Frenchman, who, advancing towards her, used her
rudelv under pretence of searching for arms. A young Sicilian, exasperated at this afTront, stabbed him with
his own sword • and a tumult ensuing, 200 French were instantly murdered. The enraged populace now ran
throuBh the citv crying out " Let the French die 1" and, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, they slaugh.
tered all of that nation they could find, to the number of 8000. Even such as had fled to the churches found no
sanctuary there— the massacre became general throughout the island.
32
PRINCES OP EUROPE.
Bkotiiees and Sisters ; , , ,. t.
1. Caroline-Ferdinanda-Louisa, born Nov. 5, 1798; dowager-duchess of Berry.
2. Maria-Christina, born April 27, 1806 ; dowager queen of Spain.
3. Charles-Ferdinand, prince of Capua, born Oct. 10, 1811. . . ■,, ,c lo,,,
i. Leopold-Benjamin-Joseph, comte de Syracuse, bora May 22, 1813 ; mamed, May IS, l»d/
Mary-Victoria-Louisa-Philiberta, of Savoy-Carignan.
6. Maria-Antoinette, bom Deo. 19, 1814; grand-duchess of Tuscany. „ -„ ^
6. Maria- Amelia, born Feb. 25, 1818 ; married. May 26, 1832, don Sebastian, of Bourbon and
Braganza.
7 Maria-Caroline-Ferdinanda, born Feb. 29, 1820.
8. Theresa-Maria-Christina, born March 1-1, 1822 ; empress of Brazil.
9. Louis-Charles, comte d'Aquila, bom July 19, 1824; married, April 28, 1844, the princess
Januaria, daughter of the late emperor, dom Pedro, of Brazil.
10. Francis de Paulo-Louis-Emmanuel, comte de Trepani, born Aug. 13, 1827 ; affianced,
July 1849, to Mary-Isabella (bom May 21, 1834), daughter of the grand-duke, Leo-
pold IL, of Tuscany.
SAVOY.— SAEDINIA.
Savot, in the time of the Romans, formed a part of the province of Gallia Narhon-
nensis, and remained in possession of the Romans several hundred years. Sardinia
(Latin) was called by the Greelcs Sandaliotes and Ichniisa, from its resemblance to the
print of a sandal or sole of a human foot. The former country, after various changes,
■was erected into a county in the beginning of the 1 1 th century, and at the close of
the 14th, the governing count obtained the title of duke. The same ancient family
continuing to rule, exchanged, in 1718, with Austria, its then recent acquisition of
Sicily, for Sardinia, and became kings of Sardinia. This state became involved in the
great war between France and Austria, that closed with the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
in 1748. After enjoying a long term of peace, it took part in the war of the French
revolution, and in ] 798 the continental territories were parcelled out into departments
of the French empire, and were not restored to the legitimate sovereign until the over-
throw of Napoleon in 1814. Genoa was added to Sardinia by the congress of Vienna
in 1815.
Counts and Dukes of Savoy.
Counts of Maueienne.
1020. Beroald, surnamed the Saxon.
1027. Humbert I., " with the White Hands."
1048. Amadeus I., Longtail.
1072. Humbert II., le Benforce.
Counts of Savoy.
1108. Amadeus II.
1148. Humbert III., surnamed the Saint.
1188. Thomas.
1233. Amadeus III
1253. Boniface-Rolando.
1263. Peter, or Charlemagne le Petit.
1268. Philip.
1285. Amadeus IV., styled the Great; famous
for his defence of the isle of Rhodes
against the Turks.
1323. Edward.
1329. Aimon, styled the Peace-malier.
1343. Amadeus V. (or VI.), the Green Count.
1383. Amadeus VII., the Red Count.
Dukes of Savoy.
1391. Amadeus VIII., surnamed the Pacific;
duke in 1416. Elected pope in 1439, as
Felix V. ; antipope.
1451.
1466.
1472.
1482.
1489.
1496.
1497.
1504.
1553.
1580.
1630.
1637.
1638.
1675.
1713.
Louis.
Amadeus IX., sumamed the Benevolent,
and, by his subjects, the "Blessed Ama-
deus."
Philibert, the Hunter.
Charles I., the Warrior.
Charies II.
Philip II., Sans Terre, or Lackland.
Philibert II., sumamed the Beau.
Charies III., the Good.
Emmanuel-Philibert, sumamed the Iron-
hand.
Charles Emmanuel, styled the Great ; but
falsely, for though brave, he violated
the laws of nations.
Victor- Amadeus I.
Francis-Hyacinth.
Charles-Emmanuel II.
Victor- Amadeus II.
[He obtained Sicily this year, and in 1718
exchanged it with the emperor for Sar-
dinia, taldng the title of king. Of this
dominion. Piedmont and Savoy formed
the continental part.]
Kings op Sardinia.
1718. Victor- Amadeus I., king (II. as duke):
resigned in 1730, in favour of his son ;
died in 1732.
1730. Charles-Emmanuel I., his son.
1773. Vjctor-Amadeus II., his son.
1796. Charles-Emmanuel II., son of the pre-
TUSCANY.
33
ceding : resigned his crown in favour of
his brother,
1802. Victor-Emmanuel I.
1805. [Sardinia merged in the Iiingdom of Italy,
of which the emperor Napoleon was
crowned king, May 26, 1806.]
1814. Victor-Emmanuel, restored. Eesigned in
March 1821 ; and died in 1824.
1821. Charles-Felix ; succeeded by his nephew,
1831. Charles-Albert. This prince provoked a
war with Austria; Avas defeated in
battle, and abdicated in favour of his
son, March 23, 1849. Died at Oporto,
July 28, 1849.
1849. Victor-Emmanuelll. The peesent (1850)
King of Sardinia.
The Kins. Victor- Emanuel (n.)-Mary-Albert-Eugene-Ferdinand, born March 14, 1820 ; succeeded
his father, the late king, Charles-Albert, in virtue of the abdication of the latter, announced at
Novara, March 23, 1849, and confirmed at Tolosa, in Spain, April 3, following ; married, April
12, 1842, the archduchess Mary-Adelaide-Frances-Renifere-Elizabeth (born June 3, 1822),
second daughter of the archduke E&ifere, of Austria ; issue,
1. Maria-Clotilda-Theresa-Louisa ; born March 2, 1843.
2. Humbert-Renifere-Charles-Emmanuel-Ferdinand, prince-royal, prince of Piedmont j born
March 14, 1844.
3. Am^d6e-Ferdinand-Marie, due d'Aosta, born May 30, 1846.
4. Otho-Eugene-Marie, due de Montferrat, born July 11, 1846.
5. Marie-Pie, born Oct. 16, 1847.
His Beothee. Ferdinand-Marie- Albert, due de Gfenes, born Nov. 15, 1822.
Branch op Savot-Caeignan.
1. Eugene-Emmanuel-Joseph-Mary-Paul, born April 14, 1816. Declared prince of Savoy-
Carignan by royal decretal of April 28, 1834.
2. Mary-Victoria-Louisa, born Sept. 29, 1814 ; married to prince Leopold of the Two Sicilies,
brother of the king.
TUSCANY.
The Etruria of the Romans, and Tyrrhenia of the Greeks. It became subject to
Rome in the 5th century before the Christian era, and was possessed by that empire
for about 800 years. Tuscany was governed by a succession of marquesses or dukes
from the 9th until the 13th century. The continual divisions by which the country
■was agitated led to a change in the form of government, and eventually to the
ascendancy of the great family of the Medici as Grand Dukes. The ancient name,
Etruria, was revived for a time in 1801.
Marquesses or Dukes.
828.
847.
890.
919.
929.
931.
936.
961.
1001.
1014.
1027.
1052.
1055.
Boniface I., marquess.
Adalbert I., duke and marquess.
Adalbert II., surnamed the Kich, duke and
marquess.
Guy, duke.
Lambert, duke.
Boson, marquess.
Hubert, duke.
Hugh, surnamed the Great.
Adalbert III.
Rinaldo, duke and marquess.
Boniface II., styled the Pious, duke and
marquess.
T^1»p fj ATI cIl
Beatrice, and Godfrey the Bearded.
1076. Matilda, styled the Great, countess.
1119. Eatbod, or Eadboton.
1119. Conrad, president and marquess.
1131. Eampret, president and marquess.
1133. Henry of Bavaria, count.
1139. Ulderic, marquess.
1153. Guelph.
1195. Philip; elected emperor in 1198: assassi-
nated at Bamberg in 1208.
1208. Florence became a republic, governed
chiefly by Signori, until 1531. In that
year Alexander de Medici was appointed
its chief, as doge of Florence : assassi-
nated in 1537.
Grand Dukes.
House of Medici. ^
1537. Cosmo de Medici, son of Alexander ; cre-
ated grand duke in 1569 by pope Pius V.
1574. Francis Mary, de Medici, his son ; to whom
the dignity of grand duke was con-
firmed by the emperor Maximihan II.
I Thef
1587. Ferdinand I., de Medici.
1609. Cosmo H., de Medici.
1621. Ferdinand II., de Medici.
1670. Cosmo III., de Medici.
1723. John Gastone de Medici ; last representa-
tive of the family. '
e sreat family of Medici, niustrious as tlie restorers of literature and the fine arts m Italy, were chiefs or
■ of the rS>" blic of Florence from 1434, in which year Cosmo de Medici (the 1st Cosmo) who had been
ed from the republic was recalled, and made its chief, presiding over it for 30 years. Several of the family
Te're'iirterwaTds Sri among these. Was Lorenzo de Medici, styled ' the Masniflcent" and the "Father of
Letters "Of thifg?Ut man, Mr. Eoscoe wrote an elegant Life in 2 vols, quarto ; also aL;/i, in 4 vols, of pope
^'"s'^^ta tr"eaty'^f' peice'in m^%Z°een France and Austria, the duke of Lorraine was named to succeed to
34
PRIXCES OF EUROPE.
1790. Ferdinand III. : deposed by the treaty of
LuneviUe, in 1801. ^ ^ u *i,
1801. Louis, prince of Parma, succeeded, by tte
style of " King of Etruria," conform-
ably with the above-mentioned treaty.
1803. Charles-Louis, his infant son, under the
regency of the queen, Maria-Louisa, his
mother ; afterwards duchess of Parma.
See Parma.
1807. [Tuscany united by the emperor Napoleon
to the kingdom of Italy.]
1814. Ferdinand III. restored: succeeded by his
son,
1824. Leopold II. ; succeeded his father, June 18,
1824. The present (1850) Grand-
gm,_ Dulce of Tuscany.
The Gkand-DuivE, Leopold-John-Joseph-Francis-Ferdinand-Charles grand-duke of Tuscany and
duke of Lucca; born Oct. 3, 1797 ; married, 1st (Oct. 28, 18ip.Mary-Anne-Oarolme daughter
of Maximilian, father of the present king of Saxony, died March 24, 1832 Married, 2nd
(June 7, 1833), Mary-Antoinette, daughter of Francis I., kmg of the Two Sicihes; and has
"'T Augusta-Louisa-Mary- Josephine (by first marriage), born April 1, 1825; married (April
16, 1844) the prince Leopold" of Bavaria.
2. Mary- Isabella (with the following, by second marriage), bom May il, l»d4.
3. Ferdinand, hereditary grand-duke, born June 10, 1835.
4. Charles-Joseph, born April 30, 1839.
5. Maria-Louisa, born Oct. 31, 1845.
6. Louis-John, born Aug. 4, 1847.
His Sisters. 1. Maria-Louisa-Josephine, bom Aug. 30, 1798. ^ , . , .
2. Theresa, born March 21, 1801 ; married Sept. 30, 1817, to Charles- Albert, late kmg
of Sardinia, who died July 28, 1849.
House of Lorraine.
1737. Francis II., duke of Lorraine ; married
Maria Theresa, empress, and queen of
Hungary and Bohemia; elected em-
peror in 1745.
[By a decree of this monarch it was settled
that in future the Grand Duchy should
be the patrimony of a younger son of
the Imperial house: the emperor was
accordingly succeeded in 1765 by his
second son,]
17C5. Peter-Leopold : on the demise of his bro-
ther, the emperor Joseph II. became
emperor as Leopold II. ; and was suc-
ceeded as grand-duke by his youngest
LUCCA.
Charlemagne having destroyed the empire of the Lombards, A. d. 774, Lucca came
into tlie possession of the Franks, and in two centuries afterwards was annexed to
Germany by Otto the Great. After many subsequent revolutions it was sold to
Florence, aiid in a short time it obtained its complete freedom by purchase from the
emperor Charles IV., and retained it until modern times.
Napoleon having conferred Piombino upon his sister Elizabeth and her husband
prince Bacciocchi, as an hereditary principality, the prince was chosen in 1805
constitutional chief of the republic of Lucca. In 1806, Massa, Carrara, and Garfago-
rano, were united to the principality of Lucca. Finally, the congress of Vienna
conferred Massa and Carrara upon the archduchess Beatrice d'Este ; Piombino upon
prince Ludovisci Buoncampagni ; and the Duchy of Lucca, with an annual pension of
20,000^. upon
Maria-Louisa, daughter of Charles IV. of
Spain, and widow of Louis, king of
Etruria : she died March 13, 1824, and
was succeeded by her son,
1824. Charles-Louis, duke ; bom Dec. 22, 1799 ;
On the death of IMaria-Louisa, widow of the emperor Napoleon, of France, and
duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla (see Parma), which took place Dec. 18,
1847, Charles-Louis, duke of Lucca, was invested with the government of the duchy
of Parma, as had been agreed upon by the treaty of Paris of June 10, 1817, and
congress of Frankfort, July 20, 1819; and in conformity with the conditions of
succession arranged by these acts, and by the subsequent treaty of Florence (Nov. 28,
1844), the duke Louis-Charles resigned Lucca to the grand-duke of Tuscany,
Oct. 5, 1847.
married, Aug. 15, 1820, Maria-Theresa,
daughter of Victor-Emmanuel I., king
of Sardinia. Relinquished the duke-
dom, Oct. 1847.
the grand-duchy of Tuscany on the death of John Gastono de Medici, which took place in 1737; and upon this
arrangement being efl'ected, the duchy of Lorraine lapsed to the French crown, subject to a life interest of
Stanislas Lezinski, ex-king of Poland.
MODENA.
35
PARMA, PLACENTIA, or PIACENZA, &c.
In 1346, Parma and Piacenza formed part of the territory of the counta of Milan, and
were subsequently in the possession of Louis XII. of France ; but were ceded by his
successor, Francis I., under the league of Cambray, to pope Julius IV., when they
were attached to the dominion of the Church. In 1545, pope Paul III. erected
Parma and Piacenza into a duchy, and conferred it upon his natural son, Peter-Louis-
Farnese, in whose family it continued for nearly two centuries. The subsequent
details are given below.
Ddkes.
1545.
1547.
1586.
1592.
1622.
1646.
1694.
1727.
1731.
Peter Louis Farnese ; first duke.
Octavius Farnese.
Alexander Farnese.
Ranutio I.
Edoard.
Ranutio II. : Edoard, his eldest son, who
died vita patris, left a daughter, Eliza-
beth, who married Philip V. of Spain.
Francis I.
Antony.
[Upon the extinction of the male line of
the old dultes, the duchy devolved upon
the grandson of Edoard.]
Don Carlos, who, upon ascending the
throne of the Sicilies, ceded the duchy
to the house of Austria, with whom it
remained until the treaty of Aix-la-
ChapeUe, Oct. 18, 1748.
1749. Don Phihp, brother of Don Carlos.
1765. Don Ferdinand.
1803. [The duchy now passed under the do-
minion of France, and prince Louis, son
of Ferdinand, became king of Etruria.]
1814. Maria-Louisa of Austria, widow of the
emperor Napoleon. The duchy was con-
ferred upon her by the treaty of Paris,
and she became duchess of Parma, Pia-
cenza, and Guastalla. Died Dec. 18, 1847.
Parma, &c. were given by the convention of April 11, 1814, to the arch-duchess
Maria-Louisa, ex-empress of France. After her death (Dec. 18, 1847) Charles-
Louis, duke of Lucca, was given the government of this ducby, as had been
arranged by the treaty of Paris, June 10, 1817, and by the congress of Frankfort,
July 20, 1819; and conformably with these acts, and with a subsequent treaty (that
of Frankfort, Nov. 28, 1844), Charles-Louis, of Lucca, relinquished that duchy to
the grand-duke of Tuscany.
MODENA, &c.
Albert- Azon, or Azzo II. (great-grandson of Albert-Azon I., who died A. d. 964),
espoused Cunegunda, daughter of Guelph II., count of Altdorf and duke of Lower
Bavaria, and dying in 1097, left two sons. Of these, the elder, Guelph, inherited the
states of Altdorf at the decease of his uncle, Guelph, duke of Carinthia ; and from him
sprant' the branch of Guelph-Este. From the second son, Fulke, emanated the
branch of Fulke-Este. The illustrious house of Este governed as Signori of Ferrara
in the 12th century ; and Modena, Reggio, and Ferrara became ducal territories, by
concession, partly of the emperor and partly of the pope, in favour of Borso and
Hercules d'Este, in 1452.
SlGNOEI AKD MAKQUESSES OF FeKEAEA.
1067. Frederic I.
1118. Guy Salinguerra.
1150. Taurello.
1196. Salinguerra II.
Azzo VI., marquess d'Este; to the ascen-
dancy of whose house the TorreUi after-
wards give way.
1212. Aldovrandino.
1215. Azzo VII. D'Este.
1264. Obizzo II.
1293. Azzo VIII. D'Este.
1308. Folco or Fulke D'Este.
D
1317.
1352.
1361.
1383.
1393.
1441.
1450.
2
rEinaldo. ") On the death of Einaldo
\ Obizzo in. V (1335)andNiccolo(1344)
( Niccolo I. J Obizzo ruled alone.
Aldovrandino II.
Niccolo II.
Alberto.
Niccolo III.
Lionello.
Dukes op Modena, &c.
Borso ; elevated by the emperor Frederick
II. and the pope, 1452, to the dukedom
of Modena and Reggio.
36
PKINCES OF EUROPE.
1471. Ercole (Hercules) I.
1505. Alfonso I.
1534. Ercole (Hercules) II.
1559. Alfonso II. Tasso was imprisoned in this
reign, 1579.
1597. Cffisar D'Este. This prince obtained pos-
session of Modena as a flef of the em-
pire. Ferrara was attached to the
Church by Clement VIII.
1628. Alfonso III.
1B29. Francis I.
1658. Alfonso IV.
1662. Francis II.
1694. Reginald.
1737. Francis HI.
1780. Ercole (Hercules) III. This prince ac-
quired, in do\vi*y with his consort, the
principalities of Massa and Carrara. He
was expelled in 1796, and died in 1803,
leaving an only child and heiress,
1803. Maria-Beatrix, duchess of Modena and
princess of Massa and Carrara.
[She espoused the archduke Ferdinand of
Austria, and conferred the dukedom
upon her husband ; he died Dec. 24,
1806 ; and was succeeded in the duke-
dom by their son,
1806. Francis IV., duke : the duchess, his mother,
retaining the principalities.
[Modena, which had been incorporated
with the Cisalpine Republic in 1797,
was restored to Francis IV. upon the
dissolution of the kingdom of Italy in
1814.]
1829. Francis IV., now inherited Massa and
Carrara, on the death of his mother,
Maria-Beatrix, Nov. 14.
1840. Francis V., son of the preceding ; suc-
ceeded Jan. 21, 1846. The rEESii>'T
(1850) Duke of Modena.
The Duke. Francis V. Ferdinand-Gemenien, arch-duke of Austria-Este, prince-royal of Hungary
and Bohemia, duke of Modena, of Eeggio, Mirandola, Massa, Carrara, Guastalla, &c. ; born
June 1, 1819 ; succeeded his father, Jan. 21, 1846; married March 30, 1842, Adelgonda-
Augusta-Charlotte-Caroline-Elizabeth (born March 19, 1823), daughter of Louis, king of
Bavaria : no issue.
Bkother and Sisters. 1. Mary-Theresa-Beatrice-Gaetana, born July 14, 1817 ; married Nov. 7,
1846, to prince Henry of Bourbon, comte de Chambord.
2. Ferdinand-Charles- Victor, born July 20, 1821 ; married, Oct. 4, 1847,
Frances-Mary-Elizabeth, daughter of the late arch-duke Joseph,
palatine of Hungary.
3. Mary-Beatrice- Anne-Frances, born Feb. 13, 1824 ; married Feb. 6, 1847,
John-Charles-Mary, of Spain.
HOLLAND. THE NETHEELANDS. BELGIUM.
The original inhabitants of Holland were the Batavi, a branch of the Catti, a people
of Germany, who, being expelled their own country on account of sedition, established
themselves in this territory. — Tacitus. Oallia Belgica (the Roman name for the
provinces now known as the Netherlands) was attached to the Roman empire until
its fall ; and for several ages afterwards it formed part of the kingdom of Austrasia.
About the lOth century, Holland and other provinces were governed by their own
counts or dukes. The Netherlands subsequently fell to Burgundy, next to Austria;
and the emperor Charles V. annexed them to Spain. The tyranny of the bifot
Philip II. and the barbarities of the dtike of Alva exasperated the people to a great
height, and under the conduct of William, prince of Orange, was formed the famous
League of Utrecht, which proved the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United
Provinces. The other ten provinces (there being seventeen) returned under the then
dominion of Spain. The Netherlands became a kingdom in 1815 ; the southern part,
Belgium, separated from it, and became a kingdom in 1831.
Counts of Holland, &c.
CODNTS OF FkiESLAND.
* * Thierry I.
* * * *
9G3. Thierry II.
988. Arnulph the Great.
1003. Thierry HI., of Jerusalem.
1039. Thien-y IV.
1049. Florence I., of Holland ; in whom the title
became merged.
COTJUTS OF H0LI,AUD.
1049. Florence I.
1061. Thierry V.
[The previous counts of this name, Thierry
I. II. III. and IV., were counts of Fries-
land. See above.']
1091. Florence II., surnamed the Fat.
1122. Thien-v VI.
1157. Florence HI.
1190. Thierry VII.
1203. William I.
1223. Florence IV.
1234. William II. The pope gave the imperial
title to this prince on the death of the
emperor Frederick II.
1256. Florence V.
1296. John I. : on his death, the ancient house
of the counts of Holland became extinct.
HOLLAND.
37
1299. John II. (John d'Avennes) count of Hai-
uault, succeeded ; and the provinces
became united.
Holland and Hainault.
1304. William III., surnamed the Good.
1337. William IV.
1345. Margaret, countess.
1356. William V., surnamed the Senseless.
1389. Albert.
1404. William VI.
1417. Jacquelina of Bavaria, countess.
1433. [Holland and Hainault came under the
dominion of Phihp the Good, of Bur-
gundy.]
Governors op the Netherlands.
1477. Adolphus of Cleves.
1647.
1485. Engilbert, count of Nassau.
1656.
1489. Albert of Saxony.
1669.
1494. Philip k Beau, assumes the government.
1664.
1505. William de Croi.
16G8.
1507. Margaret of Austria.
1670.
1531. Mary of Austria, dowager queen of Hun-
1675.
gary, and niece of Margaret.
1678.
1555. Emmanuel, duke of Savoy.
1682.
1559. Margaret of Austria, duchess of Parma.
1692.
1567. Ferdinand, duke of Alva. '
1701.
1573. Louis de Requlsens.
1702.
1676. John of Austria.
1706.
1678. Alexander of Panna.
1710.
1592. Peter-Ernest, count of Mansfeldt.
1714.
1594. Archduke Ernest
1716.
1595. Pedro de Fuentes.
1725.
1596. Albert, of Austria.
1741.
1599. The infanta of Spain, Isabella, married the
1744.
archduke Albert, and both were invested
1745.
with the sovereign power.
1781.
1621. Isabella, alone.
1633. Ferdinand.
1793.
1641. Francisco Mello.
1795.
1644. Marquess de Castel Rodrigo.
Archduke Leopold.
John, of Austria.
Marquess de Fromiata.
Marquess de Castel Eodrigo.
Duke de Feria.
Comte de Monterei.
Dulie de Villahermosa.
Prince of Parma.
Marquess de Castanaga.
The elector of Bavaria.
M. Bedmar.
The elector of Bavaria, again.
Council of state.
Conseil la Conference.
, Comte de Koenigseck.
, Prince Eugene, of Savoy.
. Mary-Elizabeth, of Austria.
, Count de Harrac-Kohrau.
, Mar}'- Anne, of Austria.
, Charles, prince of Lorraine.
, Mary-Christina, of Austria, and Albert of
Saxony, jointly.
. The archduke Charles.
. United to France.
Dutch Stadtholdees.
1579. William of Nassau ; first stadtholder.
article " Princes of Orange," behw.
1587. Prince Maurice, of Nassau.
1625. Frederick Henry, of Orange.
1647. William 11., of Orange.
1650, The stadtholderat suppressed, and
ofBce administered by the states.
See
the
1672. William IIL, prince of Orange. In 1689
he became king of England.
1702. The stadtholderat again resumed by the
state.<5, on the death of William.
1747. William IV. The stadtholderat revived
in William IV., and made hereditary in
the house of Orange.
Princes or Orange.
[The years of the stadtholderat are not
always in unison with those of the
princes of Orange.]
1502. Philibert de Chalons.
1630. Rene de Nassau.
1644. William of Na.ssan, styled the Great, cousin
to Rene. To this illustrious prince the
republic of the Seven United Provinces
owed its foundation. Elected stadtholder
in 1679 : killed by an assassin hired by
Philip IL of Spain, June 30, 1684.
1584. Philip-William, his son: stolen away from
the university of Louvaine ; the Dutch
would never suffer him to reside in their
provinces : died in 1618.
1618. Maurice, the renowned general ; stadt-
1626.
1647.
1660.
1702.
1711.
1761.
1796.
holder in 1687 ; he was a younger son
of William by a second marriage.
Frederick Henry.
William II. : married Mary, daughter of
Charles I., of England, by whom he had
a posthumous son, who succeeded as
William IIL; stadtholder in 1672. This
prince married Mary, eldest daughter of
James II. of England, and both after-
wards ascended the English throne.
William IV.
William V.
William VI. ; retired on the invasion of
the French in 1796 : died in 1806.
[Holland and Belgium united to the French
republic.^]
1 This duke is better remembered for his dreadful persecutions in the Low Countries, than for his exceeding
bravery and deeds of arms. His barbarities and cruelty drove many thousands of artisans to seek an asylum in
England, and their descendants are among our most useful citizens at this day. He used to say, that " his
executioners shed more blood than his soldiers." He kindled a war that burned for sixty-eight years, cost Spain
800 millions of dollars, its finest troops, and seven of its richest provinces in the Netherlands. During half a
century of warfare, it is said he never lost a battle, and was never taken by surprise.
2 The title of tirand Pensionary, which belonged tn the chief of the Batavian republic in the IGth century, was
revived in April 1805, while Holland was under French domin-ition, and was conferred on the celebrated Eutger
Ian Schimmelpennlck, who had previously been Dutch ambassador to England.
38
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
180G. William-Frederick succeeded his father,
the last king, as the rightful heir to the
usurped throne.
180G. Louis Buonaparte ; made king of Holland
/ by his brother Napoleon ; June 5, 1806 :
abdicated, July 1, 1810.
1810. [Holland again united to France.]
1813. House of Orange restored. William-Fre-
derick, prince of Orange, proclaimed
Dec. 6, 1813 j took the oath of fidelity
as sovereign prince, March 30, 1814 ;
and assumed the style of King of the
Netheriands, March 16, 1815.
Kings of the Netherlands.
1815. William (late the prince of Orange), first
king : formally abdicated in favour of
his son, Oct. 7, 1840 ; died Deo. 12,
1843.
1840. William II. ; born Dec. 6, 1792 ; succeeded
on his father's abdication ; died March
17, 1849.
1849. William III., son of the preceding; bom
Feb. 19, 1817. The pkesent (1850)
king.
The King. William (III.)-Alexander-Paul-Frederick-Louis, prince of Orange-Nassau and grand-
duke of Luxemburg; succeeded on the death of his father, March 17, 1849; manied June 18,
1839, Sophia-Frederica-Matilda (bora June 17, 1818), daughter of William, king of Wurtem-
berg ; and has issue :
1. William-Nicholas- Alexander-Frederick, prince of Orange, born Sept. 4, 1840.
2. WiUiam-Frederick-Maurice-Alexander-Henry, born Sept. 16, 1843.
King of the Belgians.
[Belgium having separated from the
kingdom of the Netherlands, the sove-
reignty was oifered to Louis-Charles,
duo de Nemours, second son of Louis-
Philippe, king of the French, but de-
clined. It was next offered to Leo-
pold, prince of Coburg, by whom it was
accepted.]
1831. Leopold, first king of the Belgians ; inau-
gurated July 20, at Brussels, the capital
of his kingdom. The present (1850)
king of the Belgians.
The King. Leopold-George-Christian-Frederick, son of Francis, late duke of Saxe-Coburg Saalfeld ;
born Dec. 16, 1790 ; maiTied, 1st, on May 2, 1816, the princess Charlotte of Wales, only daughter
of George IV., king of Great Britain, who died in childbed Nov. 6, 1817 ; and 2nd, *on Aug. 9,
1832, Louisa-Maria-Theresa-Chailotte (horn April 3, 1812; died Oct. 10, 1850), eldest daughter
of Louis-Philippe, Iting of the French ; and has issue :
1. Leopold-Louis-Philip-Mary- Victor, prince royal, duke of Brabant, bom April 9, 1835.
2. Philip-Eugene-Ferdinand-Leopold, count of Flanders, born March 24, 1837.
3. Mary-Charlotte-Amelia-Augusta- Victoria, born June 7, 1840.
NASSAU.
The cradle of tlie house of Nassau was the castle of Laurenburg, on the Lahn.
Walram III., who possessed, in 1195, all the territory belonging to Nassau, died in
1 198 ; anil liis sons, Henry I. and Rupert V., reigned jointly until the latter entered
into the union of the German knighthood in 1230. The sons of Henry I. (who was
surnamed the Rich) were "Walram and Otho. They governed in common until 1255,
and became the founders of two distinct principal lines. That of Walram is .it present
possessed of the principality of Nassad, and that of Otho flourishes still in the royal
Netherlands' dynasty. Walram's successor was his son,
Walram : succeeded by his son,
Adolphus III. : succeeded by his son,
John, succeeded by his son,
Adolphus IV. : succeeded by his son,.
Philip; he introduced the Lutheran re-
ligion : succeeded by his second son,
Balthazar : succeeded by his only son,
same year.
John-Louis, whose son died mtapatris, and
this line and its possessions fell to the
yoimger branch.
Younger Line.
[Of this branch, John T. had enlarged his
territories by marriage, and had been
invested by the emperor Charies IV.
Adolphus, who was elected emperor in
1292 : he fell in battle with Albert, of
Austria, at Gellbeim (Spires), in 1298 :
succeeded by his son,
1298. Geriach, who reigned until 1361. This
prince's two sons, Adolphus II. and
John I., divided Walram's line again
into two branches, Nassau-Idstein-
Weisbaden and Nassau- Weilburg ; the
latter created by John I., the former by
Adolphus.
Line of Nassau-Idstein-Weiseaden.
(^Eight m number.^
Adolphus II. ; succeeded by his son.
1370.
1393.
1426.
1480.
1511.
16C8.
1508.
DENMARK.
with the coronet of a prince : he died in
1371, and was succeeded by his son.]
1371. Philip I. : succeeded by his second son :
the elder, John II., founded a separate
line.
1429. Philip II. : succeeded by his grandson,
1492. Louis I. : succeeded by his son,
1523. Philip HI. : he left two sons, Albert aad
Philip IV., who divided their territory ;
the line of the latter became extinct in
1602, and his part fell back to his bro-
ther's line.
1559. Albert : succeeded by his son,
1593. Louis II., who inherited in 1602 the pos-
sessions of Philip IV., and after the
death of John-Louis (see above) he
Inherited all the possessions of the Wal-
ram line.
[Louis died in 1627 : his three sons be-
came founders of three distinct lines, of
which the most important was that of
Nassau-Weilburg, ruled by his third
son, Ernest-Casimir.'l
1629. Ernest-Casimir ; succeet\ed by his son,
1655. Frederick : succeeded by his son,
1675. John-Ernest: succeeded by his son,
1719. Charles-Augustus, who again assumed the
39
he was
by the emperor Charles IV.;
succeeded by
1753. Charles-Christian ; succeeded by
1788. Frederick-William. This prince lost by the
peace of Luneville a part of his pos-
sessions on the left border of the Rhine :
the confederation of the Rliine, how-
ever, which he joined in 1816, enlarged
his territory, and conferred upon him
the ducal title.
Dukes.
1806. Frederick-'Wiliiam, the above : died in
1816 ; succeeded by his son,
1816. Wilham-George, who inherited in March,
1816, the possessions of Nassau-Usingen,
and thus united all the territory of
the elder Walramian line of the house
of Nassau.
[He built a palace at Wcisbaden, and
transferred his seat thither from Bibe-
rich : died in 1839.
1839. Adolphus, his son; bom July 24, 1817;
succeeded Aug. 20, 1839 ; man-ied, Jan.
19, 1844, the grand-duchess Elizabeth
of Russia, who died Jan. 28, 1845. The
PRESENT (1850) duke.
princely title conferred on his ancestors
The Duke's Brother and Sisters : Therese-Wilhelmine-Frederique-Isabelle, born April 17, 1815 ;
married (April 23, 1837) to the prince of Oldenburg. Maurice-William-Augustus, born Nov.
21, 1820. Marie-Wilhelmine, born Jan. 29, 1825.
His Half-Brother and Sisters ; Helene-Wilhelmine-Henriette-Pauline, bom Aug. 12, 1831.
Nicolas-Guillaume, born Sept. 1832. Sophie-Wilhelmine, born July 9, 1836.
DENMAEK.
The first name given to this country was Chersonestis Cimbriea, and its earliest
inhabitants were the CimbrI and the Teutones. About a hundred years before the
Christian era, these were driven out by the Jutes or Goths, and hence the modern
name of Jutland. The general name, Denmark, is supposed to be derived from Dan,
a founder of the Danish monarchy, and mark, a German word signifying country,
id est, Dan-mark, the country of Dan. The people, however, wei-e but little known
in history until they began to make inroads into Germany and to commit piracies in
the northern seas under various designations, as Norwegians or Northmen, Swedes,
Frizang, Jutes or Scuyths, or Danes. Norway was possessed by this country from
(he reign of the celebrated Margaret," the Semiramis of the North," in the I5th cen-
tury, until 1814, when it was united, as an integral state, to the sovereignty of Sweden.
Kings op Denmaek.
[The Danish Chronicles mention 25 kings
to the reign of Harald ; but the ac-
counts differ much from the modern
histories of Denmark by the best au-
thors.]
813. Harald, or Harold.
850. EricL
854. Eric IL, or the Child.
883. Gormo, the Old ; reigned 53 years.
935. Harald IL, surnaraed Blue-tooth.
985. Suenon, or Sweyn, surnamed the Forked-
beard.
1014. Canute II. the Great, king of Denmark
and England.
1036. Canute III., his son, the Hardicanute of
England.
1042. Magnus, surnamed the Good, of NoiTvay.
1047. Suenon or Sweyn II.
1073. [Interregnum.]
1077. Harald, called the Simple.
1080. Canute IV.
1086. Olaus IV., the Hungry.
1095. Eric III., styled the Good.
1103. [Interregnum.]
1105. Nicholas I. : killed at Sleswick.
1135. Eric IV., surnamed Harefoot.
1137. Eric v., the Lamb.
1147. j" Suenon or Swevn III. : beheaded.
1147. ( Canute V., until 1154.
1157. Waldemar, styled the Great.
1182. Canute VI. : surnamed the Pious.
1202. Waldemar IL, the Victorious.
4
40
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
1241. Eric YI.
1250. Abel : assassinated his elder brother Eric :
killed in an expedition against the
Frisons.
1252. Christopher I. : poisoned.
1269. Eric Til.
1286. Eric VIII.
1320. Christopher II.
1334. r Interregnum of 7 years.]
1340. Waldemar III.
1375. [Interregnum.]
1376. Olaus V.
1387. Margaret, styled the " Semiramis of the
North," queen of Sweden, Norway, and
1397. Margaret and Eric IX. (Eric XIII. of
Sweden) jointly.
1412. Eric IX. reigns alone; obliged to resign
both crowns.
1438. [Interregnum.]
1440. Christopher III., king of Sweden.
1448. Christian I., count of Oldenburg, elected
king of Scandinavia, which compre-
hended Denmark, Sweden, and Norway ;
succeeded by his son,
1481. John; also succeeded by his son,
1513. Christian II., called the Cruel, and the
"Nero of the North;" among other
enormous crimes he caused all the Swe-
dish nobility to be massacred ; dethroned
for his tyranny in 1523 ; died in a dun-
geon in 1559.
[In this reign, Sweden succeeded in sepa-
rating itself from the crown of Den-
mark.]
The King. Frederick-Charles-Christian ; succeeded his father. Christian VIII., Jan. 20, 1848 ;
married (March 1, 1828) Wilhelmina, daughter of Frederick VI. of Denmark, from whom he
was divorced, Sept. 1837 ; married, 2nd (June 10, 1841), Caroline-Charlotte-Marianna (born
Jan. 10, 1821), daughter of George V., grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, from whom, also,
he was divorced, Sept. 1846.
U:^CLE : Prince Frederick- Ferdinand, born Nov. 22, 1792 ; married (Aug. 1, 1829) Caroline, daughter
of Frederick VI. of Denmark, born Oct. 28, 1793. This prince is at present heir-presumptive
to the throne.
1523. Frederick I., duke of Holstein, uncle to
Christian II. ; a liberal ruler.
1534. Christian III., son of Frederick ; esta-
blished the Lutheran religion ; esteemed
the " Father of his People."
1559. Frederick II., son of Christian III.
1588. Christian IV., son of the last king ; chosen
head of the Protestant league against
the emperor.
1648. Frederick III. : changed the constitution
from an elective to an hereditary mo-
narchy vested in his own family.
1670. Christian V., son of I'rederick III. ; suc-
ceeded by his son,
1699. Frederick IV. ; leagued with the ozar
Peter and the king of Poland against
Charles XII. of Sweden.
1730. Christian VI., his son.
1746. Frederick V., his son : married the prin-
cess Louisa of England, daughter of
George II.
1766. Christian VII., son of the preceding:
married Caroline-Matilda, sister of
George III. In a fit of jealousy he
banished his queen to Zell (where she
died in 1775), and put to death his
ministers Brandt and Struensee.
1784. Regency. The crown prince Frederick
declared regent, in consequence of the
mental derangement of his father.
1808. Frederick VL, previously regent, now king.
1839. Christian VIII., son of the preceding.
1848. Frederick VII., son of Christian VIII.;
born Oct. 6, 1808. The present (1850)
King of Denmark.
SWEDEN.
The ancient inhabitants were the Fins, now the inhabitants of Finland, who retired
to their present territory on the appearance of the Scandinavians or Goths, and these
hitler became masters of Sweden. Hence the country was comprehended under the
early name of Scandinavia, given to it in common with other northern climes that
were peopled by the same race. The internal state of this kingdom is little known
previously to the llth century. By the union of Calmar, in 1394, Sweden became a
mere province of Denmark, and was not rescued from (his subjection until 1521,
when Gustavus Vasa recovered the kingdom from the Danish yoke. For this he was
raised to the throne in 1523, and the crown made hereditary in his descendants, who
successively reigned until 1S09. In this last-mentioned year, Gustavus IV., having
brought the nation to the verge of ruin by his misgovernuient, was deposed, and the
duke of Sudermania became king; and the next year Bernadotte' was elected re^'ent
and successor to the throne, which he ascended in 1818. "
Norway, which had belonged to Denmark from 1397, was ceded to Sweden by the
treaty of Kiel, signed January 14, 1814, confirmed by the Diet, Oct. 14, same year.
1 The choice made of this great soldier of fortune excited the surprise of all Europe at the time but the
wisdom of It was soon demonstrated by his prudent conduct. He had distinguished himself from all Na'noleon's
other marshals by his clemency in victory. For half a century before his accession, Sweden had not known the
peace and prosperity in which he le;t the country in the hands of liis son, Oscar, at his death in 1844
SWEDEN.
41
Kings op Sweden.
[Many antiquaries trace the reigns of the Idngs 1560.
of Sweden as early as from the 5th century, and
place Swartman as sovereign in 481, A. D. But 1568.
the authorities so differ in the early succession, 1592.
that we prefer commencing our account with
the 11th century.]
1001. Olaf Skotkonung, or Olif Schcetkonung ; 1604.
the Infant. Christianity introduced in 1611,
this reign.
1026. Amund or Edmund Colbrenner.
1051. Amund or Edmund Slemme. 1633.
1056. StenkiU or Stenchil. 1633.
1066. Halstan.
1090. Ingeld or Ingo, styled the Good.
1112. Philip. 1654.
1 118. Ingo II.
1129. Swerker or Suercher I. 1660,
1150. Eric X.
1162. Charles Til. : made prisoner by his sue- 1097.
cesser.
1168. Canute, son of Eric X.
1192. Swerker or Suercher II. : killed in battle.
1210. Eric XL 1719.
1220. John I.
1223. Eric XII. k Begue.
1251. AYaldemar. 1741,
1279. Magnus I. 1751.
1290. Birger II.
1320. Magnus II.: dethroned. 1771,
1363. Albert of JMecklenburg : his tyranny causes
a revolt of his subjects, who invite Mar-
garet of Denmark to the throne.
1387. Margaret, queen of Sweden and Norway,
now also Denmark, and Eric XIII.
1397. [Union of Calmar, by which the three king-
doms are united \mder one sovereign.] 1792,
1412. Eric XIII. governs alone : deprived.
1441. Christopher III.
1448. Charles VIII., sm-named Canuteson. 1809,
1470. [Interregnum.] 1814.
1483. John II. (I. of Denmark.)
1502. [Interregnum.] 1818,
1520. Christieni or Christian II. of Denmark,
styled the " Nero of the North :" de-
posed for his cruelties. 1844,
1623. Gustavus Vasa; b3' whose valour the
Swedes were delivered iirom the Danish
yoke.
The KiSG. Joseph-Francis-Oscar, Idng of Sweden and Norway, sou of Charles (John) XIV.
and Eugenia-Bemardina-De'siree de Clary; bom July 4, 1799; married, June 19, 1823,
Josephine-Maximiliana-Eugenia (bom March 14, 1807), daughter of Eugene, duke of Leuch-
tenberg ; and has issue :
1. Charles-Louis-Eugene, cro^vn prince, duke of Scania, bom May 3, 1826.
2. Francis-Gustavus-Oscar, duke of Upland, bom June 18, 1827.
3. Oscar-Frederick, duke of Ostrogothia, bom Jan. 21, 1829.
4. Charlotte-Eugenia-Augusta-Amelia-Albertina, bom April 24, 1830.
5. Nicholas-Augustus, duke of Delecarlia, bom Aug. 24, 1831.
The LATE KiKG. Charles- John Beraadotte (one of Napoleon's marshals), bom Jan. 26, 1704;
married, Aug. 16, 1798, Eugenia-Bemardina, the present dowager queen ; elected crown prince,
Aug. 21, 1810 ; succeeded Charles XIIL as king, Feb. 5, 1818 ; died March 8, 1844.
Eric XIV., son of Gustavus: dethroned,
and died in prison.
John III., brother of Eric.
Sigismund, king of Poland, son of John III. :
disputes for the succession continued
the whole of this reign.
Chailes IX., brother of John IIL
Gustavus (Adolphus) II., the Great: fell
on the plains of Lutzen ; supposed to
have been treacherously slain.
[Inten'egnum.]
Cjhristina, daughter of Gustavus-Adolphus.
Resigned the crown to her cousin : died
at Rome in 1689.
Charles X. (Gustavus), son of John Casi-
mir, count palatine of the Rhine.
Charles XL, son of the preceding : the arts
and sciences flourished in this reign.
Charles XII. i, styled the "Alexander," the
" Quixote," and the " Madman of the
North:" killed at the siege of Frede-
rickshall.
Ulrica- Eleanora, his sister, and her consort
Frederick I. Ulrica relinquished the
crown, and in
Frederick reigned alone.
Adolphus-Frederick, of Holstein Gottorp,
descended from the family of Vasa.
Gustavus (Adolphus) III. : assassinated
by count Ankerstrom at a masked ball.
[The regicide was dreadfully scourged
with whips of iron thongs three suc-
cessive days ; his right hand was cut
off, then his head, and his body im-
paled.]
Gustavus (Adolphus) IV. Dethroned, and
the government assumed by his uncle,
the duke of Sudermania.
Charles XIII., duke of Sudermania.
[Treaty of Kiel, by which Norway falls
under the sovereignty of Sweden.]
Charles (John) XIV., Bernadotte, the
French prince of Ponte Corvo : suc-
ceeded by his son,
Oscar, who ascended the throne, March 8.
The PKESENT (1850) King of Sweden
and Norway.
I This extraordinary and intrepid prince, in 1700, when but 18 years of age, gained a wonderful victory over
the Russians at Narva, where with only 20,000 men, he attacked them in their entrenchments, and slew 30,000 ;
the remainder, exceeding that number, surrendering to the mercy of the conqueror. In this battle he had
several horses'shot under him, and as he was mounting a fresh one, he said, " These people seem disposed to
give me exercise." While dictating despatches to his secretary, a bomli fell through the roof of the house into
an adjoining room, and his secretary let drop his pen in fright. " What is the matter ?" said Charles. " O !
the bomb, sire," he answered. " The bomb!" exclaimed the king, " What have we to do with the bomb?
V/rice on." — Life of Cbartes XII.
42
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
PRUSSIA. - BEANDENBURG.
About three centuries before tlie Christian era this country was possessed by the
Venedi, who were conquered by a people called the Borussi, and from these it
obtained the name of Burussia; though some historians contend that the name is
derived from Po, signifying near, and Russia — Po-Russia, easily modified into Prussia.
After a succession of sanguinary wars the Borussi were conquered by the Teutonic
knights, with whose followers, and with the Poles (by whom they were afterwards
subdued), they eventually intermixed. Prussia continued long under the dominion
of Poland, but at length threw oiF the dependence of its dukes upon that power.
Frederick-William laid the foundation of the present monarchy, and his son and
successor, in Jan. 1701, assumed the title of king, and was acknowledged as king by
the emperor Leopold and all his allies.
Margraves, Electors, Dukes, and Kings.
Makgeaves or Electoes of Beandenbueg.
1134. Albert I., surnamed the Boar, first elector
of Brandenburg.
1170. Otho I.
1184. Otho II.
1206. Albert II.
1221. John I. and Otho III.
1266. John II.
1282. Otho IV.
1309. Waldemar.
1319. Henry I. ; h Jeune.
1320. I Interregnum.]
1323. Louis I., of Bavaria.
1352. Louis II., surnamed the Roman.
1365. Otho v., le Faineant.
1373. Wenceslas, of Luxemburg
1378. Sigismund, of Luxemburg.
1 388. Jossus, the Bearded.
1411. Sigismund, again : emperor.
1415. Frederick I. of Nuremburg.
1440. Frederick II., surnamed Ironside.
1470. Albert III., surnamed the German Achilles.
1476. John IIL, his son ; as margrave : styled
the Cicero of Germany.
1486. John III., as elector.
1499. Joachim T., son of John.
1535. Joachim II. poisoned by a Jew.
1571. John-George.
1598. Joachim-Frederick.
1608. John-Sigismund.
And Dukes of Peussia.
1616. John-Sigisraund.
1619. George- William.
1G40. Frederick-William, his son ; generally
styled the " Great Elector."
1688. Frederick, son of the preceding ; crowned
king, Jan. 18, 1701.
Kings of Peussia.
1701. Frederick I. ; king.
1713. Frederick- William I., son of Frederick I.
1740. Frederick II. (Frederick III., stj-led the
Great), son of the preceding :
[The Prussian monarchy was raised to its
high rank as a military power, under
this prince.]
1786. Frederick-William II. ; nephew of the pre-
ceding king.
1797. Frederick- William III. He had to contend
against the might of Napoleon, and
after extraordinary vicissitudes, he aided
England in the overthrow of that
usurper.
1840. Frederick-William IV., son of the last
monarch ; succeeded June 7. The fee-
sent (1850) King of Prussia.
The King. Frederick-William IV., born Aug. 3, 1795 ; married Nov. 29, 1823, Elizabeth-Louisa
(born Nov. 13, 1801), daughter of Maximilian-Joseph, king of Bavaria : has no issue.
BiiOTHEES and Sisters of the king ;
1. Frederick- WilUam-Louis, prince of Pmssia, born March 22, 1797 ; married, June 11, 1829,
Mary-Louisa-Augusta-Catherine (born Sept. 30, 1811), daughter of Charles-Frederick,
grand-duke of Saxe-Weimar ; and has issue :
I. Frederick-William-Nicholas-Charles, bom Oct. 18, 1831.
IL Louisa-Mary-Ehzabeth, bora Dec. 3, 1838.
2. Frederica-Louisa-Charlotte-Wilhelmina, bora July 2, 1798 ; empress of Russia.
3. Frederick-Charles- Alexander, bora June 29, 1801 ; married, May 26, 1827, Mary-Louisa-
Alexandrina (bom Feb. 3, 1808), daughter of Charles-Frederick, grand-duke of Saxe-
Weimar: issue, a sou (Frederick-Charles-Nicholas), bom March 20, 1828, and two
daughters.
4. Frederica-Wilhelmina-Alexandrina, born Feb. 23, 1803 ; married. May 25, 1822, to the
late grand-duke Paul-Frederick, of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
6. Louisa-Augusta-Wilhelmina- Amelia, bom Feb. 1, 1808 ; married to Williara-Frederick-
Charles, of Orange.
6. Frederick-Henry-Albert, bora Oct. 4, 1809 ; married Wilhelmina-Frederica-Louisa-Char-
lotte-Marianne, danghter of William I., king of Holland ; and has issue, a son (Frederick-
William-Nicholas-Albert), born May 8, 1837, and two daughters.
SAXONY.
43
SAXONY.
The country to whose people the Britons, in the 5th century, when forsaken by their
Roman defenders, turned for protection against the Picts and Scots. Little is known
of Saxony after the memorable expeditions into England, until Charlemagne directed
his arms to the right bank of the Rliine. He experienced much resistance from the
Saxons under Wittikind, but they, in the end, submitted to him ; and among the
consequences of their subjection to this great conqueror, was the conversion of the
country to Christianity. He conferred the title of Duke upon their chief. The first
who became elector was Bernard III. of the house of Ascania, and on the extinction
of that line, Frederick the Warlike, margrave of Misnia or Meissen, was made elector.
Saxony continued an electorate until 1806, when the title of elector was changed to
king, conformably with the treaty of peace between France and Frederick- Augustus,
signed at Posen, Dec. 11, in that year.
Dukes, Electors, akd Kings.
Dukes.
880. Otho I., styled the Great.
912. Henry, surnamed the Fowler ; elected em-
peror in 918.
936. Otho II., his son ; elected emperor.
959. Herman-Billing.
973. Bernard I.
1010. Bernard II.
1062. Otho III.
1073. Magnus.
1106. Lothaire; elected emperor 1125, and sm--
named the Saxon.
1136. Henrj', surnamed the Proud, of Bavaria :
deposed.
1138. Henry, surnamed the Lion; deposed by
the emperor Frederick Barharossa : this
prince is regarded as the ancestor of
the present royal family of England. —
See Brunswick
Electors.
1180. Bernard III., of the house of Ascania ; first
elector.
1212. Albert I.
12C0. Albert II.
1298. Rodolphos I.
1356. Eodolphus II
1370. Wincelaus.
1389. Eodolphus III.
1419. Albert III. From Bernard III. they were
all of them descended from the dukes of
Lawenberg.
1423. Frederick I., the Warrior, Landgrave of
Thuringia and marquess of Misnia of the
ancient House of Saxony ; elector.
1428. Frederick II., the Peaceable and the Good.
[This prince died in 1464, and left two sons,
Ernest and Albert. The first gave
name to the elder, or Ernestine branch of
the family ; the second, to the younger,
or Albertine line.]
Eenkstine Branch.
1464. Ernest, eldest son of Frederick II.
1486. Frederick III., the Wise: he refused the
imperial crown.
1525. John, his brother, surnamed the Constant.
1532. John-Frederick, styled the Magnanimous :
deposed by the emperor Charles V., and
the electorate conferred upon the
Albektine Line.
[Of this line were previously, in 1464^
Albert, already mentioned ; in 1500,
George the Kich ; and in 1539, Henry
the Pious.]
1548. Maurice, cousin to the deposed elector
John-Frederick.
1553. Augustus, the Just and the Pious, his
brother, who continued the electoral
line.
1586. Christian I., son of Augustus.
1591. Christian II., son of Christian I.
1611. John-George I., brother of the preceding.
1656. John-George II., son of John-George I.
1680. John-George HI., Ms son.
1691. John -George IV., his son.
1694. Frederick-Augustus I., brother of John-
George IV. ; king of Poland.
1733. Frederick-Augustus II., his son; king of
Poland.
1763. Frederick-Christian, his son. Feb.
1763. Frederick- Augustus III. Dec. Ruled as
elector untU 1806.
Kings of Saxony.
1806. Frederick- Augustus HI. ; first king; con-
formably with the treaty of Posen,
signed Dec. 11.
1827. Anthony-Clement (Theodore), brother of
the precedin;^.
1836. Frederick - Augustus II. (IV. as elector),
nephew of Anthony-Clement, whom he
succeeded June 6. The present (1850)
King of Saxony.
The KiSG. Frederick-Augustus IL, bom May 18, 1797 ; son of the duke Maximilian (brother of
the latekingV married, Oct. 7, 1819, the arch -duchess Carohne ofAustna; and 2nd (Apnl
24, 1833), Maria-Anne-Leopoldina, daughter of Maximilian-Joseph L, king of Bavana, bom
Jan. 27, 1805: without issue. -r^ ,,. ,„„, . j i, -k-
His Brother. Duke John-Nepomuc-Mary-Joseph, bom Dec. 12, 1801 ; mamed, by pro.xy, Inov.
44
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
10, and in person, Nov. 21, 1822, Amelia- Augusta (bom Nov. 13, 1801), daughter of the king
Maximilian-Joseph, of Bavaria ; and has issue :
1. Mary-Augusta-Frederica, born Jan. 22, 1827.
2. Frederick-Augustus-Albert, bom April 23, 1828.
3. Mary-Elizabeth-Maximilienne, bom Feb. 4, 1830.
4. Frederick- Augustus-George, bom Aug. 8, 1832.
6. Mary-Sidonia, born Aug. 16, 1834.
6. Anna-Maria, born Jan. 4, 1836.
7. Margaret-Caroline-Frederica-Cicely, bom May 24, 1840.
8. Sophia-Mary-Frederica-Augusta, bom March 15, 1845.
Ducal House of Saxe-Weimae.
of
1748. Ernest - Augustus - Constantine,
Ernest- Augustus.
1758. Charles- Augustus, son of the last.
1815. Assumes the title of grand-duke.
1828. Charles- Frederick, son of Charles-Augustus,
succeeded June 14, 1828. The present
(1850) Grand-Duke.
1654. John-William.
1573. John, his son.
1605. John-Ernest I., son of the preceding.
1626. William, brother of John-Emest.
1662. John-Ernest II., son of William.
1683. William-Ernest, son of the last-named.
1728. Ernest - Augustus, nephew of William-
Ernest.
The Grand-Duke. Charles-Frederick, born Feb. 2, 1783 ; married, Aug. 3, 1804, the grand-
duchess Mary-Paulowna (born Feb. 16, 1786), daughter of the emperor Paul, of Eussia, and
has issue : *
1. Mary-Louisa-AIexandrina, bom Feb. 3, 1808 ; married to Frederick-Charles- Alexander,
of Prussia.
2. Mary-Louisa-Augusta-Catherine, bom Sept. 30, 1811 ; married to the prince of Prassia.
3. Charles-AIexander-Augustus-John, hereditary grand-duke, bora June 24, 1818 ; married
(Oct. 8, 1842) Wilhelmine-Marie-Sophie-Louise, daughter of the late William II. king
of the Netherlands, and has issue, a son (Charles-Augustus-William), bom July 31, 1844,
and a daughter (Mary-Anne-AJexandrina), bom Jan. 20, 1849.
Saxe-Gotha Altenburg.
1605. Ernest I., surnamed the Pious, 7th son of
John, of Saxe-Weimar, who was duke
in 1573.
1675. Frederick I., son of Ernest.
1691. Frederick II., his son.
1732. Frederick III., his son.
1772. Ernest-Louis, son of Frederick III.
1804. Emilius- Augustus, son of Ernest-Louis.
1822. Frederick IV., brother of the preceding:
he died Feb. 11, 1825, when the male
line of the family became extinct.
*,* On the extinction of the line of Saxe-Gotha, in 1825, a new arrangement or
political division took place between the princes of Saxony. By a convention con-
claded Nov. 12, 1826, Hildbourghausen and Saalfeld were transferred to the house of
Meiningen, and the rights of the late duke of Saxe-Gotha Altenburg were assigned
to the two conceding powers.
Dukes op Saxe-Meiningen.
1782. George- Frederick, his brother.
1803. Bernard-Erich, a minor, son of George-
Frederick, the preceding duke. Assumed
the reins of government, Dec. 17, 1821.
1826. [Succeeded, by the convention of Nov. 12,
of this year, to the principality of Hild-
bourghausen, Saalfeld, &c.]
The present (1850) Duke of Saxe Mei-
ningen.
1675. Bernard, 3d son of Ernest I. of Saxe-
Gotha.
1706. Ernest-Louis, his son.
1724. Ernest-Louis II., his son.
1729. Charles - Frederick, brother of the pre-
ceding.
1743. Anthony-Ulric, uncle of Charles-Frederick.
1763. Augustus-Frederick, son of the last-named ;
succeeded by
The Duke. Bemard-Erich-Freund, bom Dec. 17, 1800 ; succeeded his father, dulte George, Dec.
24, 1803, under the guardianship of his mother, the duchess Louisa, bom princess of Hohenlowe-
Langenbourg (died April 29, 1837) ; assumed the reins of govenunent Dec. 17, 1821 ; married,
March 23, 1825, Mary-Frederica-Wilhelmina (bom Sept. 6, 1804), daughter of William, elector
of Hesse ; and has issue :
1. George, hereditary prince; bom April 2, 1826.
2. Augusta-Louisa- Adelaide-Caroline-Ida, bom Aug. 6, 1843.
The Duke's Sisters :
1. Adelaide-Amelia-Louisa-Theresa-Caroline, bom Aug. 23, 1792; married July 11, 1818,
William, duke of Clarence, afterwards William IV., Idng of Great Britain. She died
dowager queen of England, Dec. 2, 1849.
2. Ida, born June 25, 1794; wife of duke Bemard of Saxe-Weimar.
BAVARIA. 45
SAXE-ALTENBUKft (LATE HlLDBOTJRGHArSEN).
1675, Ernest, the sixth son of Ernest I. of
Gotha.
1715. Ernest- Frederick, his son.
1724. Ernest-Frederick II., his son.
1745. Ernest-Frederick-Charles, his son.
1780. Frederick, son of the preceding. Succeeded
his father in the duchy of Saxe-Hild-
bourghausen, which, by the convention
of Nov. 12, 1826, became tlie duchy of
Saxe-Altenburg.
1834. Joseph-George-Fredericli ; succeeded his
father, Sept. 29.
1848. George-Charles-Frederick, second son of
Duke Frederick, succeeded on his elder
brother's abdication, Nov. 30. The pre-
sent (1850) Duke.
The Duke. George-Charles-Frederick, horn July 24, 1796 ; married, Oct. 7, 1825, Mary-Louisa-
Frederique-Elizabeth (bom March 31, 1803), daughter of the duke Frederick-Louis, hereditary
prince of Mecklenburg-Schwerin ; and has issue ;
1. Emest-Frederick-Paul-George, hereditary prince ; bom Sept. 16, 1826.
2. Maurice-Francis-Frederick, born Oct. 24, 1829.
SAXE-CoBiniG AND GoTHA (i.ATE Saxe-Coburg Saalfeld).
1675. John-Ernest, 7th son of Ernest I. of Gotha. 1826. [Became, by the convention of Nov. 12,
1729. Christian-Ernest, son of the preceding. 1826, duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,
1745. Francis-Joseph, his brother. as Ernest I. Died 1844.]
1764. Ernest-Frederick, son of Francis-Joseph. 1844. Ernest II., succeeded his father, the late
1800. Francis-Frederick, his son. duke, Jan. 29, 1844. The present
1806. Ernest- Anthony, son of Francis-Frederick. (1850) Duke of Saxe-Coburg and
Father-in-law of her majesty queen Gotha.
Victoria, of Great Britain.
The Duke. Emest-Augustus-Charles-John-Leopold, bom June 21, 1818 ; married, May 3, 1842,
Alexandrina-Louisa-Amelia (bom Dec. 6, 1820), daughter of Leopold, grand-duke of Baden.
His Brother. Franeis-Albert-Augustus-Charles-Emmanuel, bom Aug. 26, 1819 ; married, Feb.
10, 1840, to Victoria- Alexandrina, queen of Great Britain.
Uncles and Aunts :
1. Duchess Juliana- Henrietta-Ulrica, bom Sept. 23, 1781 ; married (Feb. 26, 1796) to the
grand-duke Constantine of Russia, from whom she was separated April 1, 1820. The
duke died June 27, 1831.
2. Duke Ferdinand-George- Augustus, bom March 28, 1785 ; married, Jan. 2, 1816, Mary-
Antoinette, daughter of Francis- Joseph, prince of Kohary, by whom he has issue :
I. Prince Ferdinand-Augustus-Francis-Anthony, born Oct. 29, 1816 ; married, April
9, 1836, donna Maria II., queen of Portugal.
II. Prince Augustus-Louis- Victor, bom June 13, 1818 ; married, April 20, 1843, the
princess Mary-Clementine-Caroline, daughter of Louis-Philippe, of France.
III. Princess Victoria- Augusta- Antoinette, bora Feb. 14, 1822 ; married, April 27, 1840,
prince Louis-Charles-Philip, duke of Nemours.
rV. Prince Leopold-Francis-Julius, bom Jan. 31, 1824.
3. Victoria-Mary-Louisa, bom Aug. 17, 1786 ; married, 1st, on Dec. 21, 1803, Emich-Charles,
prince of Leiningen, who died July 4, 1814 ; and, 2nd, on May 29, 1818, Edward, duke
of Kent, who died Jan. 23, 1820 : issue. Queen Victoria, of Great Britain.
4. Leopold-George-Frederick, bom Dec. 16, 1790 ; King of the Belgians.
BAVARIA.
This country is part of the ancient Noricum and Ehaetia Vindelicia, called also
Boiaria, from the Boii, a people of ancient Gaul, who settled in Bohemia nearly six
hundred years before the Christian era, and were driven hither by the Marcomanni
in the reign of Augustus. After undergoing various revolutions, Bavaria became a
duchy in the 9th century, and the title of duke was possessed by its rulers until 1623,
when Maximilian I. was invested with the electoral dignity by the emperor Ferdi-
nand 11. In 1805 Napoleon raised Bavaria to the rank of a kingdom ; and on Jan. 1,
1806, Maximilian Joseph was proclaimed king at Munich in presence of the French
emperor.
Dukes, Electors, and Kings.
Dukes.
895. Leopold.
907. Amulph, called the Bad.
937. Eberhard.
939. Berthold.
942. Henry, called the Quarreller.
46
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
955.
995.
1004
1025.
1047.
1052.
105i.
1056.
1061.
1071.
1101.
1120.
1126.
1138.
1142.
1154.
1180.
1183.
1231.
1263.
1294.
1347.
1375.
Henry II.
Henry III., the Holy and the Lame;
elected emperor in 1002.
Henry IV.
Henry V.
Conrad I.
Henry VI.
Conrad II.
Agnes, empress dowager.
Otho.
Guelph I.
Guelph II.
Henry VII., surnamed the Black.
Henry VIII., surnamed the Proud.
Leopold II., of Austria.
Henry IX., of Austria.
Henry X., surnamed the Lion, son of
Henry the Proud; the greatest prince
of Germany in this age.
Otho the Great ; created duke by the em-
peror Frederick Barbarossa.
Louis I.
Otho II., the Illustrious ; elector palatine.
Louis II., the Severe ; elector of Bavaria,
and elector palatine.
Louis III. ; elected emperor in 1314.
Stephen.
John, surnamed the Pacific.
1397. Ernest.
1438. Albert, surnamed the Pious.
1460. John II., and Sigismund.
1465. Albert H.
1508. William I.
1550. Albert IIL
1579, William II., surnamed the Religious.
Electors.
1596. Maximilian; created the 8th elector by
the emperor Ferdinand 11. in 1623.
1651. Ferdinand-Mar)'.
1679. Maximilian-Emmanuel.
1726. Charles-Albert; elected empei'or in 1742;
opposed bj' Maria-Theresa.
1745. Maximilian-Joseph I.
1778 Charles-Theodore, elector palatine, suc-
ceeded to Bavaria.
1799. Maximilian-Joseph II., as elector.
Kings of Bavaria.
1805. Maximilian-Joseph, as king.
1825. Louis-Charles, his son : abdicated, 1848.
1848. Maximilian - Joseph II. : succeeded his
father, Louis-Charles, on his abdication,
March 21. The present (1850) Idng
of Bavaria.
The King. Maximilian-Joseph II., bom Nov. 28, 1811 ; mai-ried, Oct. 12, 1842, Frederica-Frances-
Augusta-Mary, princess-royal of Prussia (bom Oct. 15, 1825), daughter of William, prince of
Prussia, uncle to the king ; and has issue :
1. Louis-Frederick- William, prince-royal, bom Aug. 25, 1845.
2. Otho-William-Leopold, born April 27, 1848.
The LATE King. Louis-Charles- Augustus, bom August 25, 1786 ; married, Oct. 12, 1810, Theresa-
Charlotte-Louisa (born July 8, 1792), daughter of Frederick, duke of Saxe-Altenburg.
Brothers and Sister of the present King :
1. Matilda-Caroline, bom Aug. 30, 1813 ; manied to Louis, grand-duke of Hesse-Darmstadt.
2. Otho-Frederick-Louis, bom June 1, 1815, present king of Greece.
3. Leopold-Charles, born March 12, 1821 ; married Augusta-Louisa-Mary, daughter of
Leopold II., grand-duke of Tuscany, and lias issue two sons, born in 1845 and 1845.
4. Adelgonda- Augusta-Charlotte, bom March 19, 1823; married, March 30, 1842, to Francis,
duke of Modena.
6. Hildegarde-Louisa-Charlotte, bora June 10, 1825 ; manied. May 1, 1844, to the archduke
Albert, of Austria.
G. Alexandrina-Amelia, bom Aug. 26, 1826.
7. Albert- WiUiam-George-Louis, born July 19, 1828.
COUNTS PALATINE OF THE RHINE.
1156. Conrad, of Suabia ; first elector.
1196. Henry, of Saxe.
1227. Otho, surnamed the Illustrious, elector of
Bavaria in 1231.
1253. Louis 11., called the Severe; elector of
Bavaria, and elector palatine.
1294. Eodolphus I., k Beguc.
1319. Adolphus, surnamed the Simple.
1327. Rodolphus IL, the Blind.
1353. Rupert, surnamed the Red.
1390. Rupert II., le Petit.
1398. Rupert III. ; elected emperor in 1400.
mo. Louis III. Barbatus, or Longbeard.
1436. Louis IV.
1449. Frederick I., surnamed the Victorious.
1476. Philip the Ingenuous or Sincere.
1508. Louis v., the Pacific: refused the imperial
crown, succeeded by
1544. Frederick II., the Wise.
1556. Otho-Henrv.
1559. Erederick ill., the Pious.
1576.
1583.
1610.
1648.
1680.
1685.
1690.
1716.
1743.
Louis VI., the Easy.
Frederick IV.
Frederick V. This unfortunate prince,
afterwards chosen king of Bohemia, was
mercilessly dealt ^vith by the emperor;
he was dethroned and stript of his he-
reditaiy dominions, and in tliis con-
dition was scantily aided by James I.
of England, whose daughter Elizabeth
he had married; died in 1632.
Charles-Louis, his son : by the treaty of
Westphalia, in 1648, he had the greater
part of the palatinate restored to him.
Charles II. ; succeeded by his cousin,
Philip- William.
John-William.
Charles-Philip.
Charles-Theodore ; who. In 1777, succeeded
to the dominions of the Bavarian branch
of his family.
BRUNSWICK. — HANOVER. 47
WURTEMBERG.
The foundation of this new kingdom was the old duchy of Wurtemberg. In the late
memorable war the territories of the duchy were considerably augmented by the
French emfjeror Napoleon (chiefly at the expense of Austria) at different times up to
1805, in which year (Dec.) he erected Wurtemberg into a kingdom ; a rank confirmed
to it by the provisions of the peace of Presburg. The elector Frederick II. was
proclaimed king, Jan. 1, 1806.
Dukes and Kings
Dukes.
1457. Eberhard, the Bearded, first duke.
1496. Eberhard II., k Jeune.
1498. Ulrio. This prince was dispossessed of
his dominions by the emperor Charles V.
in 1519, but they were restored to him
in 1534.
1550. Christopher, styled the Pacific.
1568. Louis.
1593. Frederick I.
1608. John-Frederick.
1628. Eberhard III.
1674. William-Louis.
1677. Eberhard-Louis.
1733. Charles-Alexander.
1737. Charles-Eugene.
The KrsG. WiUiam L Frederick-Charles, bom Sept 27, 1781 ; married, Jan. 24, 1816, Catharine-
Paulowna, daughter of the late emperor Paul of Russia, and widow of the duke of Oldenburg ;
she died Jan. 9, 1819, and he married, 2nd, April 15, 1820, Paulina-Theresa, daughter of the
duke of Wurtemberg, uncle to the king ; and has issue :
1. Mary-Frederica-Charlottc, bom Oct. 30, 1816; married, March 19, 1840, to the count
Alfred of Neipperg.
2. Sophia-Frederica, born June 17, 1818 ; mamed, June 18, 1839, to the prince-royal (now
king) of the Netherlands.
3. Catharine-Frederica-Charlotte, born Aug. 24, 1821 ; married, Nov. 1845, to the prince
Frederick, of Wurtemberg.
4. Charles-Frederick- Alexander, prince-royal, born March 6, 1823; married, July 13, 1846,
the grand-duchess Olga, daughter of the emperor of Russia.
5. Augusta- Wilhelmina-Henrietta, bom Oct. 4, 1826.
1793. Louis-Engene.
1795. Frederick-Eugene ; succeeded by his son,
1797. Frederick II. : married in May, 1797,
Charlotte- Augusta-Matilda, princess
royal of England ; daughter of George
III. ; became elector in 1808, and king,
Dec. 12, 1805.
Kings.
1806. Frederick I. (late elector Frederick II.),
proclaimed king, Jan. 1. Succeeded by
his son,
1816. William I. ; ascended the throne Oct. 30,
1816. The PRESENT (1850) King of
Wurtemberg.
BRUNSWICK •. — HANOVER.
The illustrious and ancient house of Brunswick owes its origin to Azo IV. of the
family of Este, son of Hugo III., marquess of Ferrara, in Italy. Azo, who died in
1055, left by his consort Cunegonde, daughter and heiress of Guelph, duke of
Bavaria, a son, who was great-grandfather of Henry, surnamed the Lion. This
prince married Maud, eldest daughter of Henry II. of England, and is always looked
upon as the ancestor of our present royal family. The dominions possessed by Henry
the Lion were very extensive; but he having refused to assist Frederick Barbarossa
in a war against pope Alexander III., that emperor's resentment was drawn upon
him, and in the diet of Wurtzburg, in 1180, he was proscribed. The duchy of
Bavaria was given to Otho, count Wittelsbach, from whom is descended the present
royal family of Bavaria ; the duchy of Saxony was conferred upon Bernard Ascanius,
founder of the house of Anhalt ; and his other possessions were disposed of to different
princes. Thus despoiled, Henry i-etired to England; but ultimately, after much
1 We are indebted to an accomplished German scholar, the Baron von Andlau, for the precise genealogy of
the princes of Germany. This gifted gentleman's research has enabled us to correct this, and many of the suc-
ceeding German lists. Baron Andiau was manyyears equerry to his serene highness duke Charles of Brunswick.
He was present at the battle of Quatre Bras, June 16, 1815, and saw duke Frederick- William, his beloved sove-
reign fall valiantly fighting, at the head of his brave Brunswickers, for Great Britain. — Editor.
48
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
intercession, Brunswick and Luneburg were restored to him. He left three sons.
The two elder having no male issue, William, the third son, carried on the line of bis
family, and from him all the succeeding dukes of Brunswick and Luneburg have
descended. Hanover was erected into a kingdom in 1814.
Duke of Brunswick.
Ernest, who divided the family into two branches, Wolfenbuttel and Zell, died in 1546. He had
three sons. Otho died without issue, and was succeeded by his brother Henry, who carried on the
elder branch, and is ancestor to the reigning duke of Brunswick -Wolfenbuttel.
Dukes op Zell.
1546. William, the second son, became duke of
Zell.
1592. Ernest ; succeeded by his brother,
1611. Christian, bishop of Minden; succeeded by
his brother,
1633. Augustus, administrator of Eatesburg;
succeeded by his brother,
1636. Frederick, president of the chapter of Bre-
men ; succeeded by his nephew,
1648,
1665.
Christian- Lewis, the son of his brother
George, prince of Calenberg ; from whose
second son the present royal family is
descended.
George- William. His only daughter So-
phia-Dorothea married. inl682, George-
Lewis, his nephew ; he being eldest son
to his brother Ernest- Augustus, duke of
Hanover.
Dukes, Electors, and Kjngs of Hanover.
1665. John, second son of prince Christian Lewis,
duke of Brunswick- Zell, became duke of
Hanover : succeeded by his son,
1679. Ernest -Augustus : created elector of
Hanover in 1692.
[He married the princess Sophia i, daugh-
ter of Frederick, elector palatine, and of
Elizabeth, the daughter of James I. of
England.]
1C98. George-Lewis; son of the preceding; mar-
ried his cousin, the heiress of the duke
of Brunswick-Zell. Became king of
Great Britain, Aug. 1, 1714, as George I.
1727. George-Augustus, his son ; George 11. of
England.
1760. George-Willi am- Frederick, his grandson ;
Kings of Haxover.
1814. George-William-Frederick (the preceding
sovereign), first king of Hanover, Oct.
2.
1820. George- Augustus-Frederick, his son;
George IV. of England.
1830. William-Henry, his brother ; Willtaih IV.
of England.
[Hanover separated from the crown of
Great Britain.]
1837. Ernest-Augustus, brother to William XV.
of England, on whose demise he suc-
ceeded (as a distinct inheritance) to the
throne of Hanover. The present (1850)
King of Hanover.
George III. of England.
The King. Em est- Augustus, duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in Great Britain ; born June 5,
1771 ; married, May 29, 1 815, Frederica-Louisa-Caroline- Sophia (bom March 2, 1778), daughter
of Charles, grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, widow of Louis, prince of Prussia (who died
Dec. 28, 1796), and of Frederick-William, prince of Solms-Braunfels, who died April 13, 1814.
The Queen died June 29, 1841. Issue :
1. George- Frederick- Alexander, prince-roj-al ; born May 27, 1819; married, Feb. IS, 1843,
the princess Mary- Alexandrina (born April 14,1818), daughter of Joseph, dukeof Saxe-
Aitenburg. Issue :
I. Ernest-Augustus-William-Adolphus, born Sept. 21, 1845.
II. Frederica- Sophia-Mary- Henrietta, born Jan. 9, 1848.
Senior Branch of the Brunswick-Luneburg- Wolfenbuttel Line,
In 1634 expired, in the person of Frederick-UIrick, born in 1591, the last repre-
sentative of the house of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel; and the succession lapsed to the
duke of Brunswick-Danneberg, Julius-Ernest, who relinquished his right in favour
of his younger brother, Augustus, who became duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel.
1 This is the princess Sophia, to whose descendants (being Protestants) the crown ofEngland was limited by
the act of settlement, 1701 . She was born Oct. 13, 1630, and had Issue by the above marriage six sons and one
daughter: namely, George-Lewis, afterwards George I Frederick-Augustus, born 1661 ; slain in battle against
the Turks 16'J0; unmarried. Maximilian-William, born in 1666; died unmarried in 17*26. Charles-Philip, born
in 1669; slain in battle, 169'). Christian, born in 1671; drowned in the Danube, 1703; unmarried. Ernest-
Augustus, bishop of Osnaburg, born 1674; created, 1716, duke of York and Albany and eari of Ulster- died
unmarried, 1728. Sophia-Charlotte, born 16G8 ; married to I-rederick- William, ele. tor of Brandenburg. ' The
princess Sophia died June 8, 17N, in her 84th year. " The greatness of her soul," say her biographers " tempered
with sweetness and affability, bore proportion to her birth and the station which she filled, as a daughter of
England, and as a mother of Germany." ' °
HESSE.
49
1634. Augustus: lie left three sons, Rodolphus-
Augustus, Anthony-Ulrick, and Ferdi-
nand-Albert ; the two first succeeded ;
the third was the founder of the Bevem
line,
1666. Eodolphns-Augustus ; who associated his
next brother, Anthony-Ulrick, in the
government, from 1685 : died, 1704.
1704. Anthony-Ulrick, brother of the preceding ;
now ruled alone ; erected Blankenburg
into a principality in 1707 ; became a
Roman Catholic in 1710 ; died in 1714.
1714. Augustus-William, his son : died without
issue 1731 ; succeeded by his brother,
1731. Ludowick-Eodolphus (prince of Blanken-
burg from his father's death in 1714) :
died without male issue in 1735.
[This prince left three daughters, who
were married, Elizabeth-Christine to the
emperor Charles VI. ; Christina to the
grand-duke Alexius of Russia ; and An-
tonie-Amelia to the duke of Bevem.]
1735. Ferdinand- Albrecht : died same year ; suc-
ceeded by his son,
1735. Charles; who transferred the ducal resi-
dence to Brunswick : succeeded by his
son, the eldest of thirteen children.
1780. Charles-William-Ferdinand; married the
princess Augusta of England : killed on
the battle-field of Jena, commanding the
Prussian army, Oct. 14, 1806 : succeeded
by his fourth son, his eldest sons being
blind, and abdicating in favour of
1806. Frederick -WilHam : his reign may he dated
from the battle of Leipsic in Oct. 1813.
Gloriously fell at Waterloo (battle of
Quatre-Bras) commanding the avant-
garde under the immortal Wellington,
June 16, 1815 ; and was succeeded by
his eldest son,
1815. Carl (Charles-Frederick-William-Augus-
tus), now resident in London ; born Ot5t.
30, 1804. Deposed by his younger bro-
ther William in 1830.
1830. William (Augustus-Louis-William-Maxi-
milian) ; bom April 25, 1806 ; succeeded
Sept. 7, 1830.' The present (1850)
Duke of Brunswick : immarried.
HESSE.
Thebe are few families in Germany more noble by their alliances than the houses of
Hesse, and they give place to none for the heroes and statesmen they have produced.
All the Hessian branches proceed from Philip the Generous, who at the death of his
father, William II., in 1509, inherited the entire principality of Hesse. Philip the
Generous was a zealous promoter of Protestantism, and declared himself in favour of
Luther's doctrines in 1524. In 1527, he founded the university of Marburg. Dying
in 1567, he left four sons, who divided the territory, so that four lines originated. Of
the two principal branches, the eldest son, William IV., became the founder of that of
Hesse-Cassel ; and (3-eorge, the youngest son, became the founder of the branch of
Hesse-Darmstadt.
Hesse-Cassel.
1509. Philip, sumamed the Generous : imprisoned
by the tyrant emperor Charles V. His
dominions were divided as mentioned
above.
1567. William IV., his eldest son, sumamed the
Wise : succeeded by his son,
1592. Maurice: forced by the renowned general.
Count I'illy, to abdicate in favour of his
son,
1627. WilHam V., sumamed the Constant. His
three younger brothers were the found-
ers of the three lines of Rothenberg,
Eschwegen, and Rheinfels. WiUiam
died during the campaign of East
Friedland, supposed by poison ; his con-
sort,
1637. Amelia-Elizabeth, governed until 1650,
when she handed over the rule to her
son,
1650. William VI., sumamed the Good, and the
Wise : the hereditary prince died in his
minority, and his brother succeeded.
1663. Charles, under the regency of his mother ;
reigned till 1730 : succeeded by his son,
1730. Frederick I., who became, in right of his
consort, king of Sweden in 1719 : his
brother acted as viceroy, and, at his
death, succeeded in Hesse.
1751. William VII., succeeded by his son,
1760. Frederick II. ; married. May 8, 1740, the
princess Mary of England: succeeded
by his son.
William IX. (VIII.)« ; obtained the elec-
torship, 1801, and called himself Wil-
Uam I., elector, 1803.
[After the battle of Jena he fled to Den-
mark, and, by the treaty of Tilsit, Hesse-
Cassel became part of the kingdom of
Westphalia, Returned in 1813 : died in
1821.]
17
1 " Prend les
ractfiesion de son
renes du gouvernement (_d'abord pnvisoirement du consenlcmeni de son frire, plus tar
oncle, lefeu Boy GuiUaume IV. de la Grand Bretagnc, et sur la demandede la Diele Gema
tard avec
^^ anique)
difinitwement 25 Avrtl 1831, ensuuTdesai^r'an^emenis r'cgUs 'par les agnats du Due Charles." — Almanack de
'^f'-rv,, u„d„ra^!f Frederick brother of William I., elector, was the father of the princess Augusta- Wilhelmina-
iLua the now duchef™f Sbridge Her royal highness was born July 25, 1797, and was married to
AdSphus Irederict duS of CambrSgCat Hesse- dassel.'kay 7, and again in London, June 1, 1818. The duke
of Cambridge died July 8, 1850.
E
50
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
1821. William II., his son: retired to Hanau in
1831. The hereditary prince made co-
regent, Sept. 30, 1831.
1847. Frederick-William 1., his son, late co-
regent; succeeded Nov. 20, 1847. The
PRESENT (I860) Elector.
The Elector. Frederick-William I, horn August 20, 1802 ; married Gertrude, countess de Schaum-
bourg, who was bom May 18, 1806 : has no issue.
Sisters of the Elector :
1. Carolme-Frederica-Wilhelmina, bom July 29, 1799. ,„„,„„_ ^ j t? • ,, „-^,-„„
2. Mary-Frederica, bom Sept. 6, 1804; married, March 23, 1825, Bemard-Erich, reignmg
duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
Hesse-Darmstadt.
The founder of this line, as already mentioned, was George I., youngest son of Philip
the Generous. The princes of Hesse-Darmstadt were elevated to the rank of grand-
dukes by the Trench emperor Napoleon.
1768. Louis IX. : succeeded by his son,
1790. Louis X. ; became grand-duke.
Graud-Dukes.
1803. Louis I. (late Louis X.), first grand-duke :
succeeded by his son,
Louis II. ; was thrice married : succeeded
by his son,
Louis IIL ; succeeded June 16, 1848. The
PRESENT (1850) Grand-Duke.
1830.
1848.
Landgraves.
1567. George I. : succeeded by his son,
1596. Louis v., sumamed the Faithful; he
founded the university of Geissen in
1607 : succeeded by his son.
1624. George IL
1661. Louis VI.
1678. Louis VII. ; reigned only a few months :
succeeded by his brother,
1678. Ernest-Louis : succeeded by his son,
1733. Louis VIII. : succeeded by his son.
The Grand-Duke. Louis III., bom June 9, 1806 ; co-regent from March 5, 1848 ; succeeded his
father, the late grand-duke Louis IL, June 16, same year. Married, Dec. 26, 1833, MatUda-
Caroline-Frederica-Wilhelmina (born Aug. 30, 1813), daughter of Louis, king of Bavaria : has
no issue.
1. Charles-William-Louis, born AprU 23, 1809 ; married, Oct. 22, 1836, Mary-Elizabeth-
Carohne- Victoria (born June 18, 1815), daughter of William of Prussia, uncle to the
king : issue ;
L Frederick- William-Louis-Charles, bom Sept. 12, 1837.
IL Henry-Louis-William, bom Nov. 28, 1838.
IIL Anne-Maria- Wilhelmina, bom May 25, 1843.
IV. William-Louis-Frederick, bom Nov. 16, 1845.
2. Alexander-Louis-Christian-George, born July 15, 1823.
Sister. Maximiliana- Wilhelmina- Augusta-Sophia- Mary, born Aug. 8, 1824; married, April 28,
1841, to the hereditary grand-duke Alexander- Nicolaewitch, of Russia.
Hesse-Hombueg. '
This house owes its origin to a junior branch of Hesse-Darmstadt. George I. left in
1596 three sons, of whom Frederick became the founder of this line. Hesse-Homburg
was incorporated with the German confederation in 1817. The later princes were :
1839. Philip-Augustus-Frederick, who was also
succeeded by his next brother,
1846. Gustavus-Adolphus-Frederick. Died in
1848 ; and the 5th brother succeeded.
1751. Frederick-Louis V. : succeeded by his son,
1820. Frederick-Joseph; married, April 7, 1818
(while hereditary prince), the princess
Elizabeth of England, sister of George
IV. Succeeded by his brother,
1829. Louis-William-Frederick; succeeded by
his next brother,
1848. Ferdinand- Henry- Frederick; succeeded
Sept. 8, 1848. The present (1850)
Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg.
The Landgrave. Ferdinand-Henry-Frederick, born April 26, 1783 ; succeeded his brother, the
landgrave Gustavus, who died Sept. 8, 1848. Gustavus had married, Feb. 12, 1818, Louisa-
Frederica, daughter of Frederick, hereditary prince of Anhalt-Dessau ; he left issue, now living :
1. Caroline- Amelia-Elizabeth, born March 19, 1819; married Oct. 1, 1839, prince Henry de
Renss-Greiz.
2. EUzabeth-Louisa-Frederica, born Sept. 30, 1823.
The Younger Lines
Hesse-Philippsthal.
1816. Emest - Constantino, born Aug. 8, 1771.
Succeeded his brother Louis, Feb. 15,
1816. Married, 1st, (April 10, 1796)
Christina-Louisa, daughter of Frederick-
Charles, of Schwarzburg-Roudolstadt ;
and 2nd. (Feb. 17, 1812) Caroline-Wil-
helraina (born Feb. 10, 1793), daughter
' See Rommel's History of Hesse, part i
de Hesse,
\ and Von Tuvkheira't Histoire Gettealog. de la Mafson Sovcruine
MECKLENBURG.
51
of his deceased brother, prince Charles ;
and has issue, living :
1. Charles, bom May 22, 1803 ; mar-
ried (Oct. 9, 1845), Manr-AIex-
andrina (bom March 25, 1818),
daughter of the duke Eugene, of
Wurtemberg; issue, a son (Er-
nest-Eugene), born Dec. 20, 1846.
2. Francis -Augustus, born Jan. 26.
1805.
Hesse-Philippsthal-Baeciifeld.
1803. Charles-Augustus-Philip-Louis, born June
27,1784. Succeeded July 17, 1803. Mar-
ried, Ist, Augusta-Charlotte (died June
8, 1821), daughter of Frederick-Louis,
prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelflngen-Oeh-
ringen; 2nd (Sept. 10, 1823), Sophia-
Cai-oline-Pauline (born Jan. 16, 1794),
princess of Bentheim-Bentheim and
Bentheim - Steinfom't ; and has issue,
living:
1. Bertha-Wilhelmina, born Oct. 26,
1818 ; married June 27, 1839, the
hereditary prince, Louis of Ben-
theim-Bentheim.
2. Alexis-William, bom Sept. 13,
1829.
3. Frederick-WiUiam, born Oct. 3,
1831.
MECKLENBURG.
Charlemagne, during his wars with the Saxons, entered Mecklenburg a. d. 789, and
compelled the inhabitants to embrace Christianity. Louis, his successor, had the
country governed by the dukes of Saxony : the people, however, threw off' that yoke,
and Nicolas and Premislas, princes, divided the territory between them. In 1147,
Nicolas being slain in battle, Henry the Lion conquered Mecklenburg, and divided it
among his generals and knights. But to the son of Nicolas (Premislas II.) he restored
a part of his father's dominions, with the title of " Prince of Mecklenburg," instead of
the former title, which was " king of the Wenden." After the death of Premislas II.
followed Henry Borwin, his son, founder of the house of Mecklenburg. The modern
division of the duchy was made at the commencement of the 18th century. The
dignity of grand-duke was conferred on the princes of Mecklenburg by the Congress of
Vienna in 1815.
Princes and Dukes.
Henry Borwin I. From this prince and his
consort Matilda, daughter of Henry
the Lion, sprang the house of Mecklen-
burg.
Henry Borwin II. : he died in 1236, and
left four sons, who divided Mecklenburg
into four parts, viz. : Mecklenburg,
GusTKOw, EosTOCK, and Paechim,
which existed tai 1611. The eldest son
of Henry Borwin succeeded.
1236. John, sumamed Theologus.
1264. Henry I. (called III.), his son. "Went to
Jerusalem, and was therefore sumamed
JHerosolymitanus ; was made prisoner,
and was supposed to be dead.
1302. Henry II. (IV.), his son. The former
prince returned from captivity, and
governed with Henry II., who died in
1329; and through his sons, Albrecht
and John, sprung up the new lines of
Mecklenbukg and Stakgaed. In
the line of Mecklenburg, succeeded
1349. Albrecht or Albert I., who was succeeded
by his three sons
r Albert IL : elected king of Sweden in
1363.
Henry, who took but little part in the
government, and
Magnus I., to whom Albert resigned
'- the principality.
("Albert IIL, son of Albert II., govemed,
1380.
1412.
1 together with
Sj-
John, son of Magnus I., whose two sons
(. succeeded.
1423.
1477.
1503.
1547.
1553.
1603.
1610.
1658.
1679.
/Henry III. (V.) sumamed the Fat, and
\ John II., who died in 1442.
[Henry the Fat again united Stargard
to Mecklenburg, and, dying in 1477,
left three sons, who succeeded.]
f Albert IV. ) Co-regents. The three
-^ Magnus II. > sons of Magnus II. suc-
(^ Balthazar. J ceeded.
(■Henry IV. (VI.) )
< Erich, and > Co-regents.
(.Albert the Fair. J
John-Albert I., the eldest of five sons of
Albert the Fair.
[His brother Ulrick made claims to the
co-regency, and caused thereby a divi-
sion in the country.]
Ulrick, above-named, succeeded by his
brother,
Charles, who govemed, instead of his
minor cousins, Adolphus-Frederick and
John-Albert, untfl 1610.
[The territory was again divided into two
lines, Mecklenburg and Gustrow:
the latter line became extinct in 1695.]
Adolphus-Frederick : succeeded by his son,
Christian-Louis; became a Koman Ca-
tholic, in 1663 : succeeded by his ne-
phew,
Frederick-William. His disputes with his
cousin, Frederick-Adolphus (11.) led to
the Hambro treaty, by which, in 1701, the
two lines of Mbcklenbueg-Schweein
and Mecklenburg -Stkelitz were
formed.
E 2
52
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
Mbcklenbueg-Schwerin.
1701. Frederick-William, the above-mentionecl
prince. He retained three-fourths of
the territory : succeeded by his brother,
1713. Charles Leopold. His brother, Christian-
Louis, who afLeiTvards succeeded, was
appointed administrator by the em-
peror, in 1732.
1747. Christian-Louis IL, his brother.
1756. Frederick, surnamed the Kind : succeeded
by his nephew,
1785. Frederick-Francis I. The dignity of grand-
duke was conferred upon this prince by
the congress of Vienna.
[His son, Frederick-Louis, who died vita
patris, was father of Helen-Louisa, mar-
ried to Ferdinand, late due d'Orleans,
son of Louis-Philippe of France.]
1837. Paul-Frederick, grandson of Frederick-
Francis I. : succeeded by his son,
1842. Frederick-Francis II. ; succeeded his father,
March 7, 1842. The present (1850)
Grand-DukeofMecklenburg-Schwerin.
The Grand-Duke. Frederick-Francis, born Feb. 28, 1823, son of the late duke Paul-Frederick, and
of Frederica-Wilhelmina-Alexandrina, daughter of Frederick- WJUiam III., king of Prussia :
unmarried.
His Brother and Sister :
1. Louisa- Maria-Helena, born May 17, 1824; betrothed Aug. 4, 1849, to prince Hugh-Alfred-
Adolphus, of Windisch-Grsetz.
2. Frederick-WilUam-JSTicholas, born March 5, 1827.
Mecklenburg- Steelitz.
1701. Adolphus-Frederick II., founder of this
Hue ; succeeded by his son,
1708. Adolphus-Frederick III. : followed by his
brother,
1749. Charles-Louis-Frederick I. His daughter,
Charlotte-Sophia, was the queen of
George III. of England.
1752. Adolphus-Frederick IV., his son: suc-
ceeded by his brother.
1794. Charles-Louis-Frederick II. ; became
grand-duke in 1815. His daughter,
Frederica-Sophia-Louisa-Caroline, be-
came duchess of Cumberland, and af-
terwards, by consequence, queen of
Hanover.
1816. George-Frederick-Charles-Joseph, his son :
succeeded Nov. 6, 1816. The pkesbkt
(1850) Grand-Duke.
The Grand-Duke. George-Frederick-Charles-Joseph, bom Aug. 12, 1779; succeeded his father,
the grand-duke Charles, Nov. 6, 1816. Married, Aug. 12, 1817, Maria-Wilhelmina-Frederica
(born Jan. 21, 1796), daughter of the late Frederick, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel ; and has issue :
1. Frederick- William-Charles-George, hereditary grand-duke, born Oct. 17, 1819 ; married,
June 28, 1843, Augusta-CaroIine-Charlotte-Elizabeth-Mary-Sophia(born July 19, 1822),
daughter of Adolphus-Frederick, late duke of Cambridge, of Great Britain : issue :
I. George-Adolphus-Frederick- Augustus-Victor- Ernest- Adelbert-Gustavus-WiUiam-
WeUington, born July 22, 1848.
2. Caroline-Charlotte-Marianne, born Jan. 10,1821; married, June 10, 1841, to Frederick,
prince-royal of Denmark, from whom she separated Sept. 30, 1846.
3. George- Augustus-Ernest- Adolphus, bom Jan. 11, 1824.
BADEN-BADEN. — BADEN-DURLACH.
The illustrious house of Baden descends from Gerold, who, as well as his son, appears
in the ancient records towards the close of the 8th century, as Landgraves of theBarr.
From him, after many descents, came Bertholdus, who had two sons. The elder,
Herman I., possessed, vita patris, Hochberg in Brisgau, to which Baden belonged ; he
took the title of margrave, and died in 1074. His heir was Herman IL, who called
himself " margrave of Baden," and was the head and founder of the present house
of Baden, II30.
From Christopher I., who united the branches of Hochberg and Baden, and died in
1527, proceeded the branches of Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlaoh. He had two
sons, Bernard and Ernest, of whom below.
Maegraves. — Grand-Dukes.
1627.
Margraves.
Bernard, who founded the house of Baden-
Baden. This house became extinct in
the person of the mai'grave Augustus-
George, in 1771.
1527. Ernest, who founded the house of Baden-
Durlach.
1553. Charles IL, son of Emest, margrave of
Baden-Dm-lach ; he built the castle of
Cai-lsburgi : succeeded by his son.
1 The margrave Charles removed the seat of government from Pforzheim to the new-built palace of Carlsburs
m Durlach.and it remameit the residence of the princes until 1771, when Baden-Durlach was united with Baden-
Baden, and both formed one principality as Baden-Baden. "«"=.■
HUNGARY.
53
1584 Ernest-Frederick : he died without issue ;
and was succeeded by his brother,
1604. George-Frederick, who gave up the go-
vernment to his son,
1622. Frederick V. : succeeded by his son,
1659. Frederick VI. : succeeded by his son,
1677. Frederick (VII.) Magnus : he died in 1709,
and was succeeded by his son,
1709. Charles TIL, who built, in 1716, the city
of Carlsruhe : his only son, Frederick,
' died vita patris, leaving two young
princes, the elder of whom succeeded.
174.6. Charles-Fredei'ick, grandson of Charles
III. ; bom in 1728 ; constituted an
elector of the empire in 1803, with the
dignity of grand-duke.
Gkahd-Dukes.
1803. Charles-Frederick, above-mentioned; the
first grand-duke. This excellent prince
The Geakd-Duke. Charles-Leopold-Frederick.
reached the age of 83, and died, after a
reign of G5 years, in 1811.
[His eldest son lost his life by a fall from
his carriage while in Sweden, in 1801,
and Charles-Frederick was succeeded
by his grandson.]
1811. Charles-Louis-Frederick. This prince mar-
ried, in 1806, Stephanie-Louisa de la
Pagerie, niece of the empress Josephine
and adopted daughter of the emperor
Napoleon, of France : he was succeeded
by his uncle,
1818. Louis-William-Augustus, who had no
issue ; and was succeeded by his brother,
1830. Charles-Leopold-Frederick, March 30,1830.
The PRESENT (1850) Grand-Duke.
*** Charles-Leopold Frederick, the reigning grand-
duke, was formerly count of Hochberg, and eldest
ofthesonsof Charles-Louis-Frederick (last grand-
duke but one) who were raised, by patent of right
of succession, Oct. 4, 1817, to the rank of mar.
graves of Baden.with the titleof "Royal Highness."
bom Aug. 29, 1790 ; married, July 25, 1819,
Sophia-Wilhelmina (born May 21, 1801), daughter of the late Gustavus-Adolphus, king of
Sweden ; and has issue :
1. Alexandrina-Louisa-Amelia-Frederica, bom Dec. 6, 1820 ; married to the reigning duke of
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
2. Louis, hereditary grand-duke, bom Aug. 16, 1824.
3. Frederick-Wilham-Louis, bom Sept. 9, 1826.
4. Louis-WiUiam-Augustus, bom Dec. 18, 1829.
5. Charles-Frederick-Gustavus-WUliam, born March 9, 1832.
6. Mary-Amelia, bom Nov. 20, 1834
7. CecUia-Augusta, bom Sept. JO, 1839.
1. WUUam-Louis-Augustus, born April 8, 1792 ; married, Oct. 16, 1830, Elizabeth-Alexan-
drina-Constance (bom Feb. 27, 1802), daughter of the late Lonis-Frederick-Alexander,
duke of Wurtemburg ; and has issue, three daughters.
2. Maximilian-Frederick-John-Emest, born Dec. 8, 1796.
SiSTEK. Amelia-Christina-CaroUne, born Jan. 26, 1795 ; married, April 19, 1818, Charles-Egon de
Furstenberg.
HUNGARY.
This country, -which was chiefly the ancient Pannmiia, was reduced hj_ Tiberius to the
Roman power a few years before the Christian era. About the middle of the 4th
century it was seized by the Huns, a ferocious tribe of Scythians, headed by Attila,
whose dreadful ravages obtained him the appellation of the " Scourge of God."
These savao-e hordes were afterwards driven northwards, but returned, and made
their settlement here under the name of Hungarians. In later times they have been
much intermixed with Sclavonic nations, as Bohemians, Croats, and Russians, and
with German settlers, as Austrians, Styrians, Franks, and Suabians. Hungary was
annexed to the German empire under Charlemagne, but it became an independent
kingdom in the 10th century.
Kings of Hungary.
997. Stephen, duke of Hungary; he establishes
the Roman Catholic religion, and re-
ceives from the pope the title of Apos-
tolic King, still home by the emperor
of Germany, as king of Hungary.
1038. Peter, the German : deposed.
1041. Aba or Owen.
1044. Peter, again : again deposed, and his eyes
put out.
1047. Andrew I. : deposed.
1061. Bela L : killed by the fall of a rumous
tower.
1064
1075.
1077.
1095.
1114
1131.
1141.
1161.
1174
1196.
1204
Salamon,
Geisa I.,
Ladislas
Coloman,
Stephen,
Bela II. :
Geisa II.
Stephen
Bela III.
Emeric :
Ladislas
E 3
, son of Andrew,
son of Bela.
I., sumamed the Pious.
, son of Geisa.
sumamed Thunder.
had his eyes put out.
: succeeded by his son,
III. : succeeded by his brother,
; succeeded by his son,
succeeded by his son,
II. ; reigned six months onlv
■ "by
54
1205.
1235.
1270.
1272.
1290.
1309.
1342.
1382.
1392.
1437.
1440.
1444.
1453.
1458.
1490.
1516.
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
1526.
Andrew II., son of Bela III.
Bela IV.
Stephen IV., his son.
Ladislas III. : killed.
Andrew III., sumamed the Venetian, son
of Eodolph of Hapsburg, emperor of
Germany.
Charobert, or Charlea-Eobert.
Louis the Great ; elected king of Poland in
1370.
Mary, called King Mary, daughter of Louis
the Great.
Mary and her consort Sigismund, who be-
came king of Bohemia, and was elected
emperor of Germany in 1410.
Albert, duke of Austria; married the
daughter of Sigismund, and succeeded
to the thrones of Hungary, Bohemia,
and Germany.
Ladislas IV. king of Poland, of which king-
dom he was Ladislas VI.
rinten'egnum.l
Ladislas V., posthumous son of Albert,
under the guardianship of the great
Huniades : poisoned.
Matthias-Corvinus, son of Huniades, the
late regent.
Ladislas VI., king of Bohemia : the em-
peror Maximihan laid claim to both
kingdoms.
Louis II. of Hungary (I. of Bohemia) ;
loses his life at the battle of Mohatz,
fighting against the Turkish emperor
Solyman the Magnificent.
[In this battle 12,000 Hungarians were
slain, 200,000 were carried away cap-
tive, and the king, falling from his horse
into a muddy rivulet, was drowned.]
John Zapolski, elected by the Hunga-
rians, and supported "by the sultan
Solyman, and
Ferdinand I., king of Bohemia, brother
to the emperor, Charles V. ; rival
1541. Ferdinand, alone ; elected emperor of Ger-
many in 1558.
1561. Maximilian, son of Ferdinand; emperor in
1564.
1573. Eodolphus, son of Maximilian ; emperor in
1576.
1609. Matthias II., his brother; emperor in 1612.
1619. Ferdinand II., his cousin, emperor.
1625. Ferdinand III., son of the preceding ; em-
peror in 1637.
1647. Ferdinand IV. : died in 1654, three years
before his father.
1655. Leopold I., son of Ferdinand III. ; emperor
in 1658.
1687. Joseph I., his son ; emperor in 1705.
1711. Charles (Charles VL of Germany), brother
of Joseph, and nominal king of Spain ;
succeeded by his daughter,
1740. Maria-Theresa, empress: survived her
consort, Francis I. emperor, from 1765
until 1780. See Gennany.
1780. Joseph II., her son, emperor in 1765 : suc-
ceeded to Hungary on the death of his
mother.
1790. Leopold II., brother of Joseph II., emperor :
succeeded by his son,
1792. Francis I. (Francis II. as emperor of Ger-
many) : in 1804 he became emperor of
Austria only.
1835. Ferdinand V., son of Francis. Ferdinand
I. as emperor of Austria.
[This emperor would have been Ferdinand
IV. of Germany, but for the change of
style in 1804.]
1848. Francis-Joseph, nephew of the preceding ;
succeeded on the abdication of his uncle,
Dec. 2, 1848. The present (1 850) King
of Hungary and Emperor of Austria.
%* For the last three centuries the succession of the
kings of Hungary varies little from the succes-
sion of the emperors, the crown having continued
in the house of Austria.
BOHEMIA.
Ancientlt Boiemum and Boihemum. — - Tacitus. So called from a tribe under the
name of Boii, which settled in the country several centuries before the Christian era.
The Boii were expelled by the Marcomanni, and fixed themselves in Boiaria, now
Bavaria ; but their conquerors, in their turn, were subdued by the Sclavonians.
Notwithstanding the expulsion of the first settlers, the present inhabitants are still
called Bohemians. Bohemia had formerly an elective government, but Ferdinand I.
declared it hereditary in the house of Austria in 1547 ; and the kingdom may be said
to have remained since that time in the undisturbed possession of the emperor.'
Dukes and Kings.
890. Borzivoi, duke : Christianity introduced.
902. Spitigneus L
907. Wratislas I.
916. Wenceslas I.
936. Boleslas I.
967. Boleslaa II. le D&>onnaire.
999. Boleslas HI.
1002. Jaromir.
1 In the early part of the 17th century, the Bohemians made an attempt to shake off the imperial yoke, and
offered the crown to the elector palatine Frederick, then the most powerful Protestant prince in Germany ; but
he was driven out of Bohemia by the emperor's generals, stripped of his other dominions, and obliged to depend
on James 1. of England, whose daughter Elizabeth he had married, for a scanty subsistence.
POLAND.
55
1012. Udalric.
1037. Bretislas I.
1055. Spitigneus II.
1061. Wratislas II. : the title of king conferred
upon him by the emperor Henry IV.
1092. Conrad I. ; duke.
1093. Bretislas II. ; duke.
1100. Borzivoi II. ; duke.
1107. Suatopluc; duke.
1109. Ladislas II. ; duke.
1125. Sobieslas; duke.
1140. Ladislas III. ; 2d king.
1174. Sobieslas II. ; duke.
1178. Frederic; duke.
1190. Conrad 11. ; duke.
1191. Weuceslas II. ; duke.
1193. Henry Bretislas ; duke.
1196. Ladislas IV. ; duke.
Kings.
1197. Premislas I., styled the Victorious; 3d
king.
1230. Wenceslas III.
1253. Premislas IL
1278. Wenceslas IV.
1305. Wenceslas V.
1306. Henry and Rodolph, of Hapsbui-g.
1310. John, count of Luxemburg, brother to the
emperor : he was kUled at the battle of
Cressy in 1346.
1346. Charles, his son, elected emperor in 1347.
1378. Wenceslas VI., son of Charles : deposed as
emperor in 1400.
1419. Sigismund, emperor.
1437. Albert, duke of Austria, and king of Hun-
gary, and emperor.
1440. Ladislas V.
1458. George Podiebrad, the Protestant chief.
1471. Ladislas VL
1516. Louis I. (Louis II. of Hungary) loses his
life at the battle of Mohatz, fought with
the sultan Solyman.
1526. Ferdinand I., who by his marriage with
Anne, sister of Louis, succeeded to the
For the succeeding kingSj see
'Emperors of Ger-
*** The crown of this kingdom having remained in
the Austrian family from the days of Ferdi-
nand I. with a form of election on each vacancy,
was, b^ the treaty of Westphalia, secured to that
house in hereditary succession in 1648.
POLAND.
The Poles were originally a tribe of Sclavonians, settled on the banks of the Danube,
but they removed at an early period to the Vistula, where they became intermingled
with the Goths. Their early history is very obscure, and is known chiefly by the
accounts of writers of other nations. The country was for a long time governed by
elective chiefs bearing the title of duke, no dynasty having been established before
the sway of Piastus (842) whose family ruled for several centuries. The crown
became afterwards strictly elective by a Diet, or assembly of the nobles, who chose
from among themselves a king, upon every vacancy occasioned on the throne by
death ; but since the dismemberment of Poland, each portion has been under the
sovereignty of the power by which it was seized.
Dukes and Kings op Poland.
842,
861.
892.
913.
964.
992.
1025.
1034.
1037.
1041.
1058.
1081.
1102.
1138.
1146.
1173.
1177.
1194.
1200.
Piastus.
Ziemovitus, his soil
Lesko or Lescus IV.
Ziemomislas, son of Lesko.
Miecislas I.
Boleslas I., sumamed the Lion-hearted;
obtained the title of king from the em-
peror Otho III.
Miecislas II.
Eichense or Eichsa, his consort, regent:
driven from the government.
[Interregnum.]
Casimir I., her son, sumamed the Pacific ;
he had retired to a monastery, but was
invited to the throne.
Boleslas IL, styled the Intrepid.
Ladislas, called the Careless.
Boleslas IIL, sumamed Wry-mouth.
Ladislas IL, son of the preceding.
Boleslas IV., the Curled.
Miecislas IIL, the Old : deposed.
Casimir IL, sumamed the Just.
Lesko v., the White : relinquished.
Miecislas IV. : his tyranny restored Lesko,
B
but the latter was again forced to re-
sign.
1203. Ladislas IIL : retired.
1206. Lesko V., a third time : assassinated ; suc-
ceeded by his son, an infant.
1227. Boleslas V., sumamed the Chaste.
1279. Lesko VI., sxumamed the Black,
1289. [Interregnum.]
1295. Premislas ; assassinated.
1296. Ladislas IV., the Short : deposed.
1300. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia.
1304. Ladislas, the Short, again.
1333. Casimir III., the Great, one of the best
princes of Poland : killed by a fall from
his horse.
1370. Louis, king of Hungary.
1382. [Interregnum.]
1385. Hedwige, daughter of Louis, and her con-
sort, Jagello, duke of Lithuania, by the
style of Ladislas V.
1399. Ladislas V. alone : he united Lithuania to
Poland.
1434. Ladislas VI., his son; succeeded as king of
Hungary 1440.
4
56
PKINCES OF EUROPE.
1445. [Interregnum.]
1445. CasimirlV.
1492. John (Albert) I., his son.
1504. Alexander, prince of. Livonia, brother of
the preceding.
1506. Sigismund I., brother of Alexander; ob-
tained the surname of Great.
1548. Sigismund IL, Augustus, son of the last
king ; a splendid reign ; added Livonia
to his Itingdom.
1573. [Interregnum.]
1574. Henry, duke of Anjou, brother to the king
of France : he afterwards succeeded to
the French throne.
1575. Stephen Batthori, prince of Transylvania :
established the Cossacks as a militia.
1586. [Interregnum.]
1.587. Sigismund III., son of the king of Sweden,
to the exclusion of Maximilian of Austria,
elected by the nobles.
1632. Ladislas VII., Vasa, son of Sigismund III. ;
succeeded by his brother,
1648. John II., or Casimir V. : abdicated, and
retired to France, where he died in
1672.
1668. [Interregnum.]
1669. Michael-Koributh-Wiesnowiski : in this
reign the Cossacfa join the Turks, and
ravage Poland.
1674. John III., Sobieski ; an illustrious warrior,
whose victories over the Cossacks, Turks,
and Tartars procure Mm the crown.
1697. [Interregnum.] '
1697. Frederick-Augustus, son of John-George,
elector of Saxony, and elector in 1694 :
deprived of his crown.
1704. Stanislas I. (Lezlnski), forced to retire from
his kingdom.
1709. Frederick-Augustus, again.
1734. Frederick- Augustus II., son of the preceding
sovereign.
1763. [Interregnum.]
1764. Stanislas II., Augustus Poniatowski, com-
mences his unhappy reign.
1772. The Austrians, Russians, and Prussians
make their first division of Poland.
1793. Second great division of the Idngdom by
the same powers.
1795. Final partition of Poland, and deposition
of the king, who died at St. Petersbm-g,
a state prisoner in 1798.
KUSSIA.
Anciently Sarmatia and Scythia. — Herodotus. Peopled by numerous tribes who were
comprehended in the general name of Scythians by the Romans. Rurick was great
duke in the 9th century ; and Vladimir or Waldimir, called the Apostle and the
Solomon of Russia, was the first Christian sovereign in the lOth. His marriage with
Ann, sister to the Eastern emperors Basil and Constantine, led to the adoption of the
doctrines of the Greek Church in his dominions. The history of Russia previous to
the last three or four centuries is involved in much obscurity, and it does not appear
that any of the states existing in this vast tract of country were considerable,
or that the events connected with them differed much from those of other barbarous
nations.
Dukes, Czaes, and Emperors.
862.
878.
945.
972.
980.
1015.
1054.
1078.
1093.
1114.
1125.
1132.
1138
1139.
1146.
1154.
1155.
1157.
Dukes of Kiov.
Eurick.
Igor.
f Olega, regent.
\ Swiatoslaw or Spendoblos.
Jaropalk I.
Vladimir, Wladimir, or Waldimir I., styled
the Great.
Jaraslaw or Jaroslaf I.
Isjialaw I.
Wsewolod I.
Swiatopalk.
Vladimir II.
Mtislaw or Michael I.
Jaropalk II.
fWiatachelaw.
"i Wsewolod II.
f Isjialaw II.
\ Rostislaw.
Jurie or George I. : the city of Moscow was
built by this duke.
Geaud-Ddices of Wladimir.
f Andrew I. until 1175 : first grand-duke.
( Michael n.
1177. Wsewolod IIL
1213 / J>"''^ t"" George II.
( Constantine, until 1218.
1238. Jaraslaw II. ; succeeded by his son,
1245. Alexander Nevski or Newski, the Saint.
1263. Jaraslaw III.
1270. Vasali or Basil I.
1277. *Dmitri or Demetrius I.
1284. *Andrew II.
1294. *Daniel Alexandrowitz.
1302. *Jurie or George III. ; deposed.
1305. 'Michael III.
1320. *Vasali or Basil II.
1325. *Jurie or George III. : restored.
Geakd-Dukes of Moscow.
1328. Ivan or John I.
1340. Simon, surnamed the Proud.
1358. Ivan or John II.
1359. Demetrius II., prince of Susdal.
1362. Demetrius III., Donskoi.
1389. * Vasali or Basil III. Temnoi.
1425. Vasali or Basil IV.
1462. Ivan (Basilovitz) or John III. : laid the
foundation of the present monarchy.
ROME.
57
1505. Vasili or Basil V. ; obtained the title of
emperor ii'om Maximilian I.
[Those marked thus * are doubtful, owing
to the difficulty that occurs at every
step in early Russian annals.]
CzAES OF Muscovy.
1533. Ivan (Basilovitz) IV. fii-st tzar or czar
(gi'eat king) in 1547.
1584. Feodor or Theodore I. : supposed to have
been poisoned, and his son Demetrius
murdered by his successor.
1598. Boris-Godonof, who usurped the throne.
1606. Demetrius, the Impostor, a young Polonese
monk; pretended to be the murdered
prince Demetrius : put to death.
1606. Vasili-Chouiski, or Zuinski.
1610. [Interregnum.]
1613. Michael-Federowitz, of the house of Ro-
manof, descended from the czar John-
Basilovitz.
1645. Alexis, son of the preceding, styled the
Father of his country.
1676. Feodor or Theodore II.
f Ivan IV. and
\ Peter I., brothers of the preceding.
Empeeors.
1689. Peter I. the Great, alone ; took the title of
1682.
1725. Catherine I., his consort ; at first the wife
of a Swedish dragoon, who is said to
have been killed on the day of mai--
riage.
1727. Peter II., son of Alexis-Petrowitz and
grandson of Peter the Great : deposed.
1730. Auue, duchess of Corn-land, daughter of the
czar Ivan.
1740. Ivan VI., an infant, grand-nephew to Peter
the Great : immured in a dungeon for 18
years ; murdered in 1762.
1741. Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great,
reigned during Ivan's captivity.
1762. Peter III., son of Ajme and of Charles-
Frederick, duke of Holstein-Gottorp :
deposed, and died soon after, supposed
to have been murdered.
1762. Catharine II., his consort ; a great sove-
reign ; extended the Russian territories
on all sides : died in 1796.
1796. Paul, her son : found dead in his chamber ;
supposed to have been murdered.
1801. Alexander, his son ; who after many ad-
verse battles, and a forced alliance with
France, at length aided in the overthrow
of Napoleon Buonaparte.
1825. Nicholas, brother to Alexander ; succeeded
to the throne, Dec. 1, 1825. The peesest
(1850) Emperor of Russia.
emperor in 1721, founded St. Petersburg,
and elevated the empire.
The Empeeor. Nicholas I. Paulowitch, bom July 6 (June 26), 1796 ; succeeded his brother, the
emperor Alexander, Dec. 1 (Nov. 19), 1825, " en vertu du manifeste du 28 (16) Acy&t 1823, et de
Vacte par lequel le grand-due Constantin renon^ait a ses droits au trone ; " crowned Sept. 3 (Aug.
22), 1826 ; married, July 13 (1), 1817, Alexandra- Feodorowna (previously Frederica-Louisa-
Charlotte-WUhelmina (born July 13 (2), 1798), daughter of the late Frederick- WUUam III.,
king of Prussia ; and has issue :
1. Alexauder-Nicolaewitch, cesarewitch and hereditary grand-duke, bom 29 (17) April,
1818 ; married, April 28 (16), 1841, Cesarewna-Alexandrowna, previously Maximiliana-
Wilhelmina-Augusta-Sophia-Mary (born Aug. 8, 1824), daughter of the late Louis,
grand-duke of Hesse ; and has issue ;
I. Nicolas-Alexandrewitch, bom Sept. 20 (8), 1843.
II. Alexander- Alexandrewitch, bom March 10 (Feb. 26), 1845.
in. Vladimir-Alexandrewitch, bom April 22 (10), 1847.
2. Mary-Nicolaewna, born Aug. 18 (6), 1819 ; married, July 14 (2), 1839, to Maximilian, duke
of Leuchtenberg and prince of D'Eichst^dt.
3. Olga-Nicolaewna, bom Sept. 11 (Aug. 31), 1822 ; married, July 13 (1), 1846, to the prince-
royal of Wurtemberg.
4. Constantine-Nicolaewitch, bom Sept. 21 (9), 1827; married, Sept. 11 (Aug. 31), 1848,
Alexander-Jossefowna, previously Alexandrina-Frederica-Hemietta-Pauline (bom July
20 (8), 1830), daughter of Joseph, duke of Saxe-Alteuburg.
5. Nicolas-Nicolaewitch, born Aug. 8 (July 27), 1831.
6. Michael-Nicolaewitch, bom Oct. 26 (13), 1832.
Brothee and Sistees :
1. Mary-Paulowna, grand-duchess of Saxe- Weimar.
2. Anne-Paulowna, widow of William II., king of the Netherlands, who died March 17, 1849.
3. Michael-Paulowitch, bom Feb. 8 (Jan. 28), 1798 ; died Sept. 9, 1849. His widow, Helene-
Paulowna, previously Frederica-Charlotte-Mary, is the daughter of prince Paul, of
Wurtemberg, brother of the king. Her daughter is Catharine-Michaelowna, bom
Aug. 28 (16), 1827.
ROME.
Once the mistress of the world, and subsequently the seat of the most e.^tensive
ecclesiastical jurisdiction ever acknowledged by mankind. Kome was first governed
by kino-s, who ruled for a period of 243 years. It afterwards became a commonwealth,
which existed under consuls 479 years. The Roman empire commonly dates from
31 B.C., the year wherein (Sept. 2.) was fought the battle of Aotium, which gave to
Augustus (the title afterwards conferred by the senate upon Ootavius Csesar) the
supreme power. We shall commence our account with the kings of Rome, as these
are, not unfrequently, the subjects of historical reference.
58
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
Kings of Eomb.
Before Christ.
753. Romulus : murdered by the senators.
[Tatius, king of the Cures, had removed
to Rome in 747, and ruled jointly with
Romulus six years.]
716. [Interregnum.]
715. Nunia Pompilius, son-in-law of Tatius the
Sabine, elected : died at the age of 82.
672. Tullus Hostilius: murdered by his suc-
cessor, by whom his palace was set on
fire ; his family perished in the flames.
640. Ancus Martins, grandson of Numa.
616. Tarquinius Priscus; son of Demaratus, a
Corinthian emigrant, chosen king.
573. Servius TulHus; a manumitted slave ;
maiTied the king's daughter ; and suc-
ceeded by the united suffrages of the
army and the people.
534. Tarquinius Superbus, grandson of Tar-
quinius Priscus : assassinates his father-
in-law, and usurps the throne.
510. [The rape of Lucretia, by Sextus, son of
Tarquin, leads to the abolition of roy-
alty.]
Republic.
First period. From the expulsion of Tar-
quin to the dictatorship of Sylla, 510 to
82 E. c.
Second period. From Sylla to Augustus,
82 to 31 B. c.
Empeeoks op Eome.
Before Christ.
48. Caius Julius Caesar ; perpetual dictator :
assassinated March 15, 44 B. c.
31. Octavianus Cjesar: in the year 27 a. c.
Augustus imperator. — Livy.
After Christ.
14. Tiberius (Claudius Nero).
37. Caius Caligula : murdered by a tribune.
41. Claudius (Tiber. Drusus) : poisoned by his
wife Agrippiua, to make way for
54. Claudius Nero : deposed ; put himself to
death to escape a yet more terrible end.
68. Servius Sulpicius Galba : slain by the pras-
torian band.
09. M. Salvius Otho : stabbed himself, after a
reign of three months.
69. Aulus Vitellius : deposed by Vespasian,
and put to death.
69. Titus Flavins Vespasian.
79. Titus (Vespasian) liis son.
81. Titus-Flavius-Domitian, brother of Titus ;
last of the Twelve Caesars ; assassinated.
96. Cocceius Nerva.
98. Trajan (M. Ulpius Crinitus).
117. Adrian or Hadrian (Publius jElius).
138. Antoninus Titus, sumamed Pius.
161. Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus, his
son-in-law : the latter died in 169.
180. Coramodus (L. Aurelius Antoninus), son of
Marcus Aurelius: poisoned by his fa-
vourite mistress, Martia.
193. Publius-Helvius-Pertinax : put to death
by the praatorian band.
[Four emperors now start up : Didius Ju-
lianus, at Rome ; Pescennius Niger, in
SjTia ; Lucius Septimius Severus, in
Pannonia ; and Clodius Albinus, in
Britain.]
193. Lucius Septimius Sevenis : died at York,
in Britain, in 211 ; succeeded by his sons
211. M. Am-elius Caracalla, and Septimius Geta.
Geta murdered the same year by his
brother, who reigned alone until 217,
when he was slain by his successor,
217. M. Opilius Macrinus, prasfect of the guards ;
beheaded in a mutiny.
218. Heliogabalus (M. Aurelius Antoninus), a
youth : put to death for his follies and
enormities by his incensed subjects.
222. Alexander Severus : assassinated by some
soldiers comipted by Maximinus.
235. Caius Julius Verus Maximinus : assas-
sinated in his tent before the walls of
AquUeia.
237. M. Antonius Gordianus, and his son : the
latter having been lolled in a battle
with the partisans of Maximinus, the
father strangled himself in a fit of de-
spair, at Carthage, in his 80th year.
237. Balbinus and Pupienus : put to death.
238. Gordian junior, grandson of the elder
Gordian, in liis 16th year : assassinated
by the guards, at the instigation of his
successor,
244. Philip, the Ai-abian : assassinated by his
o^vn soldiers ; his son Philip was mur-
dered, at the same time, in his mother's
arms.
249. Melius Decius : he perished, with his two
sons, and their aimy, in an engagement
with the Goths.
251. Gallus Hostilius, and his son Volusianus :
both slain by the soldiery.
253. jEmilianus : put to death after a reign of
only four months.
253. Valerianus, and his son, Gallienus : tlie
first was taken prisoner by Sapor, king
of Persia, and flayed alive.
260. Gallienus reigned alone.
[About this time thirty pretenders to im-
perial power start up in different parts
of the empire ; of these, Cyriades is the
first, but he is slain.]
268. Claudius 11. (Gallienus having been assas-
sinated by the officers of the guard)
succeeds ; died of the plague.
270. QuintiUus, his brother, elected at Rome by
the senate and troops ; Aurelian by the
ai-my in Illyricum. QuintiUus, despair-
ing of success against his rival, who
was marching against him, opened his
veins, and bled himself to death.
270. Aurelian: assassinated bv his soldiers in
his march against Persia, in Jan. 276.
275. [Inten-egnum of about nine months.]
275. Tacitus, elected Oct. 25 : died at Tarsus
in Cilicia, April 13, 276.
276. Florian, his brother: his title not recog-
I nised by the senate.
ROME, ETC.
59
276. M. Aurelius Probus : assassinated by bis
troops at Sirmium.
282. M. Aurelias Carus : lolled at Ctesipbon by
lightning ; succeeded by bis sons,
283. Carinus and Numerianus ; botb assassin-
ated, after transient reigns.
284. Diocletian ; who associated as bis colleague
in the government,
286. Maximianus Hercules: the two emperors
resign in favour of
306. Constantius Cblorus and Galeriua Maxi-
mianus : the first died at York, in
Britain, in 306, and the troops saluted
as emperor, bis son,
306. Constantino, afterwards styled the Great :
whilst at Kome the praetorian band pro-
claimed,
306. Maxentius, son of Maximianus Hercules.
Besides these were,
306. Maximianus Hercules, who endeavom'ed
to recover his abdicated power,
306. Flavius Valerius Severus, murdered by
the last-named pretender, and,
307. Flavius Valerianus Licinius, the brother-
in-law of Constantine.
[Of these, Maximianus Hercules was
strangled in Gaul in 310 ; Galeriiis
Maximianus died wretchedly in 31 1 ;
Maxentius was drowned in the Tiber in
312 ; and Licinius was put to death by
order of Constantine in 324.]
324. Constantine the Great now reigned alone :
died on Whitsunday, May 22, 337.
"Sons of Constantine ;
divided the empire
rConstantine H.
337.^ Constans
I Constantius H.
between them : the
lirst was slain in 340,
and the second mur-
dered in 350, when
the third became sole
^_ emperor.
361. Julian, the Apostate, so called for abjuring
Christianity, having been educated for
the priesthood : mortally wounded in a
battle with the Persians.
363. Jovian ; reigned 8 months : found dead in
bis bed, supposed to have died from the
fumes of charcoal.
[The Eoman Empire may be said to have
terminated here, as a single dominion.]
DIVISION OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN EMPIRE.
Western Empire.'
364. Valentinian, son of Gratian, takes the
Western, and his brother, Valens, the
Eastern, Empire.
367. Gratian, a youth, son of Valentinian, made
a colleague in the government, by his
father.
375. Valentinian IL, another son, also very
young, is, on the death of bis father,
associated with his brother in the em-
pire. Gratian is assassinated by his
general, Andragatbius, in 383 ; Valen-
tinian murdered by one of his officers,
Aibogastes, in 392.
392. Eugenius, an usurper, assumes the imperial
dignity : he and Arbogastes are defeated
by Theodosius the Great, who becomes
sole emperor.
[Andragatbius throws himself into the sea,
and Arbogastes dies by bis own hand.]
395. Honorius, son of Theodosius, reigns, on his
father's death, in the West, and his
brother, Arcadius, in the East. Ho-
norius dies in 423.
[Usurpation of John, the Notary, who is
defeated and slain, near Kavenna.]
425. Valentinian III., son of the empress Pla-
cidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great :
murdered at the instance of his suc-
cessor.
455. Maximus : he marries Eudoxia, widow of
Valentinian, who, to avenge the death
of her first husband and the gmlt of her
second, invites the African Vandals into
Italy, and Home is sacked. Maximus
stoned to death.
456. Marcus Mascilius Avitus : forced to resign,
and dies in bis flight towards the Alps.
457. Julius- Valerius Ma.jorianus : murdered at
the instance of his minister Ricimer;
who raises
461. Libius Severus to the throne, hut holds
the supreme power. Severus is poi-
soned by Ricimer.
465. [Interregnum. Ricimer retains the autho-
rity, without assuming the title, of em-
peror.]
467. Anthemius, chosen by the joint suffrages
of the senate and army : murdered by
Ricimer, who dies soon after.
472. Flavius- Anicius Olybrius : slain by the
Goths soon after his accession.
473. Glycerins : forced to abdicate by bis suc-
cessor.
474. Julius Nepos: deposed by bis general,
Orestes, and retires to Salonse.
475. Romulus Augustulus, son of Orestes.
Orestes is slain, and the emperor de-
posed by
476. Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who takes
Rome, assumes the style of king of
Italy, and completes the fall of the
Western Empire.
Italy.
476. Odoacer, chief of the HeruB, king.
493. Tbeodoric, the Ostrogoth.
526. Athalaric.
534. Theodatus.
536. Vitiges.
540. Theodebald.
541. Totila, or Baduilla.
I .Sntnp writprs date the Western Empire from the death of Theodosius the Great, January 17, 395 ; and i
compfeTed by Odo^e?, on the defeat of Srestes by that prince, on August 23, 476.
60
PRINCES OF EUROPE, ETC.
552. Te'ia, the last of the Goths.
653. Narses, duke or governor of Italy.
[Narses was succeeded by Longinus, -who
made the chief towns of Italy exarch-
ates : he governed at Ravenna, which
was afterwards ruled by imperial lieu-
nants called exarchs, until 752, when it
was reduced by the Lombards. ]
568. Alboinus, the Lombard.
673. Cleophis.
675. [Interregnum of 10 years, during which
the Lombards were governed by elective
dukes.]
Kings of the Losibards.
584. Autharis.
590. Romanus.
591. Agilulphus.
615. Adawaldus, with his mother, Theodolinda.
625. Ai-iwaldus.
636. Rotharis, duke of Brescia.
662. Rodoaldus.
653. Aribert I.
661. Pertharitus : deposed.
661. Gondibert.
662. Grimoald.
671. Pertharitus, restored.
686. Cunibert, his son.
700. Luitpert, or Leutbert.
701. Ragimbertus.
701. Ai-ibert II.
712. Luitprandus.
744. Hildebrand.
744. Ratchis, duke of Friuli.
749. Astolphus.
756. Desiderius, or DicUer.
[In 774, Desiderius, the last of the Lom-
bards, was taken prisoner by Charle-
magne, and the kingdom of Italy was
united, first to France, and afterwards
to the empire, until 888, when it was
separated from the latter, on the death
of Charles le Gros.]
888. Berenger, duke of Friuli : deposed.
900. Louis, the Blind.
905. Berenger, restored.
922. Rodolph, king of Burgundy.
926. Hugh, count of Provence.
945. Lothaire.
960. Berenger II. : deposed.
962. [The emperor Otho reduced Italy, and
re-united it to the German empire. In
1805, Napoleon Buonaparte revived the
ancient title of king of Italy, which did
not long endure.]
Eastern Empire.
364. Valens, son of Gratian, takes the Eastern,
and his brother Valentinian the "Western,
Empire ; defeated by the Goths and
wounded in his retreat; his soldiers
placed him in a cabin, which the enemy
burnt, not lalo^ving he was there.
379. Theodosius the Great : becomes sole em-
peror in 392 ; succeeded by his sons,
395. Arcadius in the East, and Honorius in the
West. Arcadius is succeeded by
408. Theodosius II., his son, under the guardian-
ship of his sister Pulcheria.
450. Marcianus.
457. Leo I., sumamed the Thracian.
474. Leo II., the younger, his grandson.
474. Zeno, the Isaurian, father of the preceding
(having maiTied Ariadne, daughter of
Leo I.) : deposed, but restored.
491. Anastatius I., the Silentiary.
518. Justin, the Thracian.
627. Justinian I., nephew of Justin : collector
of the body of laws called the digest,
now the PandecftB Florentin(B, and of the
Novellce ; and founder of the magnificent
church of St. Sophia at Constantinople.
The renowned Belisarius was his general.
665. Justin II., nephew of Justinian.
678. Tiberius IL
582. Maurice, the Cappadocian : murdered, with
all his children, by his successor,
602. Phocas, the Usurper, whose crimes and
cruelties led to his own assassination,
in 610.
610. Heraclius, by whom Phocas was dethroned.
641, Constantine III. (HeracUus-Constantine) ;
reigned a few months : poisoned by his
step-mother Martina.
641. Constans II. : assassinated in a bath.
668. Constantine IV., Pogonatus.
6&5. Justinian II., son of the preceding ; ab-
horred for his exactions, debaucheries,
695.
698.
705.
711.
713.
716.
718.
741.
775.
780.
790.
792.
802.
811.
811.
813.
820.
829.
842.
and cruelties : dethroned and mutilated
by his successor.
Leoutius : dethroned and mutilated by
Tiberius Aspimar.
Tiberius III. Aspimar.
Justinian II. restored. Leontius and Tibe-
rius degraded in the Hippodrome, and
put to death. Justinian slain in 711.
Phillippicus-Bardanes : assassinated.
Anastatius II. : fled on the election of
Theodosius in 716; aftenvards deUvered
up to Leo III., and put to death.
Theodosius III.
Leo III., the Isaurian.
[In this reign (726) commences the great
Iconoclastic controversy ; the alternate
prohibition and restoration of images
involves the peace of several reigns.]
Constantine T. Copronymus, son of the
preceding ; succeeded by his son,
Leo IV.
Constantine VI., and his mother Irene.
Constantine, alone, by the desire of the
people, Irene having become mipopular.
Irene, again, jointly with her son, and
afterwards alone : deposed for her cru-
elties and mm-ders, and exiled.
Nicephorus I., sumamed Logothetes : slain.
Staurachius ; reigns a few days only.
Michael I. : defeated in battle, abdicates
the throne, and retires to a monastery.
Leo v., the Armenian ; killed in the temple
at Constantinople on Christmas-day, 820,
by conspirators in the interest of his
successor,
Michael II., the Stammerer.
Theophilus, son of Michael.
Michael III., surnamed Porphyrogennetes,
orthe Sot, son of the preceding ; succeeds
mider the regency of his mother, Theo-
dora : put to death by Basilius.
TURKEY.
61
867. Bacillus I., tlie Macedonian.
886. Leo VI., styled the Philosopher.
911. Alexander, and Constahtine VII., brother
and son of Leo, the latter only six years
of age: the former dying in 912, Zoe,
mother of Constantine, assumes the
regency.
919. Eomanus Lecapenus usurps the imperial
power.
920. Constantine VIII., his son.
928. Stephen and Christopher.
[Five emperors now reign : of these, Chris-
topher dies in 931 ; Eomanus is exiled
by his sons, Constantine and Stephen,
who are themselves banished the next
year.
945. Constantine VII. now reigns alone ; poi-
soned by his daughter-in-law Theo-
phania.
959. Komanus II., son of the preceding : this
monster, who had contrived his father's
death, banishes his mother Helena, de-
bauches his sisters, and dies from disease
engendered by his vices, aged 24,
963. Nicephorus II. Phocas : mai-ries Theo-
phania, his predecessor's consort, who
has hiin assassinated.
John I. Zemisces, celebrated general ; takes
Basihus II, and Constantine IX., sons
of Komanus II., as colleagues : John
dies, supposed by poison, and
Basilius II. and Constantine IX. reign
alone: the former dies in 1025; the
latter in 1028,
1028. Eomanus III. Argyropulus: poisoned by
his consort Zoe, who raises
1034. Michael IV., the Paphlagonian, to the
throne : on his death Zoe places
1041. Michael V., sumamed Calaphates, as his
successor: him she dethrones, has his
eyes put out, and marries
1042. Constantine X. Monomachus, who, and
Zoe, reign jointly : Zoe dies in 1050,
1054, Theodora, widow of Constantine.
1056. Michael VI. Stratiotic : deposed,
1057. Isaac I. Comnenus : abdicates.
1059. Constantine XI., sumamed Ducas.
1067. Eudocia, consort of the preceding, and Eo-
manus IV., sumamed Diogenes, whom
she marries: reign to the prejudice of
Michael, Constantino's son.
1071. Michael VII. Parapinaces, recovers his
throne, and reigns jointly with
Constantine XII.
1078. Nicephorus III. : dethroned by
1081. Alexius I. Conmeniis : succeeded by
1118. John-Comnenus, his son, sumamed Kalos :
died of a wound from a poisoned arrow.
1143, Manuel I, Comnenus, son of John.
969,
975.
1180. Alexius II. Comnenus, son of the pre-
ceding, under the regency of the em-
press Maria, his mother.
1183. Andronicus I. Comnenus ; causes Alexius
to be strangled, and seizes the throne :
put to death by
1185. Isaac II. Angelus-Conmenus, who is de-
posed, imprisoned, and deprived of his
eyes by his brother
1195. Alexins III. Angelus, called the Tyi-ant ;
this last deposed, in his turn, and his
eyes put out ; died in a monastery.
1203. Isaac II,, again, associated with his son,
Alexius IV. : deprived.
Latin Emperoes.
1204. Baldwin I., earl of Flanders, on the cap-
ture of Constantinople by the Latins,
elected emperor; made a prisoner by
the king of Bulgaria, and never heard
of afterwards,
1206, Henry I., his brother: dies in 1217,
1217, Peter de Courtenay, his brother-in-law.
1221. Kobert de Courtenay, his son.
1228. Baldwin II., his brother, a minor, and
John de Brienne, of Jerusalem, regent
and associate emperor,
1261. [Constantinople recovered, and the em-
pire of the Franks or Latins terminates.]
Greek Empire at Nice.
1204. Theodore Lascaris.
1222. John Ducas, Vataces.
1255. Theodore Lascaris II., his son.
1259. John Lascaris, and
1260. Michael VIII. Palaiologus.
Emperors at Constantinople.
1261. Michael VIII., now at Constantinople : he
puts out the eyes of John, and reigns
alone.
1282. Andronicus II. Palseologus, the Elder, son
of the preceding : deposed by his grand-
son, Andronicus the Younger.
1332. Andronicus III., the Younger.
1341. John Palseologns, under the guardianship
of John Cantacuzenus : the latter pro-
claimed emperor at Adrianople.
1347. John Cantacuzenus.
1355. John Palseologus, restored.
1391. Manuel Palseologus, his son : succeeded by
his son and colleague,
1425. John Palfeologus 11.
1448. Constantine XIII. Pateologus, his son.
1453. [Constantinople taken on May 29, 1453,
by the Ottomans, under their sultan,
Mahomet II. ; Constantine is slain, and
with him ends the Eastern Empire.]
OTTOMAN OR TURKISH EMPIRE.
The Turks are of Tartar descent. There is a rapid river called Turk, running into
the Caspian Sea, from which some suppose this people to take their name. About
the year a.d. 800 they obtained possession of a part of Armenia, called from them
Turcomania ; and they afterwards gradually extended their power. Their dominions,
divided for some time into petty states, were united under Othman, from whom his
62
PRINCES OF EUROPE, ETC.
subjects obtained the name of Ottomans. He established his empire at Pi'usa, in
Bithynia, in the year 1299, and his successors extended .their conquests over the
adjacent parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 1453 Constantinople was taken by
Mahomed II. which put an end to the Eastern Empire.
Turkish Emperors.
1299. Othman, or Ottoman, who assumed the
title of Grand Seignior.
1326. Orchan, son of Othman.
13C0. Amurath I. ; stabbed by a soldier, of which
wound he died.
1389. Bajazet I., his son : defeated by Tamer-
lane, and died imprisoned.
1402. Solyman, son of Bajazet: dethroned by
his brother and successor.
1410. Musa-Chelebi : strangled.
1413. iVIahomed I., also son of Bajazet.
1421. Amurath II., succeeded by his son,
1451. Mahomed II., by whom Constantinople
was taken, in 1453.
1481. Bajazet II. : deposed by his son.
1512. Seiim I., who succeeded him.
1520. Solyman the Magnificent, son of the pre-
ceding: the most eventful reign in
modem Turkish annals.
1566. Selim II., son of the last.
1574. Amurath III., his son : on his accession he
caused his five brothers to be miu-dered,
and their mother, in grief, stabbed her-
self to death.
1595. Mahomed III., son of Amurath : com-
menced his reign by strangling all his
brothers, and drowning all hia father's
wives.
1603.
1617. Mustapha I. ; deposed by the Janissaries,
and imprisoned : succeeded by his ne-
phew,
1618. Osman I. : strangled by the Janissaries,
and his uncle restored.
1622. Mustapha I., again: again deposed, sent
to the Seven Towers, and strangled.
1623. Amurath IV. ; succeeded by his brother,
1640. Ibrahim : strangled by the Janissaries.
1649. Mahomed IV., son of Ibrahim: deposed,
and died imprisoned.
1687. Solyman III., his brother.
1691. Ahmed, or Achmet II. : succeeded by his
nephew,
1695. Mustapha II., eldest son of Mahomet IV. :
deposed ; succeeded by his brother,
1703. Ahmed, or Achmet III. : deposed, and
died in prison in 1736.
Mahmud, or Mahomed V., succeeded his
uncle, the preceding sultan.
Osman II., brother of Mahmud.
Mustapha III., brother of Osman.
1774. Abdul-Ahmed.
1788. Selim III. : deposed by the Janissaries, and
his nephew raised to the throne.
1807. Mustapha IV. : deposed, and, with the
late sultan, Selim, murdered.
1808. Mahmud II. : succeeded by his son,
1839. Abdul-Medjid, the present (1850) Sultan.
1730.
1754.
1757.
•Ahmed, or Achmet, his son : succeeded by
his brother 1
Sultan Abdul-Medjid-Khan, bom May 6, 1822 (14 Chaban, 1237), succeeded his father, the
sultan Mahmud-Khan II., July 1, 1839 (19,Eeby-el-aker, 1255); and has nine sons and daughters,
viz. : —
1. Sultan-Mohamed-Murad, bom Sept. 22, 1840.
2. Naimfe-Sultane, born Oct. 10, 1840.
3. Fatimii-Sultane, born Nov. 1, 1840.
4. Eefla-Sultane, bom Feb. 6, 1842.
5. Abdul- Hamid, born Sept, 21, 1842.
6. Adlije-Sultane, born Oct. 18, 1842.
7. MeTimed-Eechad, born Nov. 2, 1844.
8. Munire-Sultane, born Dec. 9, 1844.
9. M^hmed-Abid, born April 26, 1848.
Brother and Sisters :
1. Athife-Sultane, bom May 1, 1826 ; the wife, since Aug. 13, 1840, of Fethi-Ahmed-Pacha.
2. Sultan- Abdul'- Aziz, born May 27, 1830.
3. Adild-Sultane, bom Jan. 30, 1831 ; married June 12, 1845, to Mamed-AIi-Pacha.
PEKSIA.
At the grand partition of the dominions of Alexander the Great amon<r his captains
Persia was annexed to the Syrian kingdom of Seleucus Nicator, but did not continue
long so, for m the reign of Antioohus Theos, Arsases vindicated the independence of
his country, and founded the monarchy of the Parthians. In the 3rd century of the
Christian era a great internal convulsion took place, which terminated in the accession
of the dynasty of the Sassanides, who restored the name, with the religion and laws
of ancient Persia. This government was overthrown by the Saracens: and the
successive invasions by the descendants of Zingis or Zenghis Khan, Timur and by
the Turks, changed entirely the aspect of Weetern Asia. Persia was the main theatre
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
63
on which the Saracens contended for mastery with these invaders, and she suffered all
the miseries to which a nation can be exposed from the devastation of barbarous and
sanguinary hordes. At length, early in the 16th century, a new dynasty arose.
Shahs of Persia.
1502.
1523.
1576.
1577.
1582.
1627.
1641.
1666.
1694.
1722.
1725.
1729.
1732.
Ismail or Ishmael.
Tamasp or Thamas I.
Ismail Meerza.
Mahomed Meerza,
Abbas I., the Great ; died in 1627, after a
reign of 45 years.
Shah Soofe.
Abbas II.
SolymaQ.
Hussein: deposed.
Mahmoud.
Ashraff, the Usurper : slain in battle.
Tamasp or Thamas II. : recovered the
throne of his ancestors from the pre-
ceding.
[Thamas-Kouli-Khan obtained great suc-
cesses in tliis and the sabsequent
reigns.]
Abbas II., infant son of Tamasp, under the
regency of Kouli-Khan, who afterwards
caused himself to be proclaimed as Nadir
Shah.
1736. Nadir Shah (the Victorious King) : assas-
sinated by his nephew at Korassan.
1747. Adil Shah.
1748. Shah Eokh.
1750. [Interregnum.]
1763. Kureem Khan.
1779. Abool-Fatteh-Khan.
1780. [Interregnum.]
1781. Ah-Moorad-Khan.
1785. Jaffier Khan.
1788. [Interregnum.]
1789. Looft-Ali-Khan : betrayed into the hands
of his successor, who ordered his eyes to
be plucked out, and afterwards put him
to death.
1794. Aga-Mahommed-Khan : assassinated.
1798. Feth-Ah-Shah.
1834. Mahommed-Shah, grandson of Feth : suc-
ceeded by his son,
1848. Nasr-xU-Din', or Nausser-ood-deen, or
Nasser-ud-deen-Shah, Sept. 4. The
FEESEHT (1850) Shah of Persia.
GREECE.
This country, once the foremost in the world, anciently consisted of the peninsula of
the Peloponnesus, Greece outside of the Peloponnesus, Thessaly, and the islands : the
limits of modern Greece are much more confined. It became subject to the Turkish
empire in the 15th century, and has but recently a^in become a separate state. The
treaty of London, on behalf of Greece, between England, France, and Eussia, was
signed in Oct. 1827; count Capo d'lstria" was declared president in Jan. 1828 ; and
the Porte acknowledged the independence of Greece in April, 1830. It was after-
wards erected into a kingdom, of which Otho I. of Bavaria was made king.
King of Greece.
1832. Otho, 2d son of Louis-Charles, king of
Bavaria; bom June 1, 1815 ; elected by
the government of the Grecian States,
Oct. 5, 1832; ascended the throne as
&st king of Greece, Jan. 25, 1833.
Married Nov. 20, 1836, Mary-Frederica-
Amelia (bom Dec. 21, 1818), daughter
of the grand-duke of Oldenburg. The
PEESENT (1850) King of Greece.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
The provinces of North America that revolted from the sovereignty of Great Britain
were first styled "the United States," by a resolution of congress, Sept. 9, 1776.
1 Col. Tarrant, in his despatches, calls the present monarch of Persia, Nausser-ood-dcen-SMh. The French
spell the name variously, sometimes Nasser-ed-deen, sometimes Nesser-ud-deen. The Almanack deGotha pyei
us the names of European sovereigns only. We have made mquiries of two Persian scholars, and they tell us
that the Persian way of spelling the name is, as we first write it above, Nasr-ul-Din. At the Foreign Office they
adopt Col. Tarrant's orthography. — Editor. ., ,. ^,. j c „» ■ i, ,■
2 This distinguished statesman was shortly afterwards murdered by the brother and son of Maromichaelis, a
Mainote chief, whom he had imprisoned. The wretched assassins were sentenced to be immured wihin ^
brick walls built around them up to their chins, and to be supplied with food in this hngering torture until they
died.
64
PRINCES OF EUROPE, ETC.
Their independence was acknowledged by Great Britain, Nov. 30, 1782, and the
definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, Spain, and the United
States, was signed at Paris, Sept. 3, 1783.
The flag of the Union was declared to be thirteen stripes, alternately red and white,
and thirteen stars in a blue field, corresponding with the then number of the states.
The number of states at present (1850) is thirty-two, viz. : —
Maine.
New HampsMre.
Vermont.
Massachusetts.
Ehode Island.
Connecticut.
New York.
New Jersey.
Pennsylvania.
Delaware.
Maryland.
Virginia.
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
Georgia.
Florida.
Alabama.
Mississipi.
Louisiana.
Texas.
Arkansas.
Tennessee.
Kentucky.
Ohio.
Michigan.
Indiana,
Illinois.
Missouri.
Iowa.
Wisconsin
Oregon Territory,
and the
District of Columbia.
Presidents of the United States.
1789. General George Washington, first presi-
dent. Elected April 6.
1793. General Washington again. March 4.
1797. John Adams. March 4.
1801. Thomas Jefferson. March 4.
1805. Mr. Jefferson. Ee-elected March 4.
1809. James Madison. March 4.
1813. Mr. Madison. Ee-elected March 4.
1817. James Monroe. March 4.
1821. Mr. Monroe. Ee -elected, March 4.
1825. John Quincy Adams. March 4.
1829. General Jackson. March 4.
1833. General Jackson. Ee-elected, March 4.
1837. Martin Van Buren. March 4.
1841. General Wm. Henry Harrison. March 4.
Died a month after, April 4.
— John Tyler. April 4.
1845. James Knox Polk. March 4.
1849. General Zachary Taylor. March 4. Died
July 9, 1850.
1860. Millard Fillmore. Sworn into ofSce, next
day, July 10. The now President of
the United States of America.
*!t* The president, regularly elected, is always inaugu-
rated on the 4th of March.
BISHOPS AND POPES OF EOME.
d2. St. Petek : crucified, his head downwards
in 66.
** St. Clement ( Clemens Romanics) ; according
to Tertulhan.
66. St. Linus' : martyred.
78. St, Anacletus : martyred.
91. St. Clement: abdicated.
100. St. Evaristus : martyred.
109. St. Alexander: martyred.
119. St. Sixtus; martyred.
128. St. Telesphorus : martyred.
139. St. Ilyginus ; the first who was called pope.
'142. St. Pius: martyred.
167. St. Anicetus.
168. St. Soterus : martyred under Maixus An-
toninus.
176. St. Eleutherus : he opposed with great zeal
the doctrine of the Valentinians.
192. St. Victor ; martyred under Severus.
202. St. Zephirinus.
219. St. CaHxtus: martjn-ed.
222. [The chair vacant.]
223. St. Urban : beheaded in the persecution of
Alexander Severus.
230. St. Pontianus : banished by the emperor
Maximin.
235. St. Antenis : martyred.
236. St. Fabian : martyred under Decius.
250. [The chair vacant.]
251. St. Cornelius: died the next year.
252. St. Lucius : martyi-ed the year following.
Novatianus ; antipope.
253. St. Stephen : martyred in the persecution
of Valerian,
257. Sixtus II. (his coadjutor) martyred three
days before his faithful disciple St. Lau-
rence, in the persecution of Valerian,
258.
258. [The chair vacant.]
259. Dionysius : opposed the heresy of Sabellius.
269. Felix : martyred ; canonized.
275. EutycManus : martjTed.
283. Caius ; a relative of the emperor Diocletian.
296. Marcellinus : distinguished by his corn-age
under a severe persecution : canonized.
304. [The chair vacant]
308. Marcellus: banished from Rome by the
emperor Maxentius : canonized.
St, Linus IS set down in nearly all accounts of popes as the immediate successor of St. Peter ■ but Tertullian
who was, undoubtedly, well informed, maintains that St. Clement succeeded the Apostle, In the first century
of the Christian Church, neither the dates of succession, nor the succession of nones, are reconciled even bv the
bfsf: anfncintiPK . » i > j
best authorities.
BISHOPS AND POPES OF ROME.
65
810. St. Eusebius : died the same year.
311. St. MelcWades : coadjutor to Eusebius.
314. Silvester.
336. Marcus or Mark : died the next year.
337. Julius : of great piety and learning ; main-
tained the cause of St. Athanasius.
352. Liberius : banished, and in
366. Felix II. antipope : placed in the chair by
Constans, during the exile of Liberius,
on whose return he was driven from it
"with ignominy.
[The emperor would have the two popes
reign together ; but the people cried out
" One God, one Oirist, and one feisAop."]
358. Liberius, again: abdicated.
358. Felix became legal pope ; but he was made
away with by Liberius.
359. Liberius, again.
366. Damasus ; opposed the Allans ; St. Jerome
was his secretar^\
384. Siricius : succeeded to the exclusion of
Ursicinus.
398. Anastasius : caused the works of Origen to
be proscribed.
402. Innocent I.
417. Zosimus : canonized.
418. Boniface I. ; maintained in the pontiiical
chair by the emperor Honorius, against
his rival, Eulahus ; canonized.
422. Celestine I. : canonized.
432. Sixtus III. : suppressed the heresies of
Nestorius and Pelagius in the west.
440. Leo I. the Great : most zealous in his en-
deavours to extend the papal see;
canonized.
461. St. Hilary.
468. St. Simplicius.
483. Felix III. : had a violent dispute with the
emperor Zeno respecting the Western
Church ; canonized.
492. Gelasius: canonized.
496. Anastasius II.: endeavoured to bring
about a unity between the Eastern and
Western Churches ; canonized.
498. Symmachus; canonized.
514. Laurentius, antipope.
514. Hormisdas : canonized.
. 623. John I. : thrown into prison, where he
died in 526.
526. Felix IV. ; introduced extreme miction as
a sacrament ; canonized.
530. Boniface IL
633. John 11. : opposed the Eutychians and
Nestorians.
635. Agapetus : died the same year.
536. SSverius : son of pope Hormisdas, who had
married before entering into the eccle-
.^.^ siastical state. The empress Theodosia
'"' violently persecuted him, and procured
his banishment into Lycia, making Vi-
gilius his successor.
538. Vigilius: banished, but restored,
655. Pelagius I. : endeavoured to reform the
maimers of the clergy.
560. John III. : the great ornamenter of churches.
573. [The see vacant.]
574. Benedict I., sumamed Bonosus.
578. Pelagius II. : died of the plague then de-
solating Rome.
590. Gregory the Great, an illustrious patrician ;
converted the English to Christianity.
604. Sabinianus.
606. Boniface III. : died in a few months.
607. Boniface IV.
614. Deusdedit.
617. Boniface V.
625. Honorius I.
639. [The see vacant.]
640. beverinus : died shortly after.
640. John IV.
642. Theodoras L
649. Martin I. : starved to deatli, some say ;
died of his sufferings, others.
654. Eugenius I. : canonized.
657. Vitalianus : this pope sent missionaries into
England.
672. Adeodatus, the " Gift of God."
676. Domnus I.
678. Agathon.
682. Leo II. : instituted holy-water.
683. [The see vacant.]
684. iBenedict II.
686. John V. : ruled with wisdom.
686. Conon.
686. Theodore and Pascal ; antipopes.
687. Sergius : " governed wisely."
701. John VL
705. JohnVIL
708. Sisinnius : died 20 days after election.
708. Constantine.
715. Gregory II. : canonized.
731. Gregory III. : the first pope who sent nun-
cios to foreign powers.
741. Zacharias.
752. Stephen II. : with this pope commenced
the temporal power of the Church of
Rome.
757. Paul I. : moderate and pious.
768. Stephen III.
772. Adrian I. : sanctioned images, in which he
was opposed by the kings of England
and France.
795. Leo III.
816. Stenhen IV. : died the next year.
817. Pascal L
824. Eugenius II.
827. Valentinus.
828. Gregory IV. : pious and learned.
844. Sergius II.
847. Leo IV. : defeated the Saracens, i
[Between Leo IV. and the next pontiff,
Benedict III., an absurd story, not worth
refutation, places "pope Joan." — fle-
nault. 2]
855. Benedict III.: opposed by an anti-pope
called Anastasius.
858. Nicholas I., styled the Great.
867. Adrian II.
1 Of T po I V a ereat writer has beautifully said, " He showed himself, by defending Rome, worthy of being Its
sove?ii^ ° SLas^atorrby bWhrand th^e courage of the early ages "[.'^e republic seeded to b^r^v.ved^
him, at a time of cowardice and corruption. He stood l,ke one of 'he noble monuments o^^f^^^ "»""=. "".ch
aroKppn amid the ruins as it were, reproaching the debasement, of the modern city, —fauane.
"'? rSfX?ous!y asTer'Id'that a female, na^ed Joan, conceived ■> ™'«"' I-^-™ f-.^.ffSF h^^tv ?"£e
Felda, and In order to be admitted into his monastery assumed ',h'-''"fl»h»W:°?'he death ot her tover she
^rd^orsV^fr?rcL\^rfffi^T"Vefun^trtL-l^^^^^
— Gibbon.
PRINCES OP EUROPE.
872. John VIII. : it is to this John that some
authors refer the scandalous fabrication
of Pope Joan ; but they err even in point
of time, — See above.
882. Martin II.
884. Adrian III. ; died the next yeai-.
885. Stephen V.
891. Formosus ; died detested ; his corpse was
thrown into the river Tiber.
896. Boniface VI. : deposed.
897. Eomanus, antipope.
897. Stephen VI. ; strangled in prison.
898. Theodorus II., governed 22 days.
898. John IX.
900. Benedict IV.
903. Leo V. : driven from his seat a few months
after his election, and died in prison.
904 Sergius III. : disgraced his dignity by his
vices.
911. Anastasius III.
913. Landonius, or Lando.
914. John X. ; resigned, and was stifled by Guy,
duke of Tuscany.
928. Leo VI. ; considered an intruder by many
Roman Catholic historians.
929. Stephen VIL
931. John XI. : imprisoned in the castle of
St. Angelo, where he died.
93G. Leo VII. ; great in zeal and piety.
939. Stephen VIII. : " of ferocious character."
942. Martin III.
946. AgapetusIL : of holy life.
956. John XII., called the Infamous: deposed
for adultery and cruelty, and, in the end,
murdered.
[The preceding pope is said to have been
the first who changed his name on his
elevation to the papal chair.]
963. Leo VIII. : an honour to the chair, though
an intruder. — Baronius.
963 Benedict V. : chosen on the death of John
XII., but opposed by Leo VIII., who was
supported by the emperor Otho; the
Eoman people were obliged to abandon
his cause.
965. John XIII. ; elected by the authority of
the emperor against the popular will.
972. Benedict VI. : murdered in prison.
974. Boniface VII.
974. Domnus II:
975. Benedict VIL
983. John XIV.
984. John XV. : died before consecration.
985. JohnXVL
996. GrMory V. An antipope, named John
XVII., was set up, but expelled by the
emperor.
999. Silvester II.
1003. John XVTI. i legitimate pope; died same
year.
1003. John XVIII. : abdicated.
1009. Sergius IV.
1012. Benedict VIIL
1024. John XIX
1033. Benedict IX. : became pope, by purchase,
at 12 years of age : expelled.
1044. Gregory VI. ; abdicated.
1046. Clement II. (the Romanists call Ckmms
Romanus, iln^ first Clement) ; died next
year.
1047. Benedict again : again deposed.
1048. Damasus II. : died soon after.
1048. Leo IX. : canonized.
1064. [The throne vacant one year.]
1055. Victor IL
1057. Stephen IX.
1058. Benedict X. ; an antipope : expeUed-
1058. Nicholas IL
1061. Alexander II. ; he carried the papal power
to a height it had not reached before.
1073. Gregory VII., the celebrated Hildebrand ;
remarkable for the unexampled powers
he usurped, and his unprincipled career.^
1085. [Throne vacant one year.]
1086. Victor IIL
1088. Urban II. : in this pontificate commenced
the great crusade.
1099. Pascal IL
1118. Gelasius II. : retired to a monastery.
1119. Calixtus II.
1124. Honorius IL
1130. Innocent IL
1143. Celestine II. : ruled 5 months.
1144. Lucius II. : killed by accident in a popular
commotion.
1145. Eugenius III. : canonized.
1153. Anastasius IV. : ruled a short time only.
1164. Adrian IV., or Nicholas Brakespeare, an
Englishman ; bom at St. Albans.
1169. Alexander III. : avenger of the murder of
Thomas k Becket.
1181. Lucius IIL
1185. Urban III.
1187. Gregory Vlll. : nJed only two months.
1187. Clement IIL
1191. Celestine III.
1198. Innocent III. (Lothario Conti) excommu-
nicated king John of England.
1216. Honorius III. : leanied and pious.
1227. Gregory IX. : caused a new crusade to be
undertaken.
1241. Celestine IV. : died in 18 days after his
election.
1241. [Throne vacant 1 year and 7 months.]
1243. Innocent IV. : gave the red hat.
1254. Alexander IV.
1261. Urban IV.
1266. Clement IV., an enlightened Frenchman,
previously cardinal and legate to Eng-
land : discouraged the crusades.
1268. [Throne vacant 2 years and 9 months.]
1271. Gregory X.; elected while he was with
Edward I. of England in the Holy Laud.
1276. Innocent V. .■ died shortly after.
rr,Jnri vri .h f h!^'., K^ ^T''^ of the pontiff of Rome seems to have reached its utmost height.
?fh„f K=h • f^? ' Hildebrand, assumed the exclusive title of Pope, which till then had been common to
other bishops ; and his successors carried their pretensions so far as to hold themselves out as lords of the
thf h'^storv of John t?n^ r,f F"„lln°nT' "J? ° ^°?i'','^'"'^t' f'"" l""''' "'l^Sla^'^. »' '» remarkably instanced in
the historj; ot John king of England. At length they affirmed the whole earth to be their nrooertv as well
where Christiamty had been propagated, as where it had not ; and, therefore, on the discovery of the East" nd
West Indies and Anierica Alexander VI„ in 1433, granted to the Portuguese a right to all the countries IvtoS
to the eastward, and to he .Spaniards all those westward of Cape Non, in Africa, which they miKht Tespect velf
be able to conquer. They finally pretended to be lords of the future world also, and by Sices pardons
dispensations, and indulgences whicf, they sold to the best bidders, to have a power of rest?aiS i^d to sSme
instances of subverting, even the Divine justice itself. _i,m of the Popes. restrammg, ana in some
BISHOPS AND POPES OF ROME.
127G,
1276.
1277.
1277.
1281
1285.
1288,
1292.
1294.
1294.
1303,
1304.
1305.
1314.
1316.
1334.
1342.
1352.
1362.
1370.
1378.
1389.
1394.
1404.
1406.
1409.
1410.
1417.
1431.
1447.
1455.
1458.
1464.
1471.
1484.
1492.
I. Adrian V. ; legate to England in 1254 :
died 36 days after election.
Vicedominus : died the next day.
. John XX. or XXI. : died in 8 months.
'. Nicholas III.< died in 1280.
Martin IV.
Honorius IV. : promoted the crasades.
Nicholas IV. : endeavoured to stir up the
princes of Christendom to a new crusade,
hut without success.
!. [Throne vacant 2 years and 3 months. 1
Celestine V. : resigned from fear.
Boniface VIII. : proclaimed that " God had
set him over kings and kingdoms;"
mprisoned his predecessor, and laid
France and Denmark under interdict.
Benedict XI. : a pious and liberal pontiff:
poisoned by some ambitious cardinals,
a short time after his election.
[^Throne vacant 11 months.]
Clement V. Bertrand the Goth : removed
the papal seat from Kome to Avignon.
[Throne vacant 2 years and 4 months. 1
John XXII. -'
Benedict XII. [Nicholas V.; antipope, at
Rome.]
Clement VI. : a learned prelate, a generous
prince, and amiable man. — Petrarch.
Innocent VI.
Urban V. : illustrious as a patron of learning.
Gregory XI. : also an eminent protector of
learning : he restored the papal chair to
Kome.
Urban VI. : so severe and cruel that the
cardmals chose Robert of Geneva, under
the name of Clement VII., which led to
great violence.
Boniface IX.
Benedict (called XIII.) ; antipope at Avig-
non.
Innocent VII. : died in 1406.
Gregory XII. Angelo Corario ; elected
during the schism in the East ; Bene-
dict XIII. being the other pope : both
popes were deposed.
Alexander V. : died, supposed by poison.
John XXIII.; elected daring the gi-eat
schism: deposed
Martin V. Otho Colonna.
Eugenius IV. Gabriel Condolmera: de-
posed by the council of Basil, and
Amadeus of Savoy chosen, as Felix V.
in 1439 ; antipope.
Nicholas V.
Calixtus III.
Pius II. jEneas Silvius Piccolomini.
Paul II., a noble Venetian.
Sixtus IV.
Innocent \ III., a noble Genoese.
Alexander VI., the infamous Eoderic Bor-
gia : poisoned at a feast by drinking of
a bowl he had prepared for another.
67
1503. Pius III. Francis Todeschini : died 21 davs
after election.
1503. Julius II., Julian de la Euvere.
1513. LeoX. (John de Medici); this pope's gi-ant
of mdulgences for crime led to the Re-
formation.
1522. Adrian VI.
1623. Clement VII. Julius de Medici : refused to
divorce Catharine of Arragon, and de-
nounced the marriage of Hem-y VIII.
with Anna Boleyn.
1534. Paul III., Alexander Famese.
1550. Julius III.
1555. Marcellus II. : died soon after election.
1555. Paul IV. John Peter Caraffa. When queen
Elizabeth sent him an ambassador to
announce her accession, he haughtily
answered, "that to the holy see, and
not to her, belonged the throne, to which
she had no right as being a bastard."
1559. Pius IV., cardinal de Medici.
1566. Pius V.
1572. Gregory XIII. ; the greatest civilian and
canonist of his time: under him the
calendar was reformed.
1585. Sixtus V. : the most extraordinary man of
his time. — Tillemont.
1590. Urban VII. : died 12 davs after election.
1590. Gregory XIV. Nicolas Sfondrate.
1591. Innocent IX. : died in 2 months.
1592. Clement VIII.: learned and just.
1605. Leo XI. : died same month.
1605. Paul v., Camille Borghese.
1621. Gregory XV. Alexander Ludovisio.
1623. Urban VIII. : gave the title of Eminence
to cardinals.
1644. Innocent X. John Baptist Pamphilus.
1655. Alexander VII. Pabio Chigi.
1667. Clement IX.
1670. Clement X. John Baptist Emile Altieri.
1676. Innocent XI.
1689. Alexander VIII.
1691. Innocent XII. Antonio Pignatelli.
1700. Clement XI. John Francis Albani.
1721. Innocent XIII. Michael Angelo Conti ; the
eighth pontiff of his family.
1724. Benedict XIII., properlv so called.
1730. Clement XII.
1740. Benedict XIV. ; the amiable Lambertini.
1758. Clement XIII. Charles Rezzonico.
1769. Clement XIV. ; the illustrious Ganganelli.i
1775. Pius VI. Angelo Braschi : dethroned by
Buonaparte.
1800. Pius VII. Cardinal Chiaramonte : deposed
by Buonapai-te in 1809 ; restored in 1814.
1823. Leo XII. Annibal della Ganga. Pept. 28.
1829. Pius VIIL Francis Savier CasLiglioni.
March 31.
1831. Gregory XVL Mauro Capellari. Feb. 2,
1831 : died June 1, 1846.
1846. Pius IX. Mastei Ferretti : elected June 16.
The PEESENT (1850) Pope.
Benedict XIV., apprised of the extraordinary modesty and merit of this great man, unexpectedly raised him
to the purple ; but he continued to wear the plain dress of his order (minorconventual Franciscans) observing
all the austerity and mortificatif.ns of a friar. On the death of Clement XIII., the cardinals, who were in the
interest of the house of Bourbon, knowing that Ganganelli was not attached to the Jesuits, and seeing that mo-t
of the Catholic princes of Europe were ready to separate from the Rnman See unless that order were suppressed,
conceived that from his liberality and wisdom that point might be achieved without danger to the pontifical chair,
and they accordingly elected Ganganelli to it. His conduct after his elevation was still the same, pious, familiar,
and lowly. Convinced of the necessity for the suppression of the Jesuits, he signed the brief for it in 177.^.
Shortly after he had placed his signature to this important document, he was .seized with a disorder, believed to
nave been the eflect of some deleterious drug, and after languishing in agonies which reduced him to a skeleton,
he died in 1775. Clement XIV. was one of the most enlightened and benevolent men that ever wore the tiara.
F 2
68
EXTINCT OR MERGED KINGDOMS AND
PRINCIPALITIES.
JEEUSALEM.
This kingdom began with its capture by the first crusaders, who elected as king, in
1099, Godfrey de Bouillon, the chief commander of the expedition, though he chose to
be called, from motives of piety, the " advocate or defender of the holy sepulchre." '
The crown of Jerusalem descended from Godfrey de Bouillon to the house of Anjou,
afterwards to Guy de Lusignan, and, in 1210, to John de Brienne. The emperor
Frederick having married the daughter of this last, was invested with all her rights,
which, however, he did not care to assert ; and the possession of Jerusalem being no
longer an object of ambition, the city became, what it had been before Godfrey's
invasion, a place of pilgrimage.
KnsTGS OF Jerusalem.
1099. Godfrey de Bouillon, chosen by the first
crusaders. Took Jerusalem from the
Turks, 1099, and was proclaimed king ;
but his piety, as historians relate, would
not permit him to wear a diadem of
gold, in the city where his Saviour had
been crowned with thorns. — Nouv. Diet.
Hist.
1100. Baldwin I.
1118. Baldwin 11.
1131. Fulke, count of Anjou.
1142. Baldwin III., son of Fulke.
1162. Amaurus I.
1173. Baldwin IV.
1185. Baldwin V.
1186. Guy de Lusignan: falls into the hands of
the infidels.
1192. Conrad and Isabella.
1192. Henry.
1197. Frederick.
1197. Amaurus de Lusignan, king of Cyprus.
1205. [Interregnum.]
1210. John de Brienne ; afterwards associate
emperor of the East.
1229. [Jerusalem is sun-endered by the sultan of
Egypt to the emperor Frederick.]
BRETAGNE OR BRITTANY.
The ancient Armorica ; but this name in the earliest ages was common to all that
tract of country situated between the mouths of the Seine and the Loire. When,
however, the Bretons were obliged to abandon the isle of Albion (England), and to
take refuge in a part of Armorica in the 5th century, they gradually communicated
their name as well to the inhabitants, as to the province itself. — Henault. The counts
of Bretagne (of whom was the celebrated Waroc) were distinguished in history some
centuries before the reign of Charlemagne, by whom the territory was subdued, circa
780. In later times the dukes of Brittany became possessed of considerable power.
' Jerusalem taken, July 15, 1099, by assault, after a aie^e of five weeks. Impelled by a mixture of military
rape, the Crusaders put the numerous garrison and inhabitants to the sword without distinction. Neither arms
defended the valiant, nor submission the timid ; no age or sex was spared ; infants on the breast were pierced by
the same blow with their mothers, who implored for mercy ; even a multitude to the number of 10,000, who had
surrendered themselves prisoners, and were promised quarter, were butchered in cold blood by these ferocious
conquerors. The streets of Jerusalem were covered with dead bodies ; and the triumphant warriors, after every
enemy was subdued and slaughtered, immediately turned themselves, with sentiments of humiliation, towards
the holy sepulchre! They threw away their arms still streaming with blood; they advanced with reclined
bodies, and naked feet and hands, to that sacred monument ; they sung anthems to their Saviour, who had there
purchased their salvation by his death and agony ; and their devotion so evercame their fury, that they dissolved
in tears, and bore the appearance of every soft and tender sentiment. So inconsistent is human nature with
itself! and so easily does superstition ally, both with the most heroic courage and with the fiercest barbarity. —
Abb& Vertot. Hume.
NORMANDY.
69
Counts and Dukes op Beittany.
560. Conober, about this time ; count.
* * * *
590. Waroc, about this time.
* * * *
824. Nomenoe ; instituted duke of Brittany by
Louis fe D^bonnaire. — HenauU.
851. JErispoe or Herispoe; count.
867. Salomon, cousin of the preceding.
874. Pasquito de Tannes, and Gm-van de
Eennes.
877. Alain III., de Vannes, and Judicael de
Eennes.
907. GurmalUon.
930. Berenger de Eennes.
937. Alain IV., de Vannes.
952. Drogo.
980. Gueroc, de Nantes.
987. Conan I., de Eennes.
992. Geoffrey I.; duke.
1008. Alain V.
1040. Conan II.
1066. Hoel V.
1084. Alain Fergent, the Bed.
1112. Conan III. the Fat.
1148. Eudes, Hoel VI., and Geoffirey I. (II.)
1156.
1171.
1196.
1203.
1213.
1237.
1286.
1305.
1312.
1341.
1345.
1364.
1399.
1442.
1450.
1457.
1458.
1488.
1513.
1524.
1532.
Conan IV.
Geoffrey II. (III.)
Arthm-, and Constance, daughter of
Conan IV. ; and wife of Geoffrey, son
of Henry II. of England.
Guy de Tours ; regent.
Peter Mauclerc.
John I., the Eed : ruled 49 years.
John II.
Ai-thnr II.
John III., styled the Good.
Charles, count of Blois, and John IV., de
Montfort, brother to John the Good.
Charles de Blois, alone.
John v., styled the Valiant.
John VI.
Francis I.
Peter II.
Arthur III.
Francis II. : succeeded by
Anne, his daughter. ^
Claude, daughter of Anne ; married to
Francis I., of France.
[The didiedom of Brittany annexed to the
crown of France.]
NORMANDY.
Neitstra. The Normans, enticed by plunder, Laving made many descents upon
France, Charles the Simple, at length wearied by their aggressions, came to an
accommodation with them, and concluded the famous treaty of St. Clair upon the
Epte, whereby he gave them a part of Neustra, which from the incursions of those
barbarians had already taken the name of Normandy. — Henault. Charles also gave
his daughter Giselle to their chief, RoUo, in marriage, on the condition of his
embracing Christianity, and giving it encouragement among his followers.
Dukes of Normandy.
911. EoUo, the Dane ; first duke, yielded ho-
mage for his dukedom to Charles the
Simple, king of France.
927. WUliam Longespee or Longsword, son of
the preceding.
943. Eichard I., sumamed the Fearless, a minor,
son of William ; governed 53 years.
996. Eichard II., son of Eichard I. : this
duke's sister, Emma, was married to
Ethelred II., king of England.
1028. Eobert I., sumamed fe Diahle.
1035. William the Bastard, natural son of
Richard III. (our William I., or the
Conqueror) : became king of England
in 1066.
1087. Robert, sumamed Comi^hose 2, eldest son
of William ; became duke of Normandy
on his father's death, his brother WU-
liam succeeding to the crown of Eng-
land : governed until 1106 ; died in
1134.
1026. Richard III.
The contention between the last duke, Robert, and his brother Henry (third son
of the Conqueror, and now king of England) terminated with the battle of Tinche-
1 This princess was a very beautiful and an extraordinary woman. Siie had been married by proxy to
Maximilian of Austria but by a kind of divorce from him she became the consort, in 1491, of Charles VIII. of
France who put aside Margaret, the daughter of Maximilian, to whom he was affianced, to espouse her. Charles
died in April 1498 and in the Jan. following, Anne of Brittany married his successor on the throne, Louis XII.
It is remarkable also that her daughter, the princess Claude, became the queen of the next king in succession,
Francis I. Claude was the daughter of Louis XII. Anne died in 1513. — HenoBft.
On the death of Charles she put a " cordelier (a black knotted lace; round her coat of arms, which
introduced a custom observed ever since ; and she mourned in black, instead of the then practice of wearing
white. She, too, was the first to have young ladies of quality about her person, called " maids of honour." _
a'^Th^ Robert had a son William, to whom (and not to his father) the French historians give the surname
Courthose (CoMr/ccuissf), 'short-thigh : Lewis fe Gros was desirous to protect him in his duchy; but Henry of
England had become too powerful, and it was too late. — HenauU.
Y o
70
PRINCES OP EUROPE.
bray, in Lower NormanJy, Sept. 28, 1106; when Robert was defeated, made
prisoner, and sent to England, where he died in captivity. Normandy was then
annexed to England, but was re-united to the crown of France in the reign of king
John.
SUABIA.
One of the ten great circles or divisions of Germany, supposed to have derived its
name from the Suevi, who made it their abode about the time of Julius Caesar. It
was erected into a duchy in the 5th century, and continued to be governed by its
dukes until the 13th, when the reigning family became extinct on the death of
Conradin, who was beheaded at Naples in 1268. Suabia was eventually divided
among a number of petty princes.
Dukes.
[The early dukes are too indistinctly
recorded
1147
to be named consecutively.]
867.
Hugh.
1152
916.
Burchardt 1.
926.
Herman 1.
1167
949.
Ludolph.
1169
954.
Burcliardt 11.
1191
973.
Otlio I.
1196
982.
Conrad I.
1208
997.
Herman II.
1004.
Herman III.
1219
1012.
Ernest I.
1235
1015.
Ernest II.
1030.
Hennan IV., and Conrad II.
emperor.
1039.
Henry I., emperor as Henry
III.
1045.
Otho II.
1254
1047.
Otlio III.
1067.
Eodolpli.
1080.
Fredericlc I., de Buren.
1105.
Fredericlc II., de Borgne.
1138.
Conrad ; duke of Franconia, and
emperor
as Conrad HI.
Frederick HI. Barbarossa ; emperor in
1162.
Frederick IV., de Kothemburg ; and duke
of Franconia.
[Interregnum. ]
Frederick V.
Conrad ; and duke of Franconia.
Pliilip; elected emperor in 1198.
Frederick TI. ; elected emperor in 1212,
as Frederick II.
Henry II.
Conrad IV. ; elected emperor in 1250 :
died in 1264, supposed to have been
poisoned by his illegitimate brother,
Manfred.
Com'adin, son of Conrad, an infant : this
Soung prince was deposed by his uncle,
lanfred, and beheaded at Naples, after
a defeat in battle by Charles, duke of
Anjou, in 1268.
FRANCONIA.
Another of the former ten circles of Germany. Of the origin of the Franks
historians have given us no certain account. Pharamond is the first of their kino-s of
whom we have any distinct mention ; see France. They were conquered by Charle-
magne ; and Franconia was subsequently governed by dukes.
In modern times, Franconia consisted of two principalities, Bayreuth and Anspach ;
three bishoprics, Bamburg, Wursburg, and Eichstadt; seven counties, and three
lordships. These divisions are now altered ; one district having been given to Wur-
teraburg ; another to Baden ; a third to the house of Hesse ; and the tract called Henne-
berg to the house of Saxe ; while all the rest was made over to Bavaria.
Dtjkes.
891. Conrad, about this time.
912. Eberhard.
939. Conrad II.
965. Otho I. ; reigned duke 49 years.
1004. Conrad III.
1011. Conrad IV.
1038. [The dukedom extinct until 1116.]
1116. Conrad V. ; emperor as Conrad HI. in
1138.
1152. Frederick; and duke of Suabia.
1167. Conrad VI.
1191. Conrad, and duke of Suabia.
LORRAINE.
71
BUEGUNDY.
Burgundiones. — Pliny. The kingdom of the Burgundians began in Alsace in 413,
and continued for 119 years, the Franks stripping them of their dominions in 532. In
the division of France among the sons of Clotaire in 561, Gontran had Orleans and
Burgundy; in 638, Clovis II. had Burgundy and Neustra; and on the death of
Charles le Gros, in 888, Rodolph became king of Transjuran Burgundy. The
kingdom was soon afterwards united to that of Aries, and both passed on the death of
Kodolph III. in 1032 to Conrad the Salique, emperor of Germany. The Burgundians,
who settled in Celtic Gaul, gave name to the county and duchy of Burgundy.
Kings.
413. Gundicar.
436. Gunderic.
466. Chilperio.
491. Gandebaud.
616. Sigismund.
523. Gondemar.
632. Conquered by the Franks under Childebert
and Clotaire, kings of Paris and Soissons.
888. Eodolph I. king of Transjuran Burgundy ;
Burgundia Transjurana.
911. Eodolpbi 11., king of Aries. Burgundy and
Provence united in 933.
937. Conrad the Pacific, second king of Aries.
993. Eodolph III., le Faineant.
1032. [Eodolph bequeaths his kingdom to Con-
rad the Salique, emperor.
Dukedom of Burgundy.
877. Eichard k Justicier.
921. Eodolph ; king of France in 923.
923. Giselbert or Gilbert.
938. Hugh, the Black.
938. Hugh, styled the Great.
966. Otho : succeeded by his brother,
965. Henry, styled the Great : bequeathed his
dukedom to the king of France.^
1015. Henry II., afterwards king of France.
1031. Eobert, brother of Henrv II.
1075. Hugh I.
1078. Endes I.
1102. Hugh II., sumamed the Pacific, reigned
40 years : succeeded by
1U2. EudesII.
1162. Hugh III.
1193. EudeslII.
1218. Hugh IV. : reigned 54 years.
1272. Eobert IL
1305. HughV.
1315. Eudes IV.
1350. Philip I. de Rouvre.
1363. Philip II. sumamed the Hardy, for gal-
lantly fighting near his father king
John, of France, at the battle of Poitiers :
founded the second royal house of Bur-
gundy.
1384. [Flanders united to Burgundy by the mar-
riage of Philip with Margaret, heiress of
the counts of Flanders.]
1404. John, sumamed Sans Peur or the Fearless :
murdered on the bridge of Montereao.
— HenauU.
1419. Philip III., sumamed the Good.
1421. [Namur sold to Burgundy.]
1429. 'Brabant united to Burgundy.]
1433. [Holland and Hainault united to Bur-
gundy.]
1444. [Luxemburg sold to Burgundy.]
1467. Charles the Bold, son of PhUip the Good :
treacherously killed in an engagement
with the duke of Lorraine, and with him
ended the second house of Burgundy in
1477.
1477. [Burgundy now passed to Austria by the
marriage of Mary, its heiress, withMax-
imilian I., emperor of Germany.]
LORRAINE.
Tms country took its name from Lothaire, or Lotharius, son of the emperor of the
same name, and was given to the prince as an independent dominion, a.d. 851. The
kingdom eventually was divided in the 10th century into two parts. Lower Lorraine
was governed by its dukes, afterwards dukes of Brabant, until Brabant became united
with Burgundy in 1429. The late province subsisted until 1766, when it was
finally united to France.
Dukes.
LowEK Lorraine.
959. Godfrey I.
964. Godfrey IL
I 976. Charles, of France.
1001. Otho I.
1005. Godfrey IIL
1 This bequest is accounted for by Henry and his immediate predecessor, his brother Otho, being the sons of
Hugh the Great (the Abbot) of France. — Henault.
P 4
72
PRINCES OF EUROPE.
1023. Gothelon, styled the Great.
1043. Godfrey IV., sumamed the Hardy.
1048. Frederick of Luxemburg.
1065. Godfrey IV., again.
1069. Godfrey V., Bossu.
1076. Conrad.
1089. Godfrey VI., of Bouillon.
1101. Henry I.
1106. Godfrey VII., styled the Great.
1128. Walleran, and Godfrey VII.
1140. Godfrey VIII. le Jeune.
1143. Godfrey IX., surnamed the Valiant.
DuiGia OF Beaeajst.
1190. Henry II.
1235. Henry III.
1248. Henry IV.
1261. John I., surnamed the Victorious.
1294. John II., surnamed the Pacific.
1312. John III., styled the Triumphant.
1355. Jane and Wenceslas of Luxemburg.
1383. Jane governed alone.
1405. Antony.
1415. John IV.
1427. Philip.
1429. [Brabant united to Burgundy.]
LORRAINE.
916. Giselbert or Gilbert.
940. Henry I.
944. Conrad, the Red.
953. Bruno, archbishop of Cologne.
959. Frederick I.
984. Thierry I.
1026. Frederick IL
1033. Gothelon or Gothelo I.
1043. Gothelon IL
1046. Albert d' Alsace.
1048.
1070.
1115.
1139.
1176.
1205.
1206.
1213.
1220.
1251.
1804.
1312.
1328.
1346.
1391.
1431.
1453.
1470.
1473.
1508.
1544.
1545.
1608.
1624.
1670.
1676.
1690.
1729.
1737.
1766.
Gerard d' Alsace.
Thierry, sumamed the Valiant.
Sigismund I.
Matthew I.
Sigismund II.
Ferril.
Ferri IL
Theobald I.
Matthew II.
Fei-ri III. : governed 53 years.
Theobald II.
Ferri IV.
Raoul. French for Rollo.
John I.
Charles I., sumamed the Hardy.
Rene d'Anjou, styled the Good. The suc-
cession disputed by Antony de Vaude-
mont.
John IL
Nicholas.
Jolantha and Rene II.
Antony, sumamed the Good.
Francis I.
Charles II. styled the Great : this prince
reigned 63 years.
Henry IL, styled the Good.
Francis IL, Charles III., and Nicholas-
Francis, governed jointly.
Charles, alone : succeeded by his nephew,
Charles IV. : succeeded by his son,
Leopold.
Francis-Stephen; grand-duke of Tuscany
in 1737 ; married Maria-Theresa of
Austria. Emperor of Germany in 1745.
Stanislaus, of Poland.
[Lorraine united to France. See note ap-
pended to Tuscany.']
FLANDEES.
This country passed early into the hands of France, and was governed by its counts
or earls, chiefly subject to that crown, from a.d. 862, until united with Burgundy in 1384.
In the former year, Baldwin, the great forester or ranger of France, having carried off
the daughter of Charles the Bald, widow of a king of England ', after much difficulty
obtained the king's consent to marry her, and was made earl of Flanders. — Henault.
Counts of Flandees.
862.
879.
918.
965.
989.
1036.
1067.
1070.
1071.
1093.
IIU.
1119.
1127.
1128.
Baldwin I. Bras de Fer, first count.
Baldwin IL, called the IBald.
Amulph I. and Baldwin HI.
Araulph IL, le Jeune,
Baldwin IV., called the Bearded.
Bald^vin V., le D6bonnaire,
Baldwin VI., sumamed the Good.
Amulph III.
Robert I., le Frison.
Robert IL, of Jerusalem.
Baldmn VIL, a la Ilache,
Charles the Good : assassinated in the
church of Donatianus during divine
service.
William de Clito, or Cliton : mortally
wounded at the siege of Alost.
Thierry.
1168.
1191.
1194.
1206.
1233.
1244.
1280.
1305.
1322.
1346.
1384.
Philip d'Alsace.
Margaret I., and Baldwin VIII.
Baldwin IX., of Constantinople : Eastern
emperor in 1204.
Jane and Ferdinand.
Jane governs alone.
Mai-garet IL, of Constantinople.
Guy de Dampierre, her son ; another son,
John d'Avennes, became count of Hol-
land.
Robert III., de Bethune.
Louis I., de Crecy, his grandson.
Louis IL, de Male.
[On the death of Louis IL, Philip the
Hardy, of Burgundy, succeeded, by
marriage with his daughter and heiress,
and united Flanders to his dukedom.]
1 The widow alluded to by Henault was Judith, second queen of Ethelwolf, who had espoused her when she
was only twelve years of age. She afterwards became the wife of his son and successor Ethelbald. That king
however, was forced by public indignation and the censure of the Church to send her to her father in France ;
and there she was married to Baldwin. — Charles Homers " England.'*
ANJOU.
73
HAINAULT.
The counts of Hainault were early of considerable note, and their names occur
frequently in connection with the most remarkable political transactions of their time.
In modern annals the province has been the theatre of great military conflicts, among
which may be mentioned those of Enghein, Seneife, Steenkirk, Fleurus, Malplaquet,
Tournay, and Fontenoy.
Counts op Hainault.
875. Eegner I.
916. Eegner II.
932. Eegner III.
958. Eicherl.
* * * »
972. Gamer, and Eainald.
973. Godfrey the Old, and Arnulph.
998. Eegner IV.
1013. Eegner V.
1030. Eechila, Herman, and Baldwin I.
1051. Eechila.
1070. Baldwin II., of Jerusalem.
1099. Baldwin III.
1120. Baldwin IV., sumamed the Builder;
reigned 51 years.
1171. Baldwin V., styled the Valiant.
1195. Baldwin VI.
1206. Jane.
1244. Margaret, countess of Flanders.
1280. John d'Avennes, her son : another son,
Guy de Dampien'e, by another husband,
became count of Flanders.
1299, [John d'Avennes succeeded to Holland.
The provinces united.]
LUXEMBURG.
SiGEFMD was first count in the 10th century, and the province continued to be
governed by independent counts or dukes until it was sold to Burgundy in 1444.
The princes of Luxemburg became of considerable note, and several of them have
been emperors of Germany. The present dynasty of the Netherlands has the title of
grand-duke of Luxemburg.
Counts or Dukes.
965. Sigefrid.
998. Frederic.
1019. Gilbert or Giselbert.
1057. Conrad I.
1086. Henry I.
1096. William.
1128. Conrad II.
1136. HeniylL, called the Blind;
years.
119C. Ermensind and Theobald.
1214. Ermensind and Waleran.
1226. Henry HI., styled the Great.
1275. Henry IV.
60
1288. Henry V. ; elected emperor in 1308, as
Henry VII. ; said to have been poisoned.
John, king of Bohemia : killed at the battle
of Cressy, in 1346.
Charles ; elected emperor in 1347, as Charles
IV.
Wenceslas I., duke.
Wenceslas II. ; emperor.
Jossus, le Sarbu.
1411. Antony, of Burgundy.
1451. EUzabeth de Gorlitz.
1444. [Luxemburg united to Burgundy.]
1309.
1346.
1353.
1383.
1388.
ANJOU.
In 877, Louis the Stammerer, son and successor of Charles the Bald of France, upon
his accession to that crown, bestowed many largesses on his friends. In order to
reconcile the malcontents (those who had not shared them) Louis found it expedient
to dismember great portions of his domains ; and hence arose many seignories, duchies,
and counties, possessed by various individuals and families. This is believed to be the
origin of the counts of Anjou, of whom Ingelger was the founder. — Henault.
Counts of Anjou.
Fulco (Fulke), surnamed the Bed : after
having united the counties of Eudo and
Ingelger, died in 938.
938. Fulco II., eiuTiamed the Good: succeeded
by his eldest son,
958. Geofirey I. ; he obtained for himself and
74
PRl^^CES OF EUROPE.
lOCO. J
his successors the dignity of seneschal
of France.
987. Fulco III., the Black ; died returning from
Jerusalem : succeeded by his son,
1040. Geoffrey II. Martel (the Hammer), who
died without male issue.
f Geoffirey III., the Bearded; and
' (Fulco IV. ; the latter imprisoned his bro-
ther, and was excommunicated by the
pope : his consort, Bertrade of Montfort,
was carried off by the king (Philip I. of
France), who married her.
HOG. Geoffrey IV. : released his uncle, who died
soon after, leaving to his nephew Anjou.
Geoffrey fell in a war with his father
by a poisoned arrow, discharged at him,
it is said, at the instance of Bertrade.
1109. Fulco v., son of Geoffrey IV.; became
king of Jerusalem, and died in 1142:
succeeded by his third son,
1129. Geoffrey v., Plantagenet ; obtained Anjou
from his father this year : his two elder
brothers succeeded the father as kings
of Jerusalem.
[Geoffrey V. married Mathilde d'Angle-
terre' (Maud, daughter of Henry I.):
he conquered Normandy, which he gave,
in 1 149, to his son Henry, afterwards
Henry II., king of England.]
1150. Geoffrey VI., second son of the preceding :
died without an heir.
1158. William, earl of Poitou, third son of Geof-
frey V.: died in 1164.
[Anjou from this time became a possession
of the kings of England. It was, how-
ever, in the reign of John taken, toge-
ther with Normandy, by Philip-Au-
gustus of France, and incorporated with
that kingdom, and given as a fief;
first to]
* * John, son of Louis VIII., who died early ;
and next to
1264. Charles, his brother, who, later, hecame
Charles I. of Sicily; and whose de-
scendants were called the house of An-
jou.
[Alfonso v., of Arragon and Naples,
achieved a victory over Ken^ of Anjou^
in 1422. The dukedom of Anjou after-
wards became nothing more than a
mere title, taken by the second sons of
the kings of France. This title has long
since ceased.]
1 From this marriage of Maud of England with Geoffrey of Anjou, sprung the line of the Plantagenets of our
own country, a race of fourteen kings, commencing with Henry II. in 1154, and terminating with Richard III.
in 1485, a period of 331 years.
2 Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Rene of Anjou, above mentioned, was queen of Henry VI. of England, and
her name will ever stand prominently in British history. She was of an ambitious and Amazonian spirit, re-
markable for her courage and enterpnze, and the intrepidity with which she headed her troops in the war of the
roses against the house of York. If she had not been the instrument of her husband's misfortunes by putting to
death the duke of Gloucester, his uncle, her name would be immortalized for the fortitude and policy with which
she supported the rights of Henry and her son. She defeated tlie duke of York at Wakefield in 1460, and in her
march to London encountered at St. Albans (HGl) the earl of Warwick, who had her husband with him as a
prisoner ; her success in this battle set him free. But after the defeat at Towton, being unable to raise a new
army in England, she crossed over to France to solicit succours from Louis XI., who refused them. The fatal
battle of Tewkesbury (1471) put an end to all her enterprizes. Margaret was taken prisoner, and confined in
the Tower, but was ransomed by Louis, in return for which she made over to him all her right to the duchies o£
Anjou, Lorraine, and Barr, and the county of Provence. Died in 1482.
75
PART II.
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS OF ENGLAND.
AMBASSADOES, ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY, MINISTERS PLE-
NIPOTENTIARY, &c. FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO FOREIGN
STATES.
{From the Accession of King Geokge III. 1760.)
*^* After tlieyear 1800, the respective dates are, in most cases, those of the Credentials^
Ambassadoes are frequently mentioned in early history. As civilization advanced,
and intercourse between nations (its consequence) became greater, they were made
resident at courts, thereby to render the friendly relations of these courts with each
other, the more permanent and enlarged. In England, we have four classes or degrees
of ministers to foreign courts. The first class are Ambassadors ; Envoys or Ministers-
Plenipotentiary constitute the second class ; Ministers, called resident (though all are
so) the third ; and Charges d" Affaires the fourth. The distinctions are usually regulated
by the dignity of the individual, the importance of his mission, and the splendour of
the court to which he is accredited. The Corps Diplomatique of Great Britain has
furnished to her councils some of her greatest statesmen. Many of the personages
who have been members of it have risen to the highest honours in reward of their
eminent services to their country, not more by their consummate wisdom in conducting
delicate and intricate negotiation, than by their prudence and address in removing
those political asperities that sometimes occur in the great business of nations.
EUROPE.
To THE Emperor of Gekmant, afteewaeds op Austria.
1763. David Murray, viscount Stormont (after-
wards earl of Mansfield), ambaasador.
May 7.
1772. Sir Eobert-Murray Keith (afterwards
Eight hon.), ambassador. Aug. 14.
1790. Thomas, earl of Elgin, ambassador extra-
ordinary, to congratulate Leopold II, on
his accession to the throne.
1792. Thomas, earl of Elgin, ambassador to
the emperor Francis II. Aug. ] 8.
1793. Sir Morton Eden (afterwards Eight hon.
and lord Henley), envoy extraordiuary
and minister plenipotentiary.
1794. George-John, earl Spencer, ambassador
extraordinary, on particular affairs.
1799. Gilbert, lord Minto, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. July 2.
1801. Hon. Arthur Paget (afterwards Et. hon.
sir Arthur), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Aug. 21.
1805. Charles, earl of Harrington; extraordinaiy
mission. Nov. 28.
1806. Eobert Adair (afterwards Eight hon. sir
Eobert), envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary. May 7.
1807. George-Augvistua, earl of Pembroke and
Montgomery, ambassador. May 14.
1809. Benjamin Bathurst ; extraordinary mission.
Feb. 14.
1813. George-Hamilton Gordon, earl of Aberdeen,
ambassador. July 29.
— Hon. Frederick-James Lamb (afterwards
sir Frederick, and lord Beauvale;
succeeded as viscount Melbourne),
minister plenipotentiary, ad int. Aug. 6.
1814. Charles-William, lord Stewart (afterwards
succeeded as marquess of Londonderry),
ambassador.
— Eobert, viscotmt Castlereagh (afterwards
marquess of Londonderrj'), Eichard,
earl of Clancarty, William, earl Cath-
cart, and Charles-William, lord Stewart,
plenipotentiaries to the congress at Vi-
enna. Aug. 11.
1815. Arthur, duke of Wellington, first plenipo-
tentiary to the congress of Vienna.
Jan. 18.
— Hon. Eobert Gordon (afterwards Eight hon.
sir Eobert), minister plenipotentiary,
ad int. March 27.
76
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1817. The same, ad int. June 24.
1818. Robert, viscount Castlereagh, and Arthur
duke of Wellington, plenipotentiaries
to the conference at Aix-la-Chapelle.
Aug. 18.
1821. Hon. Robert Gordon, again, minister
plenipotentiary, ad int Jan. 19.
— Arthur, dulic of Wellington, plenipotentiary
to the conference at Vienna. Sept. 9.
1822. Arthur, dulce of WeUington ; extraordinary
mission ; congress at Verona. Sept. 14.
1823. Sir Henry Wellesley (afterwards lord Cow-
ley), ambassador. Feb. 3.
1831. Hon. Francis-Reginald Forbes, minister
plenipotentiary, ad int. April 22.
— Rt. hon. and hon. sir Frederick-James
Lamb, again, ambassador. May 13.
1832. John-George, lord (afterwards earl of)
Durham ; extraordinary mission to
Austria, to Prussia, and to Russia.
Sept. 14.
1834. Hon. William Thomas Horner Fox-
Strangways, minister plenipotentiary,
ad int. Oct. 8.
1835. Eight hon. sir Charles Bagot; special mis-
sion. April 7.
— Hon. Henry-Edward Fox, afterwards lord
Holland, minister plenipotentiary, ad
int. July 2.
1838. John-Ralph Milbanke, minister plenipo-
tentiary, ad int. Nov. 7.
1841. Eight hon. sir Robert Gordon, ambassador.
Oct. 16.
1845. Arthur-Charles Magenis, minister plenipo-
tentiary', ad int. June 18.
1846. John, viscount Ponsonby, ambassador.
Aug. 10.
1849. Arthur-Charles Magenis, minister plenipo-
tentiary, ad int. May 7.
1851. John, earl of Westmorland, envoy extra-
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Jan. 27. The pkesent Minister.
To THE King of Bavaeia.
(See Germany,
[Diplomatic relations between England and the
king of Bavaria, were established at the close
of the war in 1814.1
1814. George-Henry Rose (afterwards Rt. hon.
sir George), envoy extraordinaiy and
minister plenipotentiary. Jan. 31.
1815. Hon. Frederick-James Lamb (afterwards
sir Frederick, and lord Beauvale ; suc-
ceeded as viscount Melbourne), envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. Sept. 12.
previous to 1814.)
1820. Brook Taylor (afterwards right hon. sir
Brook), envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary. March 6.
1828. David Montagu, lord Erskine, envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. Jan. 4.
1843. John-Ralph Milbanke, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 24.
The PRESENT (1850) Minister to Ba-
varia.
To THE King of the Belgians.
[Since the separation of Belgium from the king-
dom of the Netherlands, and the establishment
of a distinct monarchy, 1830-31.]
1830. John, viscount Ponsonby ; special mission
to provisional government. Dec. 1.
1831. Et. hon. sir Robert Adair ; special mission.
Aug. 3.
1832. Col. hon. John-Hobart Caradoc (after-
wards succeeded as baron Howden) ;
military special mission. Nov. 15.
1835. Henry-Lytton Bulwer (afterwards Et. hon.
sir Henry), charge d'affaires. Dec. 3.
1836. Sir George-Hamilton Sejnnour, envoy ex-
traordinaiy and minister plenipoten-
tiary. April 4.
1845. Thomas-Wathen Waller, charge d'affaires.
Oct. 18.
1846. Charles-Augustus, lord Howard de Walden
and Seaford, envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 10. The
PRESENT (1860) Minister to Belgium.
— Et. hon. sir Stratford Canning, extra-
ordinary mission to Belgium, Germany,
Greece, and Smtzerland.
To THE King of Denmark.
1763. Dudley-Alexander-Syduey Cosby (after-
wards lord Sydney, of Leix, in Ireland),
resident. Sept. 10.
1765. William Gordon (afterwards sir William,
bart.), envoy extraordinary. June 29.
— Robert Gunning (afterwards sir Robert),
resident. Nov. 23.
1771. Robert-Murray Keith (afterwards Et. hon.
sir Robert), envoy extraordinary. Feb.
1772. Ralph Woodford, envoy extraordinary.
Aug. 14.
1774. Daniel De Laval, resident. July 15.
1778. The same ; envoy extraordinary. June 10.
1779. Morton Eden (afterwards Et. hon. sir Mor-
ton, and lord Henley), envoy extraor-
dinary. March 17.
1782. Hugh Elliot, envoy extraordinary, and
(afterwards) minister plenipotentiary.
1791. Daniel Hailes, envoy extraordinarv. Dec.
14.
1795. Lord Robert-Stephen Fitzgerald, envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
1800. Charles, lord (afterwards viscount and
earl) Whitworth; extraordinary mis-
sion. Aug. 1.
1803. Sir James Craufurd, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 27.
— Robert Listen (afterwards Et. hon. sir
Robert) ; extraordinary mission. June 23.
1804. Benjamin Garlike, envoy extraordinarv and
minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 3l"
1805. Edward Thornton (afterwards Rt. hon. sir
Edward), minister plenipotentiary to
Denmark, the Hanse Towns, Lower
Saxony, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and
Mecklenburg-Strelitz. May 4,
AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS, ETC.
77
1807. Brook Taylor (afterwards Et. hon. sir
Brook), envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary, ad int. July 17.
1807. Francis-James Jackson, envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary, ad
int. July 24.
— Anthony Merry, envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 3.
1812. Edward Thornton, again, envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
July 5.
1813. General hon. Alexander Hope, envoy
extraordinary, and minister plenipo-
tentiary. Jan. 15.
1814. Augustus-John Foster (afterwards Et. hon.
sir Augustus), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. May 19.
1824. Henry- Watldn-Williams Wynn (after-
wards Et. hon. sir Henry), envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. Sept. 14 The present (1850)
Minister to Denmark.
To France.
1701.
1762.
1703.
1765
1766.
1708.
1772.
1783.
1784.
1785.
1790.
1796.
1797.
1801.
1802.
1800.
Hans Stanley, afterwards Et. hon. Hans
Stanley, charge d'affaires,
John, duke of Bedford, ambassador. Sept. 4.
Francis Seymour, earl of Hertford, ambas-
sador.
Charles Lenox, duke of Eichmond, am-
bassador.
William-Henry Nassau, earl of Eochford,
ambassador. July 2.
Simon Harcourt, earl Harcourt, ambas-
sador.
David Murray, viscount Stormont (after-
wards earl of Mansfield), ambassador.
Sept. 9.
Francis-Godolphin Osborne, marquess of
Carmarthen, ambassador. Feb. 10.
George Montagu, duke of Manchester,
ambassador. April 9.
John-Frederick Sackville, duke of Dorset,
ambassador.
Daniel Hailes, minister plenipotentiary, ad
int. April 28.
KL hon. WiUiam Eden (afterwards lord
Auckland), envoy extraordinary', and
plenipotentiary for commercial affairs.
Dec. 9.
George Granville, earl Gower, ambassador.
June 11. EecaUed Sept. 1792.
[The war interrupted the diplomatic re-
lations between the two countries.]
James, lord (afterwards earl of) Malmes-
bury, ambassador extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary for negotiating
a treaty of peace. Oct. 13.
James, lord Malmesbury, again ; for nego-
tiating a peace with the plenipoten-
tiaries of the French republic at Lisle.
June 30.
Charles, marquess Comwallis, plenipoten-
tiary at the congress held at Amiens.
Oct. 29.
Francis-James Jackson, minister pleni-
potentiary. Dec. 2.
Anthony Merry, minister plenipotentiary.
April 1.
Charles, lord (afterwards viscount and
earl) Whitworth, ambassador. Sept. 10.
Left Paris, May 19, 1803.
[The war with Napoleon again interrupted
the diplomatic relations between the
two countries.]
Francis Seymour, earl of Yarmouth, and
James, earl of Lauderdale, commission-
ers for negotiating a peace with France.
Aug. 1.
1814. Sir Charles Stuart (afterwards lord Stuart
de Kothesay), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary, ad int. June 4.
— Et. hon. Charles Bagot (afterwards sir
Charles), minister plenipotentiary.
July 11.
— Arthur, duke of Wellington, ambassador.
Aug. 8.
1815. Lord Fitzroy-James-Henry Somerset, mi-
nister plenipotentiary. Jan. 18.
— Sir Charles Stuart, again ; ambassador, ad
int. March 26.
1824. Granville, viscount (afterwards earl) Gran-
ville ; special mission, to congratulate
Charles X. on his accession to the
throne. Oct. 7.
— Hon. Algernon Percy, minister plenipoten-
tiary, ad int. Oct. 12.
— Granville, viscount Granville, again, am-
bassador. Nov. 3.
1825. Hugh, duke of Northumberland; special
embassy ; coronation of the king
(Charles X.). April 30.
1828. Lord Stuart de Kothesay, ambassador.
July 1.
1830. Viscount Granville, again ; ambassador.
Dec. 8.
1832. Hamilton-Charles-James Hamilton, mi-
nister plenipotentiary, ad int. March 23.
1833. Arthur Aston (afterwards sir Arthur), mi-
nister plenipotentiary, ad int. April 19.
1835. Henry, lord Cowley, ambassador. March 13.
— Granville, earl (late viscount) Granville,
ambassador. March 29.
1837. Arthur Aston, again, minister plenipoten-
tiary, ad int. July 24.
1839. Henry Lytton Bulwer (afterwards Et. hon.
sir Henry), minister plenipotentiary, ad
int. July 29.
1841. Henry, lord Cowley, again, ambassador.
Oct. 16.
1845. Lord William Hervey, minister plenipo-
tentiary, ad int. July 29.
1846. Constantine-Henry, marquess of Nor-
manby, ambassador. Aug. 12.
1848. Marquess of Normanby, coniinwet/; special
and temporary mission to the French
National Assembly. Aug. 16.
1849. Marquess of Normanhy, continued, am-
bassador. Jan. 31. The peeseht (1850)
Ambassador to France.
To Germany.
1763. Philip Stanhope, envoy extraordinary to
the diet of the empire. March 22.
James Porter (afterwards sir James),
minister plenipotentiarj- to the emperor
of Gei-many's court at Brassels. May 7.
1764. William Gordon (afterwards sir William),
minister plenipotentiary at Eatisbon.
April 3.
1765. The same, now minister plenipotentiary at
Brussels. Nov. 23.
78
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
17G5. Fulke Grevllle, envoy extraordinaiy to
the elector of Bavaria, and minister
plenipotentiary to the diet of Katisbon.
Nov. 23.
17G9, Lewis de Visme, minister plenipotentiary
to the elector of Bavaria and diet of
Ratisbon.
1773. Hugh Elliot, minister plenipotentiary to
the elector of Bavaria, and minister to
the diet of Ratisbon. Dec. 24.
177G. Morton Eden (afterwards Rt. hon. sir
Morton, and lord Henley), to the same.
Oct. 31.
1777. AUeyne Fitzherhert (afterwards lord St.
Helens), minister at Brussels. March 4.
1779. Richard Oalces, minister to the diet of
Ratisbon.
1780. Hon. John Trevor, minister plenipoten-
tiary to the elector palatine, and mi-
nister to the diet of Ratisbon. April 7.
1781. Ralph Heathcote, minister plenipotentiary
to the elector of Cologne, &c. March 3.
1783. George B^'ng, viscount Torrington, envoy
extraordinary to the emperor's court at
Brussels.
— Robert, viscount Galway, envoy extraor-
dinary to the elector palatine, and mi-
nister to the diet of Ratisbon. Feb. 22.
— Hon. Thomas Walpole, envoy extraordi-
nary to the elector palatine. Nov. 19.
1788. Hon. Thomas Walpole. envoy extraordi-
nary and plenipotentiary to the same.
1790. Charles-Henry Fraser, minister plenipoten-
tiary to the circle of Lower Saxony, and
resident at the Hanse Towns. Aug. 14.
1792. Thomas, earl of Elgin, envoy extraordi-
nary to the emperor's court at Brussels.
Aug. 18.
1796. William Elliot, minister plenipotentiary to
the elector palatine, and minister to the
diet of Ratisbon.
1798. Hon. Arthur Paget (afterwards Rt. hon.
sir Arthur), envoy extraordinary to
the elector palatine, and minister to
the diet of Ratisbon. May 22.
— Sir James Craufurd, bart., minister pleni-
potentiary to the circle of Lower Saxony,
and resident at the Hanse Towns. July
28. ^
1799. Francis Drake, envoy extraordinary to the
same, and minister to the diet of Ratis-
bon. June 11.
1800. The same, to the elector palatine, new cre-
dentials, and envoy extraordinary to the
diet of Ratisbon. May.
1801. Brook Taylor (afterwards Rt. hon. sir
Brook), minister plenipotentiary to
Hesse-Cassel and to the elector of
Cologne. Aug. 4.
1802. Francis Drake, minister plenipotentiary to
the elector palatine, in addition to his
former character. July 1.
1803. The same, minister plenipotentiary to the
diet of Ratisbon. Feb. 27.
1805. Hon. William Hill, envoy extraordinary
and plenipotentiary to the circle of
Franconia. March 1.
— Edward Thornton (afterwards Rt. hon. sir
Edward), minister plenipotentiary to
Denmark, the Hanse Towns, and the
circle of Lower Saxony, to Mecklen-
burgh-Schwerin, and to Meckl^nburgh-
Strelitz. May 4.
1815. Alexander Cockburn, envoy extraordinary
to the Hanse Towns and to Lower
Saxony. June 1.
1817. Hon. Fredericlc-Jamea Lamb (afterwards
Rt. hon. air Frederick, and lord Beau-
vale ; succeeded as viscount Mel-
bourne), minister plenipotentiarj' to the
Germanic Confederation. Nov. 28.
1820. The same, envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary. March 6.
1823. George -Hamilton Seymour (aftenvards
sir George), charge d'affaires., ad int., to
the Germanic Confederation. Oct. 7.
1824. Hon. Frederick Cathcart, minister plenipo-
tentiary to the Germanic Confederation.
April 2.
1826. Hon. Frederick Cathcart, minister plenipo-
tentiary to Hesse-Cassel. Feb. 2.
1827. John-Ralph Milbanke, chargd d'affaireSf
ad int., to the same. March 20.
1828. Henry-Unwin Addington, minister pleni-
potentiary to the Germanic Confedera-
tion, and to Hesse-Cassel. Feb. 18.
1829. George-William Chad, minister plenipo-
tentiary to the Germanic Confederation,
and to Hesse-Cassel. Nov. 2.
1830. Thomas Cartwright (afterwards sir Tho-
mas), minister plenipotentiary to the
Germanic Confederation. Nov. 16.
1831. The same, minister plenipotentiary to
Hesse-Cassel. Jan, 14.
1838. Hon. Henry-Edward Fox (afterwards lord
Holland), minister plenipotentiary to
the Germanic Confederation. May 2.
— The same, to Hesse-Cassel. May 2.
1839. Hon. Ralph Abercromby, minister pleni-
potentiary to the Germanic Confedei^a-
tion. Jan. 2.
— The same, to Hesse Cassel. July 25.
1840. Hon.William-Thomas-Horner Fox-Strang-
ways, envoy extraordinaiy and minister
plenipotentiary to the Germanic Con-
federation, and minister plenipotentiary
to Hesse-Cassel. Aug. 1.
1841. Hon. Francis-Reginald Forbes, minister
plenipotentiary to Saxe-Coburg Gotha.
June 29. See Saxony.
1843, Hon. Fi-ancis- George Molyneux, charge
d'affaires to the diet. Jan. 24.
1847. John, earl of Westmorland, minister pleni-
potentiary to Mecklenburgh-Schwerin,
and to Mecklenburgh-Strelitz. April 20.
See Prussia.
— Hon. John-Duncan Bligh, minister pleni-
potentiary to Oldenburg. April 20.
See Hanover,
— The same, minister plenipotentiaiy to
Brunswick. Oct. 15. See Hanover.
— John, earl of Westmorland, minister pleni-
potentiary to Anhalt-Dessau. Oct. 15.
See Prussia.
— Hon. Francis -Reginald Forbes, minister
plenipotentiary to Saxe-Weimar-Eise-
nach, to Saxe-Altenburg, and to Saxe-
Meiningen. Oct. 15. See Saxony.
— Hon. Willi am-Thom as -Homer-Fox -Strang-
■ways, minister plenipotentiary to Hesse-
Darmstadt, and to Nassau. Oct. 15.
— Rt. hon. Sir Stratford Canning, extraordi-
nary'- mission to Germany, Belgium,
Greece, and Switzerland.
1848. Henry-Richard-Charles, lord Cowley ; spe-
cial mission to Frankfort, without cre-
dentials. July 20. The PKESENT (1850)
Minister.
AMBASSADORS, EKVOYS, ETC.
To THE King of Greece.
[Greece became a kingdom, Oct. 6, 1832 ; and
Otho, of Bavaria, ascended the throne, as first
king, Jan, 25, in the following year.]
1833. Edward-James Dawkins, minister pleni-
potentiary. Jan. 1.
1835. Sir Edmund Lyons, minister plenipoten-
tiary. JiJy 2.
1847. Et. hon. sir Stratford Canning, extraordi-
naiy mission to Greece, Belgium, Ger-
many, and Switzerland.
1849. Et. hon. Thomas Wyse, minister plenipo-
tentiary. Feh. 14. The TKESEKT (1860)
Minister to Greece.
To THE King of Hanover.
[Hanover became separated from the crown of
Great Britain by the demise of his Britannic ma-
jesty, William IV., June 20, 1837, when Ernest,
duke of Cumberland, ascended the throne.]
1838. Hon. John-Duncan Bligh, envoy extra-
ordinaiy and minister plenipotentiarj'.
May 2. The peesbnt (1830) Minister
to Hanover.
To THE Hanse Towns.
Philip Stanhope, resident.
1762. Eobert Colebrooke, resident.
1768. Ralph Woodford, resident, Mai-ch 22.
1772. Emmanuel Matthias, resident. Aug. 14.
1790. Charles-Henry Eraser, resident, and mi-
nister plenipotentiary to Lower Saxony.
Aug. 13.
Sir James Craufurd, bart., resident, and
minister plenipotentiiiiy to Lower
Saxony. July 28.
Sir George-Berriman Rumbold, hart*, re-
sident. Seized by tlie French govern-
ment, and conveyed to Paris, Oct. 25,
1804: restored to liberty, and arrived
in London, Nov. 18, following.
1798.
1803.
1805. Edward Thornton (afterwards Et. hon. sir
Edward), resident, and minister pleni-
potentiary to Denmark, Lower Saxony,
Mecklenburgh-Schwerin, and Meclden-
burgh-Strelitz. May 4.
1813. Alexander Cockbum; special mission.
March.
1815. Alexander Cocliburn, envoy extraordinary.
June 1.
1836. Henry Canning, charge d'affaires to the
Hanse Towns and to Lower Saxony.
Nov. 29.
1841. Colonel Lloyd Hodges, charge d'affaires,
July 31. The pkesekt (1850) Minister
to the Hanse Towns, &c.
To THE Netherlands.
Hon. Joseph Torke (ailerwards rt. hon. sir
Joseph), envoy extraordinary and ple-
nipotentiary.
1784. Sir James Harris (afterwards lord and earl
of Malmesbury), envoy extraordinary
and plenipotentiary to the states-gene-
ral of the United Provinces. July 3.
1788. The same, ambassador extraordinary and
plenipotentiary to the states general, &c.
Feb. 8.
1789. Rt. hon. AUeyne Fitzherbert (afterwards
lord St. Helens), envoy extraordinary
and plenipotentiary to the states gene-
ral, &c. May 16.
— William Eden, lord Auckland, ambassa-
dor to the states general, &c. Nov. 28.
1790. Lord Henry-John Spencer, minister ple-
nipotentiary, ad int., to their high
mightinesses. April 7.
1793. Hon. William Eliot (afterwards lord Eliot
and earl of St. Germans), minister ple-
nipotentiary, ad int.
1794. Alleyne, lord St. Helens, envoy extra-
ordinary and plenipotentiary.
1802. Eobert Listen (afterwards Et. hon. sir Eo-
bert), envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary to the Batavian republic.
Aug. 14.
1813. Richard, earl of Clancarty, ambassador to
the prince of Orange. Nov. 25.
1815. Sir Charles Stuart (afterwards lord Stuart
de Rothesay), ambassador to the prince
of Orange. Jan. 16.
— Sir Charles Stuart (afterwards lord Stuart
de Eothesay), ambassador to the Low
Countries. March 21.
— John James, minister plenipotentiary, ad
int. June 29.
1817. Eichard, earl of Clancarty, again, ambas-
sador. Jan. 18.
1819. George-William Chad, minister plenipo-
tentiary, ad int. March 23.
1824. Granville, viscount (afterwards earl) Gran-
ville, ambassador. Feb. 14.
— Andrew-Snape Douglas, minister plenipo-
tentiary, ad int. Oct. 6.
— Et. hon. sir Charles Bagot, ambassador.
Nov. 27.
1 Sir George Rumbold's house, near Altona, was surrounded by a company of eighty soldiers (part of a detach-
ment of 250) at one o'clock fn the morning ; the doors were forced open, and his person and papers seized. On
the instant, he was hurried into a carriage, talien to the banlts of the Elbe, and thence conveyed to Harbourg, and
to Hanover, and subsequently by land, escorted by a squadron of dragoons, to Paris, where, immediately on his
arrival, he was lodged in the Temple. The British government appealed in strong terms to the corps diploma-
ttgue against this outrage, and the different sovereigns of Europe were involved to resent it. However, after an
examination of his papers (in which nothing was found to implicate him in a supposed conspiracy), and an
imprisonment of three days, he w.is released, and removed, still strongly guarded, first to Boulogne, and then to
Cherbourg. At this latter place he was embarked for England in a fishing-smack, which, meeting in the channel
the British frigate Niobe, she received him on board, and landed him at Portsmouth. This affair produced a
great sensation at every courts
80
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1829. Thomas Cartwright (aftenvards sir Tho-
mas), mmistev plenipotentiary, ad int.
July 28.
1832. Hon. John-Duncan Bligh, minister pleni-
potentiary, ad inf. June 16.
1833. Hon. George-Sulyarde-Stafford Jeming-
ham, charg6 d'affaires.
1835. Sir Edward-Cromivell Disbrowe, envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Dec. 30. The present (1850) Minister
to the Netherlands.
To THE King and Republic of Poland.
1784. Charles Whitworth (afterwards sir Charles,
baron, viscount, and earl Whitworth),
minister plenipotentiary. June 25.
1788. Daniel Hailes, minister plenipotentiary.
Sept. 13.
1701. William Gardiner, minister plenipotentiary.
Dec. 14.
[Poland was finally partitioned by Eussia,
Austria, and Prussia, in 1795.]
Thomas Wroughton (afterwards sir Tho-
mas), minister plenipotentiary.
1778. Eichard Oakes, minister plenipotentiary.
June 10.
1779. James Hare, minister plenipotentiary. Oct.
19.
1782. John, viscount Dalrymple (afterwards
earl of Stair), minister plenipoten-
tiary. Jan. 5.
To THE Court op Portugal.
17G6.
Hon. Edward Hay, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary.
William-Henry Lyttleton (afterwards lord
Westcote, in Ireland), envoy extraor-
dinary andministerplenipotentiary. Oct.
25.
1771. Hon. Eobert Walpole, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. June 12.
1786. William Fawkener, envoy extr.aordinary
and minister plenipotentiary, for nego-
tiating commercial affairs in conjunction
with the hon. Robert Walpole. Oct. 4.
1800. John-Hookham Frere, envoy extraordi-
narv and minister plenipotentiary. Oct.
14."
1802. Lord Robert-Stephen Fitzgerald, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. Sept. 25.
1806. James, earl of Rosslyn, John, earl of St.
Vincent, and general Simcoe ; extraor-
dinary mission. Aug. 9.
— Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford, mi-
nister plenipotentiary, ad int. Dec. 1.
1808. Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiar3^ April 16.
[Viscount Strangford went to the Brazils
on the court of Portugal going thither.]
— John-Charles Villier.^ envoy extraordi-
nary and minister plenipotentiary. Nov.
27.
1810. Charles Stuart (afterwards sir Charles, and
lord Stuart de Rothesay), envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Jan. 10.
1814. Thomas Sydenham, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. May 26.
— Et. hon. George Canning, ambassador ; to
congratulate the king on his return to
his European dominions. Oct. 17.
1817. Et. hon. Edward Thornton (afterwards
sir Edward), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. July 29.
[Mr. Thornton went to the Brazils same
year. ] *
1819. The same, ambassador pro fem. April 12.
1820. Edward-Michael Ward, charge d'affaires.
March 6.
1823. Et. hon. sir Edward Thornton, again, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. Aug. 7.
1824. Sir William A'Court (afterwards lord
Heytesbury), ambassador. Aug. 16.
1825. Sir Charles Stuart (afterwards lord Stuart
de Eothesay) ; special mission. March
1827. Et. hon. sir Frederick-James I^amb (after-
wards lord Beauvale ; succeeded as
viscount Melbourne), ambassador. Dec.
28.
1833. Lord William Eussell ; special mission.
Aug. 7.
— Charles- Augustus, lord Howard de Walden
(afterwards lord Howard de Walden and
Seaford), envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary. Nov. 26.
1847. Sir George-Hamilton Seymour, envoy ex-
traordinary andministerplenipotentiary.
Feb. 2. The present (1850) Minister
to Portugal.
To the King op Prussia.
1765. Andrew Mitchell (afterwards sir Andrew),
envoy extraordinary. Dec. 13.
1771. Robert Gunning (afterwards sir Robert,
bart.), envoy extraordinary. Feb. 13.
1772. James Harris (afterwards sir James, lord
and earl of Malmesbury), envoy extra-
ordinary. Jan. 3.
1776. Hugh Elliot, envoy extraordinary. Oct. 13.
1782. George- James, earl of Cholmondeley, envoy
extraordinary. June 14.
— Sir John Stepney, bart., envoy extraor-
dinary. Sept. 21.
1784. John, viscount Dalrymple (afterwards earl
of Stair), envoy extraordinary.
1788. Joseph Ewart, envoy extraordinary. Aug. 5.
1791. Sir Morton Eden (afterwards Kt. hon. and
lord Henley), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 3.
1793. James, lord (afterwards earl of) Malmes-
bury, envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary.
1795. Lord Henry-John Spencer, envoy extra-
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary :
died July, 1795.
— Thomas, earl of Elgin, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Aug. 15.
1800. John -Joshua, earl of Carysfort, envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
1802. Francis-James Jackson, envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Oct. 24. ^
AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS, ETC.
81
1805. Edward Thornton (afterwards Et. hon. sir
Edward), minister plenipotentiary to
Denmark, the Hanse Towns, Lower
Saxony, Mecklenbnrgh-Schwerin, and
Meclilenburgh-Strelitz. May 4.
— Dudley, lord (Afterwards earl of) Harrow-
by; extraordinary mission to Prussia
and to Russia. Oct. 25.
1806. Lord Granville-Leveson Gower (after-
wards earl Granville) ; extraordinary
mission. Jan. 8.
— Charles, earl of Harrington ; extraordinary
mission. Jan 9.
— George Howard, viscount Morpeth (suc-
ceeded as earl of Carlisle). Sept. 29.
— John Hely, lord Hutchinson (succeeded as
earl of Donoughmore). Nov. 18.
1807. John-HoolchamFrere, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. June 17.
— Benjamin Garlike, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary, ad int.
July 17.
1813. Hon. sir Charles Stewart (afterwards lord
Stewart, and marquess of Londonderry),
envoy extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary. April 7.
— Robert Stewart, viscount Castlereagh (suc-
ceeded as marquess of Londonderry) ;
extraordinary mission. Dec. 27.
1815. George-Henry Rose (afterwards Rt. hon.
sir George), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 10.
1822. Arthur, duke of Wellington; extraordinary
mission to the congress at Verona.
Sept. li.
1823. Richard Meade, earl of Clanwilliam, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. Feb. 3.
1827. Sir Brook Taylor (afterwards Rt. hon.),
envoy extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary. Dec. 28.
1830. George-William Chad, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 20.
1832. Gilbert, earl of Minto, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Aug. 22.
— John-George, lord Durham (afterwards
earl of Durham); extraordinary mis-
sion to Austria, Prussia, and Russia,
Sept. 14.
1834. Sir George Shee,bart., envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 31.
1835. Rt. hon. sir Robert Adair ; special mission.
July 28.
— Lord George-William Russell, envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
1841. John, lord Burghersh (afterwards earl of
Westmorland), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 16.
1846. Henry-Francis Howard, cJiarg6 d'affaires
ad int. May 28.
[The earl of Westmorland is (as above) the
PKESEHT (1850) Minister to Prussia.]
To THE Emperoe of Russia.
Robert-Murray Keith (afterwards Rt. hon.
sir Robert), envoy extraordinary.
1792^ John; earl of Buckinghamshire, ambassa-
dor extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary. July 17.
1764. Sir George (afterwards lord, viscount, and
eai"l) Macartney, envoy extraordinary.
Aug. 31.
1766. Rt. hon. Hans Stanley, ambassador extra-
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Aug. 12.
1767. Sir George (afterwards lord, viscount, and
earl) Macartney, ambassador extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Oct. 14.
1768. Charles Shaw, lord Cathcart, ambassador
extraordinarv and minister plenipoten-
tiary. Feb. 23.
1771. Robert Gunning (aftenvards sir Robert,
bart. ), envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary. Dec. 13.
1776. Sir James Harris (afterwards lord, and earl
of Malmesbury), envoy- extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Nov.
30.
1783. Alleyne Fitzherbert (afterwards lord St.
Helens), envoy extraordinary and minis-
ter plenipotentiary. Aug. 19.
1788. Charies Whitworth (afterwards sir Charles,
and lord, viscount, and earl Whitworth),
envoy extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary. Oct. 13.
1790. William Fawkener, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary, ad int.
1801. Alleyne, lord St. Helens, ambassador to
the emperor Alexander on his accession.
April 24.
— Benjamin Garlike, minister plenipotentiary,
ad int. July 13.
1802. Sir John-Borlase Warren, hart., ambassa-
dor. Sept. 5.
1804. Lord Granville-Leveson Gower (afterwards
earl Granville), ambassador. Aug. 10.
1805. William Shaw, lord (afterwards viscount,
and earl) Cathcart, ambassador. Nov. 28.
— Dudley, lord (afterwards earl of) Harrow-
by; extraordinary mission (and to
Prussia). Nov. 28.
1806. Lord Granville-Leveson Gower (afterwards
earl Granville), again, ambassador.
May 17.
— Alexander Hamilton, marquess of Douglas
and Clydesdale (succeeded as duke of
Hamilton), ambassador. May 28.
1812. William Shaw, viscount (afterwards earl)
Cathcart, ambassador. July 25.
— Horatio, lord Walpole (succeeded as earl of
Orford), minister plenipotentiary, ad int.
Aug. 4.
1813. Robert, viscount Castlereagh (succeeded as
marquess of Londonderry) ; special mis-
sion. Dec. 27.
1817. Lewis Casamajor, minister plenipotentiary,
ad int. July 5.
1820. Rt. hon. sir Charles Bagot, ambassador.
May 23.
— Lt.-col. hon. Frederick Cathcart, minister
plenipotentiary, ad int.
1822. Arthur, duke of Wellington; extraordinary
mission to the congress of Verona.
Sept. 14.
1824. Edward-Michael Ward, minister plenipo-
tentiary, ad int. June 30.
— Rt. hon. Stratford Canning (afterwards sir
Stratford) ; special mission. Dec. 8.
1825. Edward - Cromwell Disbrowe (aftenvards
sir Edward), minister plenipotentiary,
ad int. Feb. 23.
82
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1825.
1826.
1828.
1832,
1761.
1768.
1779.
1783.
1789.
17C9.
1764.
1768.
1771.
1775.
1783.
1789.
1791.
1803.
1764.
1800.
1801.
1803.
1806.
Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford, am-
bassador. Oct. 10.
Ai-tliur, dulse of Wellington, again ; special
mission. Feb. 6.
William-Spencer Cavendish, duke of
Devonshire; special embassy; corona-
tion of the emperor Nicholas. May 5.
Edward-Cromwell Disbrowc (afterwards
sir Edward), minister plenipotentiary,
ad int. May 31.
Hon. William Temple, minister plenipo-
tentiary, ad int. Jan. 4.
William, lord Heyteshurj', ambassador.
June 7.
John-George, lord (afterwards earl of)
Durham ; extraordinary mission to
Austria, Eussia, and Prussia. July 3.
To THE King
Hon. James-Stuart Mackenzie, envoy ex-
traordinary.
George Pitt (afterwards lord Eivers), envoy
extraordinary.
Sir William Lynch, envoy extraordinary.
Oct. 1.
John, viscount Mountstuart, envoy extra-
ordinary and plenipotentiary. Aug. 16.
Hon. John Trevor, envoy extraordinary.
Peb. 22.
The same, as minister plenipotentiary.
June 16.
Thomas Jackson, minister plenipotentiary.
April 13.
1832. Hon. John-Duncan Bligh, minister pleni-
potentiary, ad int. Sept. 3.
1835. John-George, earl of Durham, ambassador
July 8.
1836. John-Ralph Milbanke, minister plenipo-
tentiary, ad int. Sept. 29.
1838. TJlick-John, marquess of Clanricarde, am-
bassador. Oct. 6.
1840. Hon. John-Arthur-Douglas Bloomfield,
(afterwards lord Bloomfield), minister
plenipotentiary, ad int. March 28.
1841. Charles, lord Stuart de Rothesay, ambas-
sador. Oct. 16.
1844. John -Arthur -Douglas, lord Bloomfield,
envoy extraordinary and minister ple-
nipotentiary. March 9. The pkesent
(1850) IMinister to Eussia.
OF Saedinia.
1807. Hon. William Hill, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 9.
1824. Eight hon. Augustus-John Foster (after-
wards sir Augustus), envoy extraordi-
nary and minister plenipotentiary.
Sept. 14.
1840. Hon. Ralph Abercromby, envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
May 30.
1847. Gilbert, earl of Minto ; extraordinary mis-
sion to Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, and
Switzerland. Sept. 14.
Hon. Ralph Abercromby (as above), the
PRESENT (1850) Minister to Sardinia.
To THE COUET OF SaXONY.
David Murray, viscount Stormont (after-
wards earl of Mansfield), envoy extra-
ordinary to the elector.
Philip Stanhope, envoy extraordinary.
April 3.
Robert-Murray Keith (afterwards right
hon. sir Robert) envov extraordinary.
Nov. 27.
John Osborne, envoy extraordinary. Feb.! 1.
Sir John Stepney, bart., envoy extraordi -
nary. Nov. 30.
Morton Eden (afterwards right hon. sir
Morton, and lord Henley), envoy ex-
traordinary.
Morton Eden, now minister plenipotentiary'.
Hugh Elliot, envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 13.
Henry-Watldn-Williams Wynn (after-
wards right hon. sir Henry), envoy
extraordinary. June 25.
To THE King of the (Two) Sicilies.
Sir James Gray, bart., envoy extraordinary.
William Hamilton (afterwards right hon.
sir William), envoy extraordinary.
Hon. sir Arthur Paget (afterwards right
hon.), envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary. Jan. 17.
Et. hon. William Drummond, envoy extra-
ordinary. Aug. 4.
Hugh Elliot, envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 9.
General Henry-Edward Fox, envoy extra-
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary
(military). May 29.
Rt. hon. William Drummond, again, en-
voy extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary. Oct. 3.
[Saxony was erected into a kingdom, con-
formably with the treaty of Posen (signed
Dec. 11. 1806) between France and Fre-
derick-Augustus, the then elector, after-
wards kingj
1816. John-Philip Morier, envoy extraordinary.
Jan. 5.
1824. George- William Chad, minister plenipo-
tentiary. Dec. 11.
1828. Edward-Michael Ward, minister plenipo-
tentiary. Feb. 18.
1832. Hon. Francis-Reginald Forbes, minister
plenipotentiary. Nov. 26.
1842. Thomas, earl of Wilton, envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary ;
special mission. Sept. 24.
— Hon. Francis-Reginald Forbes (as above),
the PRESENT (1850) Minister to Saxony.
See also Germany.
1809. William Pitt, lord (afterwards earl) Am-
herst, envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary. Feb. 1.
1811. Lord William-Cavendish Bentinck, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. June 4.
1812. Hon. Frederick-James Lamb (afterwards
sir Frederick, and lord Beauvale, and
succeeded as viscount Melbom-ne), mi-
nister plenipotentiary, ad int. May
18.
1814. William A'Court (aftenvards sir William,
and lord Heytesbury), envoy extraor-
dinaiy and minister plenipotentiary.
March 5.
1822. William-Richard Hamilton, envoy extra-
AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS, ETC.
83
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Feb. 12. ^
1824 Eight hon. William-Noel Hill, envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
1825. John, lord Burghersh (succeeded as earl
of Westmorland) ; special mission on
the accession of the king (Francis I.),
as king of the Two Sicilies. Feb.
23.
1830. John, lord Burghersh (afterwards earl of
Westmoreland), again; envoy extra-
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Nov. 16. Not sent.
1832. John, lord (afterwards viscount) Ponsonby,
envoy extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary. June 8.
— Hon. William Temple, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 27.
1847. Gilbert, earl of Minto ; extraordinary mis-
sion to Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, and
Switzerland. Dec. 17.
— Hon.WiUiam Temple (as above). The pre-
sent (1850) Minister to the Two Sicilies.
To Spain.
George-William Hervey, earl of Bristol,
ambassador.
1763. John Montagu, earl of Sandwich, ambas-
sador. Feb. 19.
— William-Henry Nassau, earl of Eochford,
ambassador. June 18.
1766. Sir James Gray, bart., ambassador. Nov. 25.
1770. George Pitt (afterwards lord Elvers), am-
bassador. Feb. 19.
1771. Thomas Eobinson, lord Grantham, ambas-
sador. Jan. 25.
— James Harris (afterwards sir James, and
lord and earl of Malmesbury), minister
plenipotentiary, ad int. Feb. 22.
1783. John, viscount Mountstuart, ambassador.
March 12.
— Philip Stanhope, earl of Chesterfield, am-
bassador. Dec. 31.
1784. Eobert Liston (afterwards right hon. sir
Eobert),minister plenipotentiarv, ad int.
1787. Et. hon. William Eden (afterwards lord
Auckland), ambassador. Aug. 18.
1789. Charles-Henry Fraser, minister plenipoten-
tiary, ad int. July 18.
1794. Sir Morton Eden (afterwards lord Henley),
ambassador. March 15.
1795. John, earl of Bute (late viscount Mount-
stuart, afterwards marquess of Bute),
agaiut ambassador. April 23.
1802. John-Hookham Frere (afterwards right
hon.), envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary. Sept. 20.
Eichard, marquess Wellesley, ambassador.
June 9.
Bartholomew Frere, minister plenipoten-
tiary, ad int. Sept. 17.
Eight hon. and hon. Henry Wellesley (af-
terwards sir Henry, and lord Cowley),
1809.
1810.
envoy extraordinary and minister ple-
nipotentiary. Jan. 3.
1811. The same; ambassador. Oct. 1.
1813. Charles-Eichard Vaughan (aftenvards Et.
hon. sir Charles), minister plenipoten-
tiary, ad int. July 16.
1820. Lionel Hervey, minister plenipotentiary,
ad int. Nov. 25.
1822. Sir William A'Court (afterwards lord
Heytesbury), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Aug. 8.
1825. Eight hon. and hon. Frederick-James
Lamb (afterwards sir Frederick, and
lord Beauvale; succeeded as viscount
Melbourne), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 18.
1829. Henry-Unwin Addington, envoy extraor.
dinary and minister plenipotentiary,
Dec. 7.
1832. Eight hon. sir Stratford Canning ; special
mission. Dec. 13.
1833. Hon. George- William-Frederick Villiers
(afterwards sir George ; succeeded as
earl of Clarendon), envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 5.
1835. Lord Elliot, military mission.
1839. Hon. George-Sulyarde Stafford Jeming-
ham, charge d'affaires. Oct. 18.
1840. Arthur Aston (afterwards sir Arthur), en-
voy extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary. Feb. 13.
1843. Henry-Lytton Bulwer (afterwards right
hon. sir Henry), envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary.^ Nov. 25.
1850. John Hobart, lord Howden, envoy extra-
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
May 9. The fkesent (1850) Minister
to Spain.
To THE King op
Sir John Goodricke, bart., envoy extraor-
dinary.
1773. Lewis De Visme, envoy extraordinary.
Nov. 29 : died in 1776.
1776. Horace St. Paul, envoy extraordinary.
Oct. 31.
1778. Thomas Wroughton (afterwards sir Tho-
mas), envoy extraordinary. June 10.
1787. The same; now minister plenipotentiary.
April 27 : died Sept. this year.
— Charles Keene, charge d'affaires. Sept. 22.
Sweden.
1788. Eobert Liston (afterwards Et. hon. sir
Eobert), minister plenipotentiary. Sept.
13.
1793. Lord Henry-John Spencer, envoy extra-
ordinary. July 13.
1795. Daniel Hailes, minister plenipotentiary.
July 11.
1802. Charles Arbuthnot (afterwards Et. hon.),
envoy extraordinary. Sept. 5.
1804. Hon. Henry-Manvers Pierrepont (after-
wards Et. hon.), envoy extraordinary
1 In May 1848, Mr. Bulwer was ordered by the Spanish government to quit Madrid within forty-eight hours,
on the alleged ground of his improper interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom. The minister of Spain,
in London (M. Isturiz) was, in consequence, informed by the British governmei't that he could not be allowed
to continue at the court of Great Britain as minister from the Queen of Spain, M. Isturiz took his departure,
therefore, from London on the 14th June following ; and diplomatic relations were not renewed between the two
countries until April 1850; when Lord Howden was appomted British minister to the court of Madrid, and
M. Isturiz returned to the court of London.
G 2
84
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
and minister plenipotentiary. April
20.
1807. Alexander Straton, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Jan. 19.
— Rt. hon. Henry- Manvers Pierrepont j spe-
cial mission. May.
— Edward Thornton (afterwards Et. hon. sir
Edward), envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary. Dec. 10.
1808. Anthony Merry, envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Nov. 1.
1811. Edward Thornton, again; special mission.
Oct.
1812. Edward Thornton, again, envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Aug. 5.
1817. Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. July 18.
1820. Et. hon. William-Fitzgerald- Vesey Fitz-
gerald (afterwards lord Fitzgerald and
Vesci), envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary. Aug. 7.
1823. Sir Benjamin Bloomfield (afterwards lord
Bloomfield), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. April 24.
1832. Charles- Augustus, lord Howard de Walden
(afterwards lord Howard de Walden .
and Seaford), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentia^. Sept. 21.
1833. Sir Edward Cromwell Disbrowe, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. Nov. 26.
1835. Hon. John Duncan Bligh, envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Nov. 3.
1838. Sir Thomas Cartwright, envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Oct. 6.
1850. George-John-Eobert Gordon, charge d'af-
faires, May 2, during the absence of
sir Thomas Cartwright.
1851. Sir Edmund Lyons, bart., envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary,
Jan. 27. The pkesent Minister to
Sweden.
To THE Swiss Cantons.
Arthur Villettes, minister.
1765. William Norton, minister. Jan. 1.
Colonel Braun, charge d'affaires.
1792. Lord Eobert-Stephen Fitzgerald, minister
plenipotentiary. May 12.
1795. William Wickham (afterwards Rt. hon.),
minister plenipotentiary. July 11.
1798. James Talbot, minister, ad int. Jan. 22.
1814. Stratford Canning (aftenvards Et. hon. sir
Stratford), envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary. June 28.
1820. Edward-Cromwell Disbrowe (afterwards
sir Edward), charg^ d'affaires, ad int.
June 12.
1822. Henry -Watkin -Williams Wynn (after-
wards Et. hon. sir Henry), envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Feb. 12.
1823. Charles-Eichard Vaughan (afterwards Et.
hon. sir Charles), minister plenipoten-
tiarj'. Feb. 28.
1825. Hon. Algernon Percy, minister plenipo-
tentiary. Oct. 10.
1832. David-Richard Morier, minister plenipo-
tentiary. June 21.
1847. Gilbert, earl of Miuto ; extraordinary mis-
sion to the Italian States, Sardinia, Si-
cily, and Switzerland. Sept. 14.
— Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning, again ; ex-
traordinary mission to Belgium, Ger-
many, Greece, and Switzerland. Nov. 26,
1848. Henry-Eichard-Charles, lord Cowley, mi-
nister plenipotentiar)^ Feb. 29.
1849. Sir Edmund Lyons, minister plenipoten-
tiary. Feb. 9.
1851. Arthur-Charles Magenis, minister plenipo-
tentiary, Jan. 27. The present Minis-
ter to S^vitzerland.
To TuKKET. — The Ottoman Poete.
James Porter (afterwards sir James), am-
bassador.
1761. Hon. Henry Grenville, ambassador.
1765. Robert Colebrooke, ambassador, July 31.
— John Murray, ambassadoi", Nov. 30 : died
at Venice, Aug. 9, 1775.
1775. SirRobertAinslie,kt., ambassador, Sept. 20.
1793. Robert Listen (afterwards Rt. hon. sir
Robert), ambassador, Oct. 1.
1796. Francis-James Jackson, ambassador, July
23.
— John-Spencer Smith, minister plenipo-
tentiary, ad int.
1799. Thomas, earl of Elgin, ambassador, April 13.
1803. Rt. hon. William Drummond, ambassador,
Feb. 9.
1804. Rt. hon. Charles Arbuthnot, ambassador,
June 5.
1807. Hon. sir Arthur Paget (afterwards Rt.
hon.), ambassador, May 15.
1808. Robert Adair (afterwards Et. hon. sir
Eobert) ; special mission, July 5.
1809. Eobert Adair (afterwards sir Robert), am-
bassador, April 14.
— Stratford Canning (afterwards Kt. hon. sir
Stratford), minister plenipotentiary,
1812. Robert Listen, again, ambassador, March
1820. Bartholomew Frere, minister plenipoten-
tiary, March 6.
1820. Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford, am-
bassador, Aug. 7.
1824. William Turner, minister plenipotentiary,
ad int.. May 18.
1825. Rt. hon. Stratford Canning, again, ambas-
sador, Oct. 10.
1827. Col. the hon. John Hobart Caradoc (after-
wards lord Howden) ; special mission to
Egypt and Greece, July 4.
1829. Rt. hon. Robert Gordon (afterwards sir
Robert), ambassador, April 8.
1831. Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning, again,
ambassador, Oct. 31.
— John-Henry Mandeville, minister pleni-
potentiary, ad int., Nov. 7.
1832. John, lord (afterwards viscount) Ponsonby,
ambassador, Nov. 27.
1837. Sir Charles-Richard Vaughan, ambassador,
March 1.
AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS, ETC.
85
1841. Charles Bankhead, minister plenipoten-
tiary, ad int., March 30.
— Et. lion, sir Stratford Canning, again, am-
bassador, Oct. 16.
1845. Hon. Henry-Eichard-Charles Wellesley
(afterwards lord CoTvley), minister ple-
nipotentiary, ad int., June 14.
1845. Sir Stratford Canning (as above). The
PKESENT (1850) Ambassador to
Turkey.
To THE (jrEAND DuKE OF TuSCANT, &C.
Sir Horace Mann, bart., envoy extraordi-
nary : died Nov. 1786, ha\'ing been forty-
six years minister at this court.
1787. William Fawkener, envoy extraordinary,
pro tern. April 27.
1787. John-Augustus, lord Hervey, envoy ex-
traordinary. Aug. 4.
1791. The same, minister plenipotentiary. July 22.
1794. Hon. William- Frederick Wyndham, envoy
extraordinary. Jan. 25.
1800. Hon. William-Frederick-Wyndham, in
the additional character of minister
plenipotentiary. Feb. 8.
1814. John, lord Burghersh (afterwards earl of
Westmorland), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Aug 14.
1818. The same, in the same character, to Parma,
and to Modena. Feb. 14.
— The same, in the same character, to Lucca,
March 5.
1830. George-HamUton Seymour (afterwards sir
George), minister resident, Nov. 16.
— John, lord Burghersh, minister plenipo-
tentiary to Parma, &c. Nov. 16. Not sent.
1831. Sir George-Hamilton Seymour, minister
resident to Parma, to Lucca, and to
Modena. June 13.
1835. Hon. Ralph Abercromby, minister resident
to Tuscany, to Parma, and to Lucca.
Dec. 26.
1839. Hon. Henr}'-Edward Fox (afterwards
lord Holland), minister plenipotentiary
to Tuscany, to Parma, and to Lucca.
Jan. 2.
1841. Henry-Edward, lord Holland, minister
plenipotentiary to Modena. May 14.
1846. Sir George-Baillie Hamilton, minister ple-
nipotentiary to Tuscany, to Parma, to
Modena, and to Lucca. May 23.
1847. Gilbert, earl of Minto ; extraordinary mis-
sion to the Italian States, Sardinia, Si-
cily, and Switzerland. Sept. 14.
— Sir George-Baillie Hamilton ; died at
Florence while minister plenipotentiary,
in Sept. 1850.
1850. Hon. Peter Campbell Scarlett, charge d'af-
faires.
— Kt. hon. Eichard Lalor Sheil, minister
plenipotentiary. Oct. 24. The present
(1850) Charge d' Affaires.
To THE Repdblic of Venice.
John Murray, resident.
1761. Charles Compton, earl of Northampton,
ambassador extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary.
1762. John Murray, resident.
1765. James Wright (afterwards sir James,
bart.), resident.
1773. John Strange, resident. Oct. 19.
1788. Robert Eitchie, charg6 d'affaires.
1789. Sir Francis Vincent, bart, resident. Sept.
26 : died Aug. 1791.
1791. William Lindsay, resident. Nov. 3.
1793. Francis Drake, resident. Jan. 19.
— Sir Eichard Worsley, bart., resident. July
27.
[The republic of the Venetian States was
wholly overthrown in 1797. The em-
peror took possession of these dominions
in that year ; it being settled by a pri-
vate article in the treaty of Campo For-
mic, that he accepted them in compen-
sation for the Netherlands.]
To THE Kma of Wuetemberg, etc.
1803. John-Spencer Smith, envoy extraordinary
to the elector of Wurtemberg. Oct. 5.
[The electorate of Wurtemberg was, by
the provisions of the treaty of Pres-
burg, erected into a kingdom, and the
elector, Frederick II., was proclaimed
king, Jan. 1, 1806.]
1814. Brook Taylor (afterwards Et. hon. sir
Brook), envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiaiy to Wurtemberg.
July 11.
1820. Alexander Cockbum, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary to Wur-
temberg. March 6.
1823. Henry- Watkin -Williams Wynn (after-
wards Et. hon. sir Henry), envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiaiy to Wurtemberg. March 7.
1824. David Montagu, lord Erskine, envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipotentiary
to Wurtemberg. Sept. 14.
1828. Edward-Cromwell Disbrowe (afterwards
sir Edward), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary to the same.
Jan. 4.
1833. Lord William Eussell, minister plenipo-
tentiary to the same. Nov. 26.
1835. Sir George Shee, bart., envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary to
the same. Nov. 24.
1841. Sir George Shee, bart. ; also minister pleni-
potentiary to Baden. June 29.
1844. Sir Alexander Malet, bart., envoy extra-
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary
to Wurtemberg and to Baden. Sept. 17.
The PRESENT (1850) Minister.
86
STATESMEN AND STATE OFITICERS.
ASIA.
To THE Chinese Empxre.
1792. George, lord (afterwards viscount and earl)
Macartney, ambassador extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary ; special
mission to the emperor. May 22.
Commissioners to the embassy, Henry
Browne, Eyles Irwin, and William Jack-
son.
Secretary of legation, sir George L. Staun-
ton.
1816. William Pitt, lord Amherst, ambassador;
special mission. Jan. 20.
— Henry Ellis (afterwards Rt. hon. sir
Henry), minister plenipotentiary, ad
int. Jan. 24.
To Persia.
18U7. Sir Harford Jones (afterwards sir Harford
Jones Brydges), envoy extraordinary.
June 5.
1810. Sir Gore Ouseley, bart. (afterwards Et.
hon.), ambassador. March 6.
1814. James Morier, minister plenipotentiary, a^f
int. April 18.
— Henry Ellis (afterwards Rt. hon.), minister
Slenipotentiary, ad int., in the event of
Ir. Morier's absence. April 18.
1826.
1835.
1836.
1844.
Col. Macdonald, envoy extraordinary from
the supreme government of India. July
29.
Rt. hon. Henry Ellis, ambassador. July 8.
John M'Neill, envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. May 25.
Lt. col. Justin Shell, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Sept. 17.
The PRESENT (1850) Minister to Persia.
APEICA.
To THE Barbaet States.
1813. William A'Court (afterwards sir William,
and lord Heytesbury), envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary to
the Barbary States. Jan. 6.
1821. Sir Thomas Eeade, agent, to Tmiis.
1829. Edward-William-Anriol-Drummond Hay,
agent, to Morocco. May 11.
1845. John-Hay-Drummond Hay, agent, to Mo-
rocco. Aug. 9.
1849. Sir Edward Stuart Baynes, agent, to Timia.
Oct. 25.
NORTH AMERICA.
To THE New States in North America.
1835. Richard Pakenham (afterwards Kt. hon.
sir Richard), minister plenipotentiary,
to Mexico. March 12.
1842. Captain Charles Elliot, chargi d'affaires,
to Texas. June 28.
1843. Percy-William Doyle, charge d'affaires,
to Mexico. Jan. 4.
— Charles Bankhead, minister plenipoten-
tiary, to Mexico. Dec. 14.
1847. Percy- William Doyle, again, chargi d'af-
faires, to Mexico.
1849. Frederick Chatfield, charge d'affaires, to
Guatimala. June 16.
1850. The same, charge d'affaires (in addition to
his previous appointment), to Costa Rica.
Feb. 20. The present charge des affaires.
— Charles Bankhead. The present (1850)
ChargS des Affaires to Mexico.
To THE United States of North America.
1791. George Hammond, minister plenipoten-
tiary. July 5.
[Mr. Hammond was the first minister sent
from Great Britain to America.]
1796. Robert Listen (afterwards Et. hon. sir
Robert), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. March 10.
1803.
1806.
Anthony Merry, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. Sept.
Hon. David-Montagu Erskine (afterwards
succeeded as lord Erskine), envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. July 22.
AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS, ETC.
87
1807. George-Henry Rose (afterwards Et. hon.) ;
special mission. Oct 23.
1809. Francis-James Jackson, envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
July 6.
1811. Augustus-John Foster (afterwards Et.
hon. sir Augustus), envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
February.
1815. Hon. Charles Bagot (afterwards Rt. hon.
sir Charles), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. July 31.
1820. Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning, envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. July 18.
1825. Et. hon, Charles-Richard Vaughan (after-
wards sir Charles), envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. May 21.
1835. Henry-Stephen Fox, envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Oct. 2.
1842. Alexander Baring, lord Ashbujton; ex-
traordinaiy and special mission. Jan. 18.
1843. Et. hon. Richard Pakenham (afterwards
sir Richard), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 14.
1849. Rt. hon. sir Henrj'-Lytton Bulwer, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. Apra 27. The present (1850)
Minister to the United States of North
America.
SOUTH AMEKICA.
To THE Empeeoe of Brazil.
[Since the separation of Brazil from Portugal,
and its erection into an empire in November,
1826.]
1826. Hon. Robert Gordon (afterwards Et. hon.
sir Eobert), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. July 31.
1828. John, lord (afterwards viscount) Pon-
sonby, envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary. Feb. 12.
— Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford ; special
mission. Aug. 19.
1832. Henry-Stephen Fox, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. June 1.
1835. Hamilton-Charles-James Hamilton, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. Oct. 2.
1838. William -Gore Ouseley, chargi d'affaires,
April 20.
1842. Et. hon. Henry Ellis; extraordinary and
special mission. Aug. 27.
1847. John Hobart, lord Howden, envoy extra-
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Jan. 25.
1850. James Hudson, envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. May 13. The
PEESENT (1850) Minister to Brazil.
To Buenos Atres.
1826. John, lord (afterwards viscount) Pon-
sonby, envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary. (Rio de la
Plata). Feb. 28.
1830. Heniy- Stephen Fox, minister plenipo-
tentiary. July 9.
1834. Hamilton-Charles-James Hamilton, mi-
nister plenipotentiary. July 5.
1835. John-Henry Mandeville, minister pleni-
potentiary. Oct. 2.
1844. William-Gore Ouseley, minister plenipo-
tentiary. Dec. 13.
1848. Henry Southern, minister plenipotentiary.
May 31. The present (1860) Minister.
To THE OTHEK NeW StATES OF SOUTH AmEEICA.
1826. Alexander Cockbum, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary, to Colom-
bia. Feb. 28.
1829. William Turner, envoy extraordinary, to
the same. Sept. 21.
1835. Sir Eobert-Ker Porter, charge d'affaires,
to Venezuela. July 2.
1837. William Turner, envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary, to New Gre-
nada. June 27.
— Belford-Hinton Wilson, chargl d'affaires,
to Bolivia. Nov. 18.
1841. Col. the hon. John Walpole, chargi d'af-
faires, to Chili. May 24.
— Eobert Stewart, charge d'affaires, to New
Grenada. Aug. 4.
1842. WilUam-Pitt Adams, charg( d'affaires,
to Bolivia. Nov. 30.
1843. Adolphus Turner, charge d'affaires to
Uraguay. April 11.
— Daniel-Florence O'LeaiT, charge d'affaires,
to New Grenada. Nov. 28. The pre-
sent (1850) Chargi d'affaires, to New
Grenada.
1847. William-Gore Ouseley, minister plenipo-
tentiary; special mission to Uraguay.
Jan. 2.
— Capt. hon. Eobert Gore, E. N., charge
d'affaires, to Uraguay. Oct. 3.
1848. Hon. Frederick Bruce, charge d'affaires,
to Bolivia. April 14.
1849. Stephen-Henry Sullivan, c]iarg4 d'affaires,
to Chili. May 30. The pkeseht
(1860) Chargi d' Affaires to Chili.
G 4
THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND.
The higher Officers of the Government, holding their offices at pleasure, and removable
on political change, are collectively called " the Administration," and are almost in-
variably members of one or other house of parliament. A select number of these,
filling the most important offices, who assemble to concert on, and conduct the mea-
sures of the Administration, are called the Cabinet, a name not known to the Consti-
tution', but which is, in fact, a Committee of the Privy Council — constituting the
responsible advisers of the Crown.
In old times the chief minister was the Chancellor, whose office originally included,
besides its legal functions, the duties subsequently performed by Secretaries of State.
In modern times, the extension and importance of the financial department, and, above
all, the influence created by financial and fiscal patronage, have generally induced
the chief minister to talce the Treasury department, either as Lord High Treasurer or
as First Lord Commissioner of the Board of Treasury. In the latter case, when he is a
member of the house of commons, he has generally also been Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer. We believe the only exceptions to this practice have been in the recent
cases of Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Eussell. Nor is it of necessity that the First
Minister should be First Lord of the Treasury. Lord Chatham, in his first ministry
(1756), chose rather to be Secretary of State, and in that of 1766, Privy Seal.
The Cabinet Ministers usually are, the First Lord of the Treasury, the Lord High
Cliancellor, the Lord President of the Council, the Lord Privy Seal, the First Lord of
the Admiralty, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the three Principal Secretaries of
State, and, latterly, the President of the Board of Controul, and President of the
Board of Trade. To these are occasionally added one or more of the following, viz. :
the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, the Chief Commissioner of Woods and
Forests, the Secretary-at-War, the Master-General of the Ordnance, the Postmaster-
General, the Master of the Mint, and, recently, the Chief Secretary for Ireland.
Sometimes, personages of distinguished rank and political weight are invited to a
seat in the Cabinet, without office, as instanced in the late appointment of the Duke of
Wellington; his grace was, however, at the time, Commander-in-Chief. Lords Sid-
mouth and Harrowby remained in the Cabinet for a short time after their resignation
of office; and Lord Mulgrave continued a cabinet minister without office in 1820.
Lord EUenborough, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, had a seat in the Cabinet
in the Administration known by the derisive appellation of "All the Talents." This
last appointment was generally condemned as unconstitutional, but it was sanctioned
by a majority in parliament. Lord EUenborough, however, afterwards declared him-
self opposed to such appointments.
AmnNisTKATioNS of England.
{From the Accession of King Henry VIII.')
(former secretar)rto Henry VII.), privy
seal i George, earl of Shrewsbury, lord
steward ; Charles, lord Herbert, lord
chamberlain ; Dr. John Fisher, bishop
of Rochester and cardinal, &c.
1514. Thomas Wolsey, archbishop of York and
KisG Henkt VIII.
1509. William "Warham, archbishop of Canter-
bury, lord chancellor ; Dr. Thomas
Howard, earl of Sun-ey (afterwards
duke of Norfolk), lord treasurer ; Dr.
Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester
■ The term caSmrt council is of compar,itively modern date, and originated thus: The affairs of state in the
reign of Charles 1. were principally managed by the archbishop of Canterbury, the earl of Strafford, and the lord
Cottmgton ; to these were added the earl of Northumberland, for ornament ; the bishop of London for his place,
being lord treasurer ; the two secretaries. Vane and Windebank, for service and intelligence ; only the marquess of
Hamilton by his skill and interest, meddled just so far, and no further, than he had a mind. These persons
made up the committee of state, reproachfully called the junto, and afterwards, enviousiy, the cabinet council
Lord Clarendon. '
There is no list of the cabinet: they are necessarily privy councillors, and have an extra official summons or
notice to attend ; and each member holds a master-key of the despatch boxes of all the various departments, bv
Srre inf':;™ti?n andtd^t™ f hL'Voll^^ue^ " " " '^'^''' '""^'"S™" ''''"''• °' ""P"""- P'"?"-^' &-'•
ADMINISTRATIONS OP ENGLAND,
89
cardinal, lord chancellor ; Thomas, duke
of Norfolk, lord treasurer ; Charles, earl
of Worcester, lord chamberlain ; Thomas
Eouthal, bishop of Durham, secretary
of state (made privy seal), &c. The
duke of Norfolk afterwards resigned in
favour of his son.
1523. Thomas, earl of Surrey, lord high trea-
surer ; Cuthbert TunstaU, bishop of
London, privy seal ; Dr. Richard Pace
(succeeded by Dr. Knight), secretary
of state.
1529. Sir Thomas More, lord chancellor; Thomas
Howard, duke of Norfolk, lord high
treasurer; Cuthbert TunstaU, bishop of
London, privy seal ; Dr. Stephen Gar-
diner, ajfterwards bishop of Winchester,
secretary of state ; Dr. Thomas Cran-
mer, afterwards archbishop of Canter-
bury, &c.
1532. Sir Thomas Audley (afterwards lord Aud-
ley), lord keeper ; Thomas Boleyn, earl
of Wiltshire, privy seal ; Thomas Crom-
well, afterwards earl of Essex ; Thomas
Cranmer, afterwards archbishop of
Canterbury, &c.
1540. Thomas, lord Audley, lord chancellor ;
Thomas, duke of Norfolk, lord high
treasurer ; Charles, duke of Suffolk, lord
president ; Henry, earl of Surrey, bishop
Gardiner, lord EusscU, &c. Sir Thomas
(afterwards lord) Wriothesley and sir
Ral|^ Sadler, secretaries of state.
1544. Thomas, lord Wriothesley, lord chancellor ;
Thomas, duke of Norfolk >, lord trea-
surer; Charles, duke of Suffolk, lord
president ; John, lord Eussell, privy
seal ; William, lord St. John, John, lord
Lisle, sir Anthony Brown, &c. Sir
William Petre and sir WiUiam Paget,
secretaries of state.
King Edwakd VI.
1547. William, lord St. John, lord keeper and
lord president (succeeded by Richard,
lord Rich, as lord chancellor) ; Edward,
earl of Hertford, lord protector, created
duke of Somerset, and made lord trea-
surer ; John, lord Russell, privy seal ;
Henry, earl of Arundel, lord chamber-
lain; Thomas, lord Seymour, sir An-
thony Brown, &c. Sir William Paget
and sir William Petre, secretaries of
state.
1551. Thomas Goodrich, bishop of Ely, lord
keeper, afterwards lord chancellor ; John
Dudley (late lord Lisle) earl of Warwick,
created duke' of Northumberland, lord
high admiral; William, late lord St.
John, now earl of Wiltshire (lord trea-
surer in 1550), president of the council ;
John, earl of Bedford, privy seal ; Tho-
mas, lord Wentworth, lord chamberlain.
&c. Sir William Petre and sir William
Cecil, secretaries of state.
Queen Mary.
1554. Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester,
lord chancellor; William, marquess of
Winchester (late lord Wiltshire), lord
treasurer ; earl of Arundel, lord presi-
dent ; John, earl of Bedford (succeeded
by Edward, earl of Derby), privy seal ;
Wilham, lord Howard, lord high ad-
miral; sir Edward Hastings, sir John
Baker, Edmund Bonner, bishop of Lon-
don, &c. Sir William Petre, sir John
Cheke, and sir John Bourne, (three)
secretaries of state.
*„• It appears by the Council Register, folio 725, that
three secretaries of state were appointed 7 Ed-
ward VI. June 2, 1553.
Queen Elizabeth.
1558. Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper and privy
seal ; William, marquess of Winchester,
lord treasurer; Edward, lord Clinton,
lord admiral ; sir Robert Dudley, after-
wards earl of Leicester (a favourite),
lord Howard of Effingham, lord Arun-
del, sir Francis Knollys, &c. Sir Wil-
liam Cecil, secretary of state. [This
last illustrious statesman (afterwards
lord Burleigh) continued secretary or
chief minister during almost the whole
of this long reign.]
1572. Sir William Cecil, now lord Burleigh, lord
high treasurer; sir Nicholas Bacon,
lord chancellor; lord Howard of Ef-
fingham, privy seal; Robert Dudley,
earl of Leicester, master of the hors'e,
sir Henry Cocks, the earl of Sussex,
&c. Sir Francis Walsingham, secre-
tary of state.
1579. Sir Thomas Bromley, lord chancellor;
William, lord Burleigh, lord treasurer ;
Edward, earl of Lincoln, lord high ad-
miral ; Ambrose, earl of Warwick, ord-
nance ; Thomas, earl of Sussex, Robert,
earl of Leicester, sir Walter Mild may,
James Windebank, &c. Sir Francis
Walsingham and sir Thomas Wilson,
secretaries of state.
1587. Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor;
William, lord Burleigh, lord treasurer ;
Robert Devereux, earl of Essex (a fa-
vourite), &c.
1599. Thomas Sackville, lord Buckhurst, after-
wards earl of Dorset, lord high trea-
Riu-er ; sir Thomas Egerton (afterwards
lord EUesmere, and subsequently vis-
count Brackley) lord keeper ; Charles,
lord Howard of Effingham, &c. Sir
Robert Cecil (son of lord Burleigh),
secretary of state.
1 This nobleman was marked by Henry for death, and hU escape from it was signally providential. Upon the
most frivolous charges, he had been condemned, witliout trial or evidence, by the obsequious peers, and a bili of
attainder had passed their house against him. Norfolk wrote a pathetic letter to the king, protesting his entire
innocence and pleading his past services ; his son had already suffered on the scaffold. But the vengeance of
Henry, though his own end was -fast approaching, was not to be appeased. Fearing his victim might escape
him, he sent a message to the commons to hasten the bill, to which he affixed the royal assent by commission,
and issued orders for Norfolk's execution on the morning of the 29th of January. News, however, having
reached the Tower that the king himself had expired that night, the lieutenant deferred obeying the warrant, and
it was not thought advisable by the council to begin a new reign by the unmerited death of the greatest nobleman
in the kingdom. — Hume,
90
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
King James I.
1603. Thomas, earl of Dorset, lord treasurer;
Thomas, lord EUesmere, lord chancellor ;
Charles, earl of Nottingham, lord ad-
miral; Thomas, earl of Suffolk, Ed-
ward, earl of Worcester, sir Eichard
Vernon, George, lord Hume of Benrick,
James Hay, lord Hay, &c. Robert
Cecil, aftei-wards earl of Salisbury, se-
cretary of state.
1609. Eobert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, lord high
treasurer ; Thomas, lord EUesmere, lord
chancellor ; Hemy, earl of Northamp-
ton, privy seal ; Charles, earl of Not-
tingham, Thomas, earl of Suffolk, &c.
1612. Henry, earl of Northampton, first com-
missioner of the treasury; Thomas,
lord EUesmere, lord chancellor ; Edward,
earl of Worcester, sir Ralph Winwood,
Charles, earl of Nottingham, &c. Robert
Carr ' (a favourite), viscount Rochester,
afterwards earl of Somerset, lord cham-
berlain.
1615. Thomas, earl of Suffolk, lord treasurer;
Thomas, lord EUesmere, lord chancellor ;
Edward, earl of Worcester, privy seal ;
Charles, earl of Nottingham, sir George
Villiers^ (a favourite), afterwards vis-
count Villiers, and successively earl,
marquess and duke of Buckingham
(lord high admiral in 1619), sir Ralph
Winwood, sir Thomas Lake, &c.
1620. Sir Henry Montagu, afterwards viscount
Mandeville and earl of Manchester, lord
treasurer.
1621. Lionel, lord Cranfield, afterwards earl of
Middlesex, Edward, earl of Worcester,
John, earl of Bristol, John Williams,
dean of Westminster, George Villiers,
now marquess of Buckingham, sir
Edward Conway, afterwards lord Con-
way, &c.
King Charles I.
1628. Eichard, lord Weston, afterwards earl of
Portland, lord treasm'er ; sir Thomas
Coventry, afterwards lord Coventry,
lord keeper ; Henry, earl of Manchester
(succeeded by James, earl of Marlbo-
rough, who, in turn, gave place to Ed-
ward, lord, afterwards viscount, Cim-
way), privy seal ; William Laud, bishop
of London, sir Albertus Morton, &c.
1635. William Laud, now archbishop of Canter-
bury, first commissioner of the treasury ;
Francis, lord Cottington, James, mar-
quess of Hamilton, Edward, earl of
Dorset, su- John Coke, sir Francis
Windebank, &c. The great seal in
commission.
1640. William Juxon, bishop of Londoo, lord
treasurer ; sir John Finch, afterwards
lord Finch, lord keeper; Francis, lord
Cottington, Wentworth, earl of Straf-
ford, Algernon, earl of Northumber-
land, James, marquess of Hamilton,
Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, and
sir Francis Windebank and sir Henry
Vane, secretaries of state.
[When the civil war commenced all went
into confusion. The unfortunate king
was beheaded, Jan. 30, 1649.
Commonwealth.
1653. Oliver Cromwell, made protector. He
named a council whose number at no
time was to exceed twenty-one mem-
bers, nor be less than thirteen.
1658. Eichard Cromwell, son of Oliver, succeeded
on the death of the latter. A council of
officers ruled at Wallingford House.
King Charles IL
(^From the Restoration of the King.)
[Until this time there was not, in point of
fact, anything that could be exclusively
called a cabinet. The sovereign had
latterly governed by a collection of
privy councillors, sometimes of larger,
sometimes of smaller number, and not
always holding the same offices, and
still less the same men.]
1660. Sir- Edward Hyde, afterwards earl of Cla-
rendon, lord chancellor ; George Monk,
general of the king's forces in the three
kingdoms, and master of the horse,
created duke of Albemarle ; Thomas,
earl of Southampton, soon made lord
treasurer ; Edward Montagu, created
earl of Sandwich, general and admiral ;
James, duke of York, brother to the
king, lord high admiral ; lord Sey and
Sele, privy se5 ; sir Eobert Long, chan-
cellor of the exchequer ; earl of Man-
chester, lord Seymour, &c. Sir Edward
Nicholas and sir William Morrice, se-
cretaries of state.
1667. George Monk, duke of Albemarle, made
first commissioner of the treasury, &c.
1670. "The Cabal" Ministry. Sir Thomas
Clifford, afterwards lord Clifford (C);
Anthony Ashley, afterwards earl of
Shaftesbury (A) ; George Villiers,
duke of Buckingham (B) ; Henry, lord
1 Kobert Carr, a young Scotchman, became a great favourite with the king. His majesty created him viscount
Rochester, and as long as he followed the advice of Sir Thomas Overbury, his favouritism was not very dis-
pleasing to the English. But young Carr. falling in love with the too celebrated Frances Howard, lady Lssex,
and she with him, it was contrived to divorce her from her husband ; they were married, and he was promoted
to the earldom of Somerset. Overbury disapproving of the whole affair, Somerset, upon some other pretence,
got him imprisoned in the Tower, where, in a short time after, he was poisoned with an envenomed clyster.
The perpetrators were executed, all but Somerset and his countess, who, though condemned, were pardoned by
the king. He afterwards gave them a small pension upon which they retired, and languished out old age in
infamy and obscurity. — Charles Home's England.
2 The king, on a visit to Cambridge, saw a young m..in of good family, George Villiers, who had, in fact, thrown
himself in the king's way by appearing in a play acted before his majesty by the Cambridge scholars. In a very
short time Villiers disputed James's favour with Somerset, upon whose fall he at once rose to the height of
power, riches, and honours. " Of all wise men living, James was most delighted with handsome persons, and
villiers was of fine person and exceedingly handsome. — Lord Ctarendtm. " Villiers became duke of Bucking-
ham, lord high admiral of England, warden of the Cinque Ports, and master of the horse ; and disposed of all the
offices and all the honours in the three kingdoms. The votes and remonstrances that were passed against him
by the parliament as an enemy of the people were all in vain. This favourite was, however, afterwards asbas-
Binated. — Charles Home. Lord Clarendon.
ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND.
81
Arlington, afterwards earl of Arling-
ton (A); and John, duke of Lauder-
dale (L). This private council obtained
the name of Cabal from the initial let-
ters of their five names, which composed
the word.i — Charles Home's England.
1672. Thomas, lord Chfford, Anthony, earl of
Shaftesbury, late lord Ashley, Henry,
earl of Arlington, Arthur, earl of An-
glesey, Sir Thomas Osborne, created
viscount Latimer, Rt. hon. Henry Co-
ventry, sir John Buncombe, sir George
Carteret, Edward Seymour, &c.
1G73. Thomas, viscount Latimer, afterwards cre-
ated earl of Danby, made lord high
treasurer. Jime 26.
1679. Arthur, earl of Essex, made first com-
missioner of the treasury, March 26 ;
succeeded by Laurence Hyde, after-
wards earl of Eochester, Nov. 21, both
in this year. Robert, earl of Sunder-
land, secretaiy of state, vice sir Joseph
WUliamson, &c.
[The king nominated a new council this
year (on April 21), consisting of thirty
members only, of whom the principal
were the great officers of state and great
officers of the household.]
1684. Sidney, lord Godolphin, Lawrence, earl of
Rochester, Daniel, earl of Nottingham,
Robert, earl of Sunderland, sir Thomas
Chicheley, George, lord Dartmouth,
Henry, earl of Clarendon, earls of Bath
and Radnor, &c.
James IL
1685. Lawrence, earl of Rochester, George, mar-
quess of Halifax, sir George Jeffireys,
afterwards lord Jeffreys and lord chan-
cellor, Henry, earl of Clarendon, sir
John Emley, knt., duke of Queensberry,
viscount Preston, &c.
1687. The earl of Rochester was displaced, and
John, lord Belasyse, made iirst com-
missioner of the treasury in his room,
Jan. 4 ; the earl of Sunderland made
president of the council ; viscount Pres-
ton, secretary of state ; and various
other changes took place in this and
the following year.
1688. [At the close of this reign, the advisers of
the Mng were chosen as creatures of
his narrow and desperate policy. Several
Roman Catholics had been admitted of
the council ; Protestants had been super-
seded in the army; judges removed,
and prelates imprisoned ; and no man's
liberty or life was safe in England;
while in Ireland the earl of Tyrconnel
ruled despotically.
In the end, the king left Whitehall in
the night of Dec. 17, and, quitting the
kingdom, landed at Ambleteuse, in
France, Dec. 23, 1688.»]
King William III.
1689. Charles, viscount Mordaunt, first com-
missioner of the treasury ; Thomas Os-
borne, earl of Danby, created marquess
of Carmarthen, afterwards duke of
Leeds, lord president ; George, marquess
of Halifax, privy seal ; Arthur Herbert,
afterwards lord Ton-ington, first com-
missioner of the admiralty; earls of
Shrewsbuiy, Nottingham, and Sunder-
land, earl of Dorset and Middlesex,
William, earl (afterwards duke) of De-
vonshire, lord Godolphin, lord Montagu,
lord De la Mere, &c. The great seal in
commission.
1690. Sidney, lord Godolphin, first commissioner
of the treasury ; Thomas, earl of Danby,
lord president ; Rt. hon. Richard Hamp-
den, chancellor of the exchequer ; Tho-
mas, earl of Pembroke, admiralty;
Henry, viscount Sydney and Daniel,
earl of Nottingham, secretaries of state,
&c. The great seal and privy seal in
commission.
1698. Charles Montagu, afterwards lord Halifax,
first commissioner of the treasury ; May
1 ; succeeded by Ford, earl of Tanker-
viUe, Nov. 15, 1699.
Queen Anne.
1702. Sidney, lord (afterwards earl) Godol-
phin, treasury ;Thomas,earl of Pembroke
and Montgomery, lord president ; John
Sheffield, marquess of Normanby, after-
wards duke of Normanby and Bucking-
ham, privy seal ; hon. Henry Boyle,
chancellor of the exchequer ; sir Charles
Hedges and the earl of Nottingham
(the latter succeeded by the Rt. hon.
Robert Harley, created earl of Oxford,
in 1704), secretaries of state, &c.
1711. RoBEKT, EARL OF OxFOED, treasury ; sir
Simon (afterwards lord) Harcourt, lord
keeper; John, duke of Normanby and
Buckingham, lord president ; John,
bishop of Bristol (afterwards of London),
privy seal ; Henry St. John, afterwards
viscount Bolingbroke, and William, lord
Dartmouth, secretaries of state; Rt.
hon. Robert Benson, afterwards lord
Bingley, chancellor of the exchequer, &c.
1714. Charles, duke of Shrewsbury, treasury.
July 30 (two days before the queen's
demise). Patent revoked Oct. 13, fol-
lowing.
> At the time that this appellation had generally obtained, about 1672, lord Clifford held the office of lord trea^
surer; lord Ashley had become lord chancellor; the duke of Buckingham was lord president ; lord Arlington,
secretary of state : and the duke of Lauderdale lord president of Scotland.
2 William, prince of Orange, had published (Oct. I, 1688) a declaration of his reasons for his expedition to
England: the principal were, *' to facilitate the calling of a free parliament, to inquire into the birth of the prince
of Wales, and to secure the Protestant religion, which was in great danger." On Oct. 16, he formally took leave
of the States General, and on the 19th set sail from Holland ; but, having been driven back by a storm, he did
not finally set sail until Nov. I. His forces consisted of nearly 50 ships of war and 300 transports, having on
board 14,322 men. The prince was in the centre of the fleet, accompanied by the earls of Shrewsbury and
Macclesfield, and other nobles : his ship bore at the main mast-head the British flag and their Mightinesses' arms,
with the words " The Protestant Religion and the Liberties of England," surrounding both ; while another flag
floated at the mizen with the motto of the house of Nassau " Je mniiUiendrai" The armament, entering the
channel, passed the Gunfleet on Nov. 3 ; and, on the 6th (according to Dr., afterwards bishop Burnet, who was
with the prince ; not the 4th, as some historians have it) William landed at Torbay.
92
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEUS.
King Geoege I.
1714. Charles, earl of Halifax, first lord
of the treasury (succeeded on his death
by the earl of Carlisle) ; William, lord
Cowper, afterwards earl Cowper, lord
chancellor ; Daniel, earl of Nottingham,
lord president ; Thomas, marquess of
Wharton, privy seal; Edward, earl of
Oxford, admiralty ; James Stanhope,
afterwards earl Stanhope, and Charles,
viscount Townshend, secretaries of state ;
sir Richard Onslow, chancellor of the
exchequer ; dukes of Montrose and
Marlborough, lord Berkeley, Rt. hon.
Robert Walpole, Mr. Pulteney, &c,
1715. Rt. HON. Robert Walpole, first lord of the
treasury and chancellor of the exche-
quer, &c,
1717. Rt. HON. James Stanhope, afterwards
earl Stanhope, treasurer and chancellor
of the exchequer; William, lord Cowper,
Charles, earl of Sunderland, the duke
of Kingston, lord Berkeley, Rt, hon.
Joseph Addison, &c.
1718. Charles, earl OF Sunderland, first lord
of the treasury ; Thomas, lord Parker,
afterwards earl of Macclesfield, lord
chancellor ; the earl Stanhope, the duke
of Kent, lord Berkeley, Mr. Craggs,
Mr. Aislabie, &:c.
1721. Rt. HON. Robert Walpole, afterwards sir
Robert, first lord of the treasury and
chancellor of the exchequer ; Thomas,
lord Parker, created earl of Macclesfield,
lord chancellor; Henry, lord Carleton
(succeeded by WilUam, duke of Devon-
shire), lord president; Evelyn, duke of
Kingston (succeeded by lord Trevor),
privy seal ; James, earl of Berkeley,
first lord of the admiralty; Charles,
viscount Townshend, and John, lord
Carteret (the latter succeeded by the
duke of Newcastle), secretaries of state;
John, duke of Marlborough (succeeded
by the earl of Cadogan), ordnance; Rt.
hon. George Treby (succeeded by Rt.
hon. Henry Pelham), secretary- at- war ;
viscount Torrington, &c.
George II.
1727. Sir Robert Walpole, &c. continued.
[ The following was the state of the Cabinet
near the close of sir Robert Walpole'a
long administration.]
1740. Sir Robert Walpole, first lord of the
treasury and chancellor of the exche-
quer ; Philip, lord Hardwicke, lord chan-
cellor ; Spencer, earl of Wilmington, lord
president; John, lord Hervey, privy
seal ; John Potter, archbishop of Canter-
bury ; duke of Newcastle and the earl
of Harrington, secretaries of state ; sir
Charles Wager, first commissioner of the
admiralty ; duke of Dorset, lord steward ;
duke of Grafton, lord chamberlain ; duke
of Richmond, master of the horse ; earl
of Pembroke, groom of the stole, &c.
*(;* These great household officers were at this period
always in what was called the Cabinet, but there
was an interior council, of Walpole, the chan-
cellor, and the secretaries of state, who, in the
first instance, consulted together on the more
confidential points.^
1742. [Sir Robert Walpole, having been in a
minority of 16 on an inquiry into the
Chippenham election, declared he would
never again enter the house of com-
mons. ^ He went to court and resigned
all his employments, February 8, hav-
ing been first minister twenty-one con-
secutive years. He was created earl of
Oxford, viscount Walpole, and baron
Houghton. The earl of Wilmington
was made minister in his room. 5]
1742. Earl of Wilmington, first lord of the
treasury; lord Hardwicke, lord chan-
cellor; Mr. Sandys, chancellor of the
exchequer; earl of Harrington, presi-
dent of the council ; earl Gower, privy
seal ; lord Carteret and the duke of
Newcastle, secretaries of state ; earl of
Winchilsea, first lord of the admiralty ;
duke of Argyll, commander of the
forces and master-general of the ord-
nance ; Mr. Henry Pelham, paymaster
of the forces, &c. Feb,
[The duke of Argyll resigned, and was
succeeded by the earl of Stair, as com-
mander of the forces, and by the duke
of Montagu at the ordnance.]
1743. Rt. HON. Henry Pelham, first lord of
the treasury and chancellor of the ex-
chequer, in the room of Spencer earl of
Wilmington, deceased. Aug. 25.
1744. The "Broad Bottom * Administration:"
1 Lord Hervey's Memoirs of the Reign of George II. by the Rt. Hon. John Wilson Croker — Mr. Croker adds,
" The duke of Bolton, without a right to it from his office of captain of the Band of Pensioners, in which em-
ployment he SQCceeded the duke of Montagu on his removal to the ordnance, was likewise admitted to the
cabinet council, because he had been of the cabinet seven years previously, at the time he was turned out of all
his offices." And he further says, " Sir John Norris (vice-admiral of England) was called in, as an auxiliary,
when anything was under deliberation in relation to our then maritime war with Spain."
2 Sir Robert Walpole had risen to a power no minister had ever before attained. From his conduct in ad-
ministration, he was called the Father of Corruption ; he used to say " that every man had his price," and boasted
of knowing what that price was. He was either mistaken in the assertion, or he had not the means of buying the
votes of the commons, as it now appeared.
3 The prince of Wales (father oi^ George III.) received in January, 1742, a message from the king (George II,),
then not on cordial terms with the prince, his son, offering him, provided he wrote a letter of submission to his
majesty, an addition to his revenue of £50,000 per annum, and a sum of £200,000 for the discharge of his debts.
The prince answered, that he had the utmost respect for his royal father, and that whenever his majesty thought
E roper to admit him to his presence, he should throw his person at his feet without any conditions ; but that
e would give no countenance to the minister in his management of public aflfairs. Sir Robert Walpole vias,
he said, a bar between his tnajesty and the nffections of his people, between his mnjesiy and foreign powers, and
between his majesty and himsvlf. " This," said the prmce, " Is my answer. But I would have it understood that
I take the message to come from the minister, and not from the throne."
On the change in the administration, the prince of Wales presented himself at court, where he was most gra*
ciously and affectionately received, and a guard of honour was immediately ordered to attend his royal highness
at Carlton-House. The joy of the people at thi^i reconciliation was unbounded; bonfires, illuminations, the
ringing of all the public bells, and acclamations from the multitude, and other demonstrations of popular satis-
faction and delight took place in London and in all the towns and villages adjacent, in the evening. — Coxe.
* This ministry was ludicrously called the "Broad Bottom Administration," because comprising a grand coali-
ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND.
Et. ton. Honry Pelham, first lord of the
treaatuy and chancellor of the exchequer ;
lord Hardwicke, lord chancellor ; duke
of Dorset, president of the council ; earl
Gower, privy seal ; duke of Newcastle,
secretaiy of state for the Southern,
and the earl of Harrington for the
Northern, department; duke of Mon-
tagu, master-general of the ordnance ;
duke of Bedford, first lord of the ad-
miralty; duke of Argyll, keeper of
the great seal of Scotland; marquess
of Tweeddale, secretary of state for
Scotland ; duke of Grafton, lord cham-
berlain ; duke of Richmond, master of
the horse ; all of the cabinet. Nov.
1746. [Mr. Pelham and his friends having ten-
dered their resignation to the king,
the formation of a new administration
(which expired within two days, while
yet incomplete) was undertaken by the
earl of Bath : the members of it actually
appointed, and submitted for approval
to his majesty, were (^Feb. 10) viz. ]
The " Short-lived Mimstet : " Earl of
Bath, first lord of the treasury ; lord
Carlisle, privy seal; lord Winchilsea,
first lord of the admiralty ; and lord
Granville, one of the secretaries of
state.i Expired, Feb. 12.
1746. Kt. HON. Henkt Pelham, first minister,
returned, with his colleagues, to power.
Feb. 12.
[The duke of Bedford resigned the ad-
miralty to the earl of Sandwich, and
succeeded the earl of Chesterfield as
secretary of state, Feb. 1748 ; and the
earl of Holdemesse succeeded the duke
of Bedford, June, 1751, in the same
office. Mr. Pelham died, March 6,
1754. ]■
1754i Thomas Holles Pelham, duke of New-
castle, first lord of the treasury ; hon.
Henry Bilson Legge, chancellor of the
exchequer ; earl of Holdemesse and sir
Thomas Robinson (afterwardslord Gran-
tham), secretaries of state; the latter
succeeded by the Rt. hon. Henry Fox ;
lord Anson, first lord of the admiralty ;
lord Granville, lord president ; lord
Gower (succeeded by the duke of Marl-
borough), privy seal ; duke of Grafton,
earl of Halifax, Et. hon. George Gren-
ville, &c Earl of Hardwicke, lord
chancellor. April.
1756. William, duke of Devonshire, first
lord of the treasury ; Rt. hon. William
Pitt, secretary of state for the Southern
department ; Hon. Henry Bilson Legge,
chancellor of the exchequer ; earl Gran-
ville, lord president ; earl Gower, privy
seal ; earl of Holdemesse, secretary of
state for the Northern department ; Rt.
hon. George Grenville, earl of Halifax,
dukes of Rutland and Grafton, earl of
Rochford, &c. The great seal in com-
mission. Nm.
1757. Duke of Newcastle's and Mr Pitt's
Administration. Thomas Holies Pel-
ham, duke of Newcastle, first lord of
the treasury; Rt. hon. William Pitt,
afterwards lord Chatham, secretary of
state for the Northern department, and
leader of the house of commons; lord
Henley, lord keeper; lord Granville,
lord president ; earl Temple, privy seal ;
Mr. Legge, chancellor of the exchequer ;
earl of Holdemesse, secretary of state
for the Southern department; duke of
Devonshire, lord chamberlain ; duke of
Rutland, lord steward ; lord Anson, ad-
miralty; duke of Marlborough (suc-
ceeded by lord Ligonier), master-general
of the ordnance ; Rt. hon. Henry Fox
(afterwai'ds lord Holland), paymaster.
Rt. hon. George Grenville, lords Ha-
lifax and Gower, James Grenville, &c.
June.
King George
1760. Duke of Newcastle's and Mr. Pitt's 1762.
ministry, continued.
[The following were among the changes
subsequent to the accession of George
IlL ; sir Robert Henley, created lord
Henley, lord chancellor, Jan. 1761 ; the
earl of Bute, secretary of state, vice the
earl of Holdemesse, March ; and the
earl of Egremont, vice Mr. Pitt, Oct.,
same year ; lord North, a lord of the
treasury, &c.J
in.
, John, earl of Bute, first lord of the trea-
sury ; lord Henley, lord chancellor ; sir
Francis Dashwood (afterwards lord le
Despencer), chancellor of the exchequer ;
lord Granville, lord president; duke of
Bedford, privy seal; earl of Halifax,
admiralty ; earl of Egremont and Rt.
hon. George Grenville, secretaries of
state ; lord Ligonier, ordnance ; Rt. hon.
Henry Fox, paymaster ; Viscount Bar-
rington, lord" Sandys, duke of Marl-
tion of all parties. The whigs were satisfied because their influence was predominant, and the tories, though
considered accessory and subordinate, were yet pleased, because many of their leaders, who had been hitherto
excluded, were admitted into offices of trust and power. The members not of the cabinet were ; the earl of .Stair
commander of the forces ; the duke of Devonshire, lord steward ; duke of Bolton, governor of the Isle of Wight ;
Mr. Waller, cofferer of the household ; Mr. Dodington, treasurer of the navy ; Mr. Lyttelton, Mr. Arundel, the
earl of Middlesex, and Mr. Fox, lords of the treasury ; and the earl of Sandwich, Mr. Grenville, lord Archibald
Hamilton, lord Vere Beauclerk, lord Baltimore, and Mr. Anson, admiralty lords Caxe's Memoirs of the Rt. hon.
Henry Pelham.
1 Lord Granville had the seals of one secretary of state, with the seals of the other, ** to be given to whom he
might chuse." Among thejeux tf esprit of the day was a History of the Long Administration, bound up with the
works printed for children, and sold for a penny : it concluded with the following ironical eulogium : " And thus
endeth this astonishing administration, which lasted 48 hours, three quarters, seven minutes, and eleven seconds ;
the most wise and honest of all ministries ; never having said one silly thing, or committed one rash act, and
having left as much money in the treasury as they found in it. This history is recorded in this mighty volume,
that it may be read with the valuable works of the immortal Thomas Thumb by our children, grand-children,
and great-grandchildren to the end of the world." — Coxe's Memoirs oj Pelham.
94
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
borough, lords Huntingdon, and North,
&c. May.
1763. Rxf HON. George Grenville, first lord
of the treasur}"- and chancellor of the
exchequer; earl Granville (succeeded
by John, duke of Bedford), lord pre-
sident; duke of Marlborough, ^vvry
seal; lord Henley (afterwards earl of
Northington), lord chancellor; earls of
Halifax and Sandwich, secretaries of
state; earl Gower, lord chamberlain
lord Egmont, admiralty; marquess of
Granby, ordnance ; lord Holland (late
Mr. Fox) paymaster ; Kt. hon. Welbore
Ellis, secretary-at-war ; lord Hillsbo-
rough, first lord of trade ; duke of Rut-
land, lord North, &c. May^ et seq.
1765. Charles, marquess of Kockingham,
first lord of the treasury ; Kt. hon. Wil-
liam Dowdeswell, chancellor of the ex-
chequer ; earl of Winchilsea and Not-
tingham, lord president ; duke of New-
castle, privy seal ; duke of Portland,
lord chamberlain; duke of Rutland,
master of the horse ; lord Talbot, lord
steward ; general the hon. Henry Sey-
mour Conway, and the duke of Grafton,
secretaries of state; lord Egmont, ad-
miralty ; marquess of Granby, ordnance ;
viscount Barrington, secretary-at-war ;
viscount Howe, treasurer of the navy ;
hon. Charles Townshend, pajinaster;
earl of Dartmouth, first lord of trade;
lord John Cavendish, Thomas Towns-
hend, &c. Earl of Northington (late
lord Henley), lord chancellor. July^ et
seq.
1766. Earl of Chatham (late Rt. hon. William
Pitt), first minister and privy seal ;
duke of Grafton, first lord of the trea-
sury; hon. Charles To-wnshend, chan-
cellor of the exchequer; earl of North-
ington, lord president ; William, earl of
Shelbume and general Conway, secre-
taries of state; sir Charles Saunders
(succeeded by sir Edward Hawke), ad-
miralty ; marquess of Granby, ordnance ;
lord Hillsborough, first lord of trade ;
lord BaiTington, secretary-at-war ; Fre-
derick, lord North, a joint paymaster;
viscount Howe, &c. Lord Camden, lord
chancellor. Aug.
1767. [William, lord Mansfield, lord chief justice
of the king's bench, became, ex officio,
chancellor of the exchequer, pro tern., on
the death of Mr. Townshend, Sept. this
year; and Frederick, lord North, was
appointed chancellor of the exchequer,
Dec. following.]
1767. Augustus-Henry, duke of Grafton,
first lord of the treasury; Frederick,
lord North, chancellor of the exche-
quer; earl Gower, lord president; earl
of Chatham^, lord privy seal until Oct.
1768, then succeeded by the earl of
Bristol ; earl of Shelbume, secretary of
state for the Southern department ; vis-
count Weymouth, Northern department ;
1768,
1770.
1771.
1772.
1775.
1778.
1779.
1782.
and lord Hillsborough, colonies; sir
Edward Hawke, first lord of the ad-
miralty ; marquess of Granby, ordnance ;
lords Sandwich and le Despencer, joint
postmasters - general ; lord Hertford,
Thomas Townshend, &,c. Lord Camden,
lord chancellor. Dec.
[Viscount Weymouth, secretary of state for
the Southern department, vice lord Shel-
bume ; earl of Rochford, secretary of
state for the Northern department, vice
lord Weymouth. I^ov."]
Frederick, lord North, first lord of the
treasury and chancellor of the ex-
chequer; earl Gower, lord president;
earl of Halifax, privy seal ; lord Roch-
ford, lord Weymouth (succeeded by
lord Sandwich), and lord Hillsborough
(colonies), secretaries of state ; sir Ed-
ward Hawke, admiralty ; lord Granby,
ordnance ; sir Gilbert Elliot, treasurer
of the navy ; lord Barrington, secretary-
at-war; lord Hertford, lord Carteret,
&c. Jan. The great seal was de-
livered to Mr. Attorney-general Yorke,
made lord chancellor; but before the
patent for his peerage, imder the title of
lord Morden, was completed, he died
suddenly, and the seal, after being a
year in commission, was given to the
hon. Henry Bathurst, one of the com-
missioners, created lord Apsley.
[Lord North continued minister eleven
years, during the whole of the American
war. The changes within this period
were numerous ; among them were : ]
Lord Halifax, secretary of state, vice lord
Sandwich (who went to the admiralty),
succeeded as lord privy seal by the earl
of Sufiblk and Berkshire. Jan. The
latter gave place to the duke of Graf-
ton, and became secretary of state.
June.
Lord Dartmouth, secretary of state, vice
lord Hillsborough. Aug. Viscount
Townshend, ordnance, vice mai-quess of
Granby. Oct
Viscount Weymouth, again secretary of
state, vice Rochford; and lord George
Sackville Gennaine, vice Dartmouth,
made privy seal. Nov.
Lord Thurlow, lord chancellor. June.
Lords Stormont and Hillsborough, secre-
taries of state. Earl Bathurst, lord
president. Nov.
Marquess of Rockingham, first lord of
the treasurj' ; lord John Cavendish,
chancellor of the exchequer ; lord Cam-
den, president of the council ; duke of
Grafton, privy seal; William, earl of
Shelbm-ne, and Rt. hon. Charles James
Fox, secretaries of state; Rt. hon. Au-
gustus Keppel, first lord of the admi-
ralty ; duke of Richmond, master-
general of the ordnance ; Rt. hon.
Thomas Townshend, secretary-at-war;
Rt. hon. Isaac Barre, treasurer of the
navy; Rt. hon. Edmmid Burke, pay-
> This was the last office in the state filled by lord Chatham ; but he continued to take a forward part in the
house of lords, for a period of ten years afterwards. On April 8, 1778, while enforcing, with his accustomed
energy in the house, the wisdom of a reconciliation with America, he was seized with a convulsive fit, and died
on the 11th of the following month. His remains lay In state some days in the Jerusalem chamber, whence
they were deposited in Westminster Abbey.
ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND.
master ; &c. Lord Thurlow, lord chan-
cellor. March.
[The death of the marquess of Rockingham
(July 2, 1782) led to the administration
of lord Shelbume, who accepted the'
office of first minister, without the
privity of his colleagues, and Mr. Fox,
lord John Cavendish, and others, re-
signed.]
1782. Earl of Shelburne (afterwards mar-
quess of Lansdowne), first lord of the
treasury ; Rt. hon. William Pitt, chan-
cellor of the exchequer; lord (after-
wards earl) Camden, president of the
council; duke of Grafton, lord privy
seal; Thomas, lord Grantham, home,
and Kt. hon. Thomas To'wnshend,
foreign, secretaries ; Augustus, viscount
Keppel, admiralty ; duke of Richmond,
ordjttance; Rt. hon. Henry Diindas,
treasurer of the navy ; Isaac Barre, pay-
master; sir George Tonge, secretary-
at-war ; &c. Lord Thurlow, lord chan-
cellor. July.
1783. The "Coalition Ministry." * Duke of
Portland, first lord of the treasury;
viscount Stormont, president of the
council ; earl of Carlisle, lord privy seal ;
Frederick, lord North, and Et. hon.
Charles J^nes Fox, home and foreign
secretaries ; lord John Cavendish, chan-
cellor of the exchequer ; viscount Kep-
pel, first lord of the admiralty ; viscount
Townshend, master-general of the ord-
nance; Rt. hon. Charles Townshend,
treasurer of the navy ; Rt. hon. Edmund
Burke, paymaster; Et. hon. Richard
Fitzpatrick, secretary- at- war ; &c. The
great seal in commission ; lord Lough-
borough, chief justice of the common
pleas, first commissioner. April.
1783. Rt. HON. William Pitt, first lord of the
treasury and chancellor of the exche-
quer ; earl Gower, lord president ; duke
of Rutland, privy seal ; marquess of Car-
marthen, and earl Temple (the latter
immediately succeeded by lord Sydney),
secretaries of state ; duke of Richmond,
ordnance ; viscount Howe, admiralty ;
lord Mulgrave and Rt. hon. William
Wyndham Grenville, afterwards Lord
Grenville, joint -paymasters; Henry
Dundas, &c. Lord Thurlow, lord chan-
cellor. Dec.
[During Mr. Pitt's long administration
numerous changes in the. ministry took
place ; among these were : earls Camden,
Fitzwilliam, Mansfield, and Chatham,
successively presidents of the council ;
marquess of Stafibrd, and earls of
Chatham, Spencer, and Westmoreland,
lords privy seal ; earl of Chatham and
earl Spencer, first lords of the admiralty j
and Mr. Grenville (afterwards lord
Grenville), Mr. Dimdas, and duke of
Portland, secretaries of state, &c. Mr.
Pitt resigned in 1801.2]
1801. Rt. HON. Henry Addington, first lord of
the treasury and chancellor of the ex-
chequer; duke of Portland, lord presi-
dent ; earl of Westmoreland, privy seal ;
lord Pelham, home, lord Hawkesbuiy,
foreign, and lord Hobart, colonial se-
cretaries ; earl St. Vincent, admiralty ;
earl of Chatham, ordnance; Rt. hon.
Charles Yorke, secretary-at-war ; vis-
count Lewisham, India board; lord
Auckland, board of trade, &c. Lord
Eldon, lord Chancellor. March, et seq.
[Changes: viscount Castlereagh, India
board, Sept. 1802; Rt. hon. Charies
Yorke, home secretary. .7a(yl803.]
1804. Rt. HON. William Pitt, first minister;
duke of Portland (succeeded by lord
Sidmouth, late Mr. Addington, Jan.
1805), lord president ; earl of Westmore-
land, privy seal ; lord Hawkesbury, home
secretary ; lord Harrowby (succeeded by
lord Mulgrave) foreign secretary; and
earl Camden (succeeded by viscount
Castlereagh, colonial secretary ; viscount
Melville, succeeded by lord Barham),
admiralty ; duke of Montrose, board of
trade ; lord Mulgrave, duchy of Lan-
caster ; Rt. hon. Mr. Dundas, Rt. hon.
George Canning, &c. Lord Eldon, lord
chancellor. May, et seq.
[The death of Mr. Pitt (Jan. 23, 1806),
led to the formation of another cabinet. ]
1806. " All the Talents " ^ administration :
Lord Grenville, first lord of the trea-
sury ; Lord Henry Petty, chancellor of
the exchequer; earl Fitzwilliam, lord
president; viscount Sidmouth. privy
seal ; Charles James Fox, foreign, earl
Spencer, home, and William Windham,
war, secretaries; earl of Moira, ord-
nance; sir Charles Grey (afterwards
viscount Howick and earl Grey), ad-
miralty ; lord Minto, board of controul ;
lord Auckland, board of trade, &c. Lord
Erskine, lord chancellor. Lord Ellen-
borough, lord chief justice, had a seat in
the cabinet. Feb
1806. [The death of Mr. Fox (Sept. 13) caused
several changes, viz. : viscount Sid-
mouth, president of the council ; lord
Holland, privy seal; lord Howick, fo-
^ So called, from the disgraceful coalition of lord North and Mr. Fox, who had, for years previously, opposed
and even abused each other. This was universalljr regarded as one of the most odious events that had ever
occurred in p'tlitical life, for thej^ had coalesced manifestly with a view to forcing themselves into power, which,
however, they did not long retain : the ministry (which he had accepted from necessity) was dismissed by his
majesty at the close of the year.
2 It has been said, that yielding to the public wish that an experiment for peace should be tried, Mr. Pitt
retired from ofBce, in order to this experiment being made. Hut he had identified himself with Roman Catholic
emancipation to secure the union with Ireland; and we have his own evidence and that of his successor, lord
Sidmouth, in proof, that his inability to propose his '* resolutions " in relation to that measure, as a minister, was
" the sole cause of his resignation."
3 The friends of this ministry gave it the appellation of jIU the Talents, which, being echoed in derision by the
opposition, became fixed upon it. Besides the members above named, it consisted of, Richard Brinsley Sheridan,
treasurer of the navy; earl of Derby, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster; general Fitzpatrick, secretary at
war ; earls of Buckinghamshire and Carysfort, postmasters-general ; earl Temple, vice president of the board of
trade; lord John Townshend^ joint-paymaster of the forces; lord Charles Spencer, master of the mint; Mr.
Pigot, attorney-general ; Mr. Eomilly, solicitor-general, etc. Duke of Bedford, lord-lieutenant of Ireland.
96
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
reign secretary, vice Mr. Fox ; Rt. hon.
Thomas Grenville, admiralty ; Mr. Tier-
ney, board of controul, &c.]
1807. Duke op Portland, first lord of the trea-
sury ; earl Camden, lord president ; earl
of Westmoreland, privy seal ; hon. Spen-
cer Perceval, chancellor of the exchequer
and leader of the house of commons ;
lord Hawkesbury, Mr. Canning, and
viscount Castlereagh, home, foreign, and
colonial, secretaries ; earl Bathmst, board
of trade ; Mr. Dundas, India board ; lord
Mulgrave, admiralty ; earl of Chatham,
ordnance, &c. Lord Eldon, lord chan-
cellor. March.
1809. [A quarrel and duel (Sept. 22) between
lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning (the
latter Tvounded) led to the retirement of
both. This, with the subsequent retire-
ment of the duke of Portland, who died
shortly after (Oct. 30, 1809) dissolved
the administration, which, after some
negotiation with the whigs, was recon-
stituted under ]
1809. Rt. HON. Spencer Perceval, first lord
of the treasury, chancellor of the ex-
chequer, and chancellor of the duchy of
Lancaster ; earl Camden, lord president ;
earl of Westmoreland, privy seal ; hon.
Richard Ryder, home, marquess Welles-
ley, foreign, and earl of Liverpool, colo-
nial, secretaries ; lord Mulgrave, admi-
raltj"" ; Mr. Dundas, board of controul ;
earl Bathurst, board of trade; earl of
Chatham, ordnance ; viscount Palmer-
ston, secretary-at-war, &c. Lord Eldon,
lord chancellor. Nov. and Z>ec.
1810. [Lord Mulgrave went to the ordnance, and
was succeeded at the admiralty by the
Rt. hon. Charles Yorke. Ma^. Some
subordinate changes took place.]
Regency of George Prince of Wales.
1811. Mr. Spencer Perceval and his col-
leagues, continued. Feb.
[The death of Mr. Perceval, who was assas-
sinated, by a man named Bellingham^ in
the lobby of the house of commons (May
11, 1812) led to several changes. After
much fruitless negotiation with the
Whigs the former government was re-
constituted under the]
1812, Eakl of Li\rERP0<)L, first lord of the trea-
sury ; earl of Harrowby, lord president ;
earl of Westmoreland, privy seal ; Mr.
Vansittart, chancellor of the exchequer ;
earl of Mulgrave, ordnance ; lord Mel-
ville, admiralty ; viscount Sidmouth,
viscount Castlereagh, and earl Bathurst,
home, foreign, and colonial secretaries ;
earl of Buckinghamshire, board of con-
troul ; marquess Camden, lord Palmer-
ston, earl of Clancarty, &c. Lord Eldon,
lord chancellor. May. June.
1814. [Among the changes that afterwards took
to place, were the following :
1819. Mr. Charles Bragge Bathurst, chancellor
of the duchy of Lancaster, a cabinet
minister; and Mr. W. Wellesley Pole
advanced to the cabinet as master of the
mint, 1814. Mr. Canning made presi-
dent of the board of controul, 1816.
Mr. Frederick John Robinson, president
of the board of trade, 1818; and the
duke of Wellington, master-general of
the ordnance, 1819.]
King George IV.
1820. Earl of Liverpool and his colleagues,
continued. The cabinet at the com-
mencement of this reign was constituted
thus : Earl of Liverpool, first minister
and first lord of the treasury; earl of
Harrowby, president of the coimcil ;
earl of Westmoreland, privy seal;
Mr. Vansittart, chancellor of the ex-
chequer ; viscount Melville, admiralty ;
duke of Wellington, ordnance; viscount
Sidmouth, viscount Castlereagh, and
earl Bathurst, home, foreign and co-
lonial secretaries ; Mr. Canning, board
of controul ; Mr. Frederick J. Robin-
son, board of trade; Mr. Charles B.
Bathurst, duchy of Lancaster ; Mr. Wel-
lesley Pole, master of the mint ; earl of
Mulgrave without office. Lord Eldon,
lord chancellor. Jan.
1822. [The Rt. hon. Robert Peel became home
seci'etaiy, Jan., and Mr. W. W. Wynn,
president of the board of trade, in Feb.
1822 ; and, on the death of viscount
Castlereagh (then marquess of London-
derry), Mr. Canning became foreign
secretary, S^t. same year. Viscount
Sidmouth continued a member of the
cabinet, without office. In 1823, Mr.
Huskisson united the board of trade
with the treasurership of the navy ; and
a few other changes subsequently oc-
curred.]
1827. Earl of Liverpool, continued. At the
close of lord Liverpool's long adminis-
tration, it consisted of the following
members : Earl of Liverpool, first lord
of the treasury ; Mr. Frederick J. Ro-
binson, chancellor of the exchequer;
lords Harrowby and Westmoreland, lord
S resident and privy seal ; Mr. Peel,
Ir. Canning, and earl Bathurst, secre-
taries of state for the home, foreign, and
colonial departments ; lord Melville, ad-
miralty; duke of Wellington, ordnance;
lord Bexley (late Mr. Vansittart), duchy
of Lancaster; Mr. Charles W.W.Wynn
and Mr. Huskisson, boards of controul
and trade ; lord Sidmouth, without of-
fice, &c. Lord Eldon, lord chancellor.
Dissolved, owing to lord Liverpool's ill-
ness'^., April, 1827.
1827. Rt. HON. George Canning, first lord of
1 Lord Liverpool was attacked by a fit of apoplexy, Feb. 17, 1827. His illnpFs continuing, Mr. Canninff was
appointedfirstlordofthe treasury, April 10, following; on thellth, the duke of Wellington sent in his resieni
tion, and six other members of the cabinet immediately afterwards followed his example. Mr. Canning was in
J"jseq"ence, entrusted with the formation of a new government. Lord Liverpool lingered until the 4th Dec
ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND.
97
the treasury and chancellor of the ex-
chequer; lord Han'owby, lord presi-
dent of the council ; dulie of Portland,
privy seal ; lord Dudley, viscount Go-
derich, and Mr. Sturges feoume, foreign,
colonial, and home secretaries; Mr.
Wynn, board of controul; Mr. Hus-
kisson, board of trade ; lord Palmerston,
secretary-at-war ; lord Bexley, duchy
of Lancaster; duke of Clarence, lord
high admiral. Lord Lyndhurst, lord
chancellor. April.
•** The marquess of Lansdowne had a seat in the
cabinet, to which were soon added the seals of the
home department.
[The death of Mr. Canning, Aug. 8, follow-
ing, led to several changes.]
1827. Viscount Goderich, first minister ; duke
of Portland, lord president ; earl of Car-
lisle, privy seal ; viscoimt Dudley, Mr.
Husk^son, and marquess of Lansdowne,
foreign, colonial, and home secretaries
respectively; lord Palmerston, secre-
taiy-at-war; Mr. Wynn, board of con-
troul; Mr. Charles Grant, board of
trade ; Mr. Tiemey, master of the mint ;
&c. Lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor.
August
1828. Duke of Wellington, first lord of the
treasxiry ; Mr. Goulbum, chancellor of
the exchequer ; earl Bathurst, president
of the council ; lord Ellenborough, privy
seal ; Mr. Peel, earl Dudley, and Mr.
Huskisson, home, foreign, and colonial
secretaries ; viscount Melville, board of
controul; Mr. Grant, board of trade;
lord Palmerston, secretary-at-war ; Mr.
Herries, master of the mint; earl of
Aberdeen, duchy of Lancaster ; Mr. Ar-
buthnot, Mr. V. Fitzgerald, &c. Lord
Lyndhurst, lord chancellor. Jan.
[Mr. I-Iusldsson, earl Dudley, viscount
Palmerston, and Mr. Grant, quit the
ministry, and changes follow.]
1828. DuKJs OF Wellington, first minister;
earl Bathurst, lord president ; lord El-
lenborough, privy seal ; Mr. Peel, earl
of Aberdeen, and sir George Murray,
home, foreign, and colonial secretaries ;
viscoimt Melville and Mr. Vesey Fitz-
gerald, boards of controul and trade;
sir Henry Hardinge, secretary-at-war ;
viscount Lowther, first commissioner of
land revenues, &c. Lord Lyndhurst,
lord chancellor. May and June.
[The duke of Clarence surrendered the
office of lord high admiral, Aug. 12 ; and
lord Melville became first lord of the
admiralty, Sept. 19 ; lord Ellenborough
became president of the board of con-
troul, and lord Eosslyn privy seal.]
King William IV.
Duke of Wellington and his colleagues,
continued.
1830. Eabl Gkey, first lord of the treasury ' ;
viscount Althorpe, chancellor of the
exchequer ; marquess of Lansdowne,
president of the council ; earl of Dur-
ham, privy seal; viscounts Melbourne,
Pahnerston, and Goderich, home, fo-
reign, and colonial secretaries ; sir James
Graham, first lord of the admiralty;
lord Auckland and Mr. Grant, presi-
dents of the boards of trade and con-
troul ; lord Holland, duchy of Lan-
caster ; lord John Russell, paymaster of
the forces -(not of the cabinet at first) ;
duke of Eichmond, earl of Carlisle, Mr.
Wynn, &c. Lord Brougham, lord chan-
cellor. November.
[Sir Henry Pamell afterwards became
secretary-at-war, vice Mr. Wynn ; and
subsequently sir Henry Pamell, was
succeeded by sir John Hobhouse.]
1832. Eakl Grey resigns, owing to a majority
against him in the lords on a question
relating to the Reform bill, May 10 ;
great public excitement prevails; and
he resumes ofSce, May 18.
[The earl of Eipon (late viscount Goderich)
succeeds the earl of Durham as lord
privy seal, April 3, 1833, when, also,
the Kt. hon. E. G. S. Stanley (previously
of the cabinet as secretary for Ireland)
becomes colonial secretary, and Mr.
Ellice, secretary-at-war.]
1834. ViscousT Melbourne, first minister;
marquess of Lansdowne, president of the
council ; earl of Mulgrave, privy seal ;
viscount Althorpe, chancellor of the
exchequer ; viscount Duncannon, home
secretary ; viscount Palmerston, foreign
secretary; Mr. Spring Rice, war and
colonies ; lord Auckland, admiralty ;
Mr. Grant and Mr. C. P. Thomson,
boards of controul and trade ; lord John
Russell, paymaster of the forces ; sir
John Hobhouse, Mr. Ellice, marquess of
Conyngham, Mr. Littleton, &c. Lord
Brougham, lord chancellor. July.
[Viscount Melbourne's administration dis-
solved.^ The duke of Wellington takes
the helm of state provisionally, waiting
the return of sir Robert Peel from Italy.
November 14.]
1834. Sir Robert Peel, first lord of the trea-
sury and chancellor of the exchequer;
lord Whamcliffe, privy seal; earl of
Rosslyn, lord president ; Rt. hon. Henry
Goulbum, duke of Wellington, and eail
of Aberdeen, home, foreign, and colonial
secretaries ; earl de Grey, first lord of
the admiralty; lord Ellenborough and
Rt. hon. Alexander Baring, afterwards
1 On this change of ministry, the Rt hon. John Wilson Croker, secretary to the admiralty, retired. We men-
tion the circumstance, as it was the first occasion on which a personage holding that oflBce resigned it with the
minister. Mr. Croker had been secretary full twenty-one years, embracing one of the brightest periods in our
naval administration. , . ^ i, ,j j , j „» ,,.
2 On the death of the earl Spencer, lord Althorpe succeeded to the earldom, and lord Melbourne went to
Brighton to receive the king's commands as to the appointment of a new chancellor of the exchequer, in the
latter's room • but his majesty informed the minister, that, under the circumstances, he considered the adminis-
tration at an end. This announcement created great surprise and excitement in the political circles and through-
out the nation. The duke of Wellington being sent for, his grace advised the kmg to appomt Sir Robert Peel
premier, and this was done accordingly.
H
98
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
lord Ashbnrton, boards of controul and
trade; sir Edward KnatchbuU, pay-
master of tbe forces ; Mr. Herries, secre-
tary-at-war ; sir George Murray, master-
general of tbe ordnance, &o. Lord
Lyndhurst, lord chancellor. November
and December.
1835. Viscount Melbourne, again, prime mi-
nister; marquess of Lansdowne, lord
president ; viscount Duncannon, lord
privy seal, with tbe woods and forests ;
Mr. Spring Eice, cbancellor of the ex-
chequer; lord John Kussell, viscount
Palmerston, and lord Glenelg (late Mr.
Charles Grant), home, foreign, and co
lonial secretaries; earl of Minto, first
lord of the admiralty ; presidents of the
boards of controul and trade, sir John
Hobhouse and Mr. Poulett Thomson ;
lord Holland, duchy of Lancaster ; vis-
count Howick, secretary-at-war ; sir
Henry Pamcll, Mr. Labouchere, lord
Morpeth, &c. The great seal in com-
mission. April.
[The chancellorship, which had been in
commission from the formation of this
ministry, was given to sir Charles C.
Pepys, Jan. 1836, with the title of lord
Cottenham.]
Queen
1837. Viscount Melbourne and his colleagues,
continued. June 20.
[Et. hon. F. T. Baring afterwards becomes
chancellor of the exchequer, vice Mr.
Eice, created lord Monteagle ; the mar-
quess of Normanby (late earl of Mul-
grave), home secretary, vice lord John
Eussell, made colonial secretary; Mr.
T. B. Macauley, secretary-at-war, in
the room of viscount Howick ; earl of
Clarendon, lord privy seal, in room of
viscount Duncannon; Mr. Labouchere,
president of the board of trade, vice Mr.
C. Poulett Thomson, &c.]
1839. Ministers announce their determination to
resign, in consequence of the division in
the commons on the Jamaica bill, in
which they had a maiority of onlyj^ue.
May 7. Sir Eobert Peel receives the
queen's commands to form a new ad-
ministration. May 8 ; but owing to the
refusal of her majesty to dismiss the
ladies of her household, on which sir
Eobert insisted, this command is with-
di-awn, and on May 10 lord Melbourne
and his friends return to power.
1841. Sir Egbert Peel, first lord of the trea-
sury and first minister ; duke of Wel-
lington, without civil ofiice, commander-
iu-chief; lord Whamcliffe, lord presi-
dent ; duke of Buckingham, lord privy
seal ; sir James Graham, earl of Aber-
deen, and lord Stanley, home, foreign,
and colonial secretaries; Mr. Goulburn,
chancellor of the exchequer; earl of
Haddington, admiralty ; earl of Eipon,
board of trade ; lord Ellenborough, board
of controul ; sir Heniy Hardinge, sir
Edward Knatchbull, sir George Mur-
ray, &c. Lord Lyndhurst, lord chan-
cellor. Aug. and Sept.
1841. [Among the many succeeding changes
to were : lord Fitzgerald and Vesey to the
1846. board of controul, vice lord Ellenborough
appointed governor-general of India,
Oct. 1841 ; duke of Buccleuch, lord
privy seal, Feb. 1842. Eai-1 of Eipon,
Victoria.
from the board of trade to the board of
controul, vice lord Fitzgerald, deceased.
May, 1843. Sir Thomas Fremantle,
secretary-at-war, vice sir Henry Har-
dinge, appointed governor-general of
India, May, 1844. Earl of Dalhousie,
to the board of trade, and Mr. Sidney
Herbert, secretary-at-war, Feb. 1845.
Mr. W. E. Gladstone, colonial secretary,
vice lord Stanley, who resigned ; duke
of Buccleuch, lord president, vice lord
Whamcliffe, deceased; earl of Had-
dington, lord privy seal; and earl of
Ellenborough, admiralty. Jan. 1846.
1846. Lord John Eussell, first lord of the
treasury and first minister; marquess
of Lansdowne, lord president; earl of
Minto, lord privy seal ; sir George Grey,
viscount Palmerston, and earl Grey,
home, foreign, and colonial secretaries ;
Mr. (now sir Charles) Wood, chancellor
of the exchequer ; earl of Auckland,
admiralty ; sir John Hobhouse and earl
of Clarendon, boards of controul and
trade ; lord Campbell, duchy of Lan-
caster ; viscount Morpeth (now earl of
Carlisle), woods and forests ; marquess
of Clanricarde, Mr. Macauley, Mr. La-
bouchere, &c. Lord Cottenham, lord
chancellor. July.
1847. [Changes; Mr. Labouchere to board of
to trade, vice earl of Clarendon, appointed
1850. lord lieutenant of Ireland, July, 1847.
Earl Granville, paymaster general, vice
Mr. Macauley, May, 1848. Sir Francis
Thomhill Baring, first lord of the ad-
miralty, vice earl of Auckland, deceased,
Jan. 1849. Mr. Fox Maule, secretary-
at-war, to be of the cabinet, Nov. 1849.
Earl of Carlisle from Woods and Forests
to the duchy of Lancaster, March;
and sir Thomas Wylde, created lord
Truro, lord chancellor, vice lord Cotten-
ham, who resigned, and was created earl
of Cottenham, July, 1850.]
1850. Lord John Eussell (as above) and his
colleagues, the present Ministers.
99
THE GREAT OFFICERS OF STATE,
THE LOKD HIGH STEWAKD OF ENGLAND.
The first great officer of the crown was formerly the Lord High Steward of
England, or Viceroy, for so the word signifies in the Saxon language : in Latin he
is styled Magnus Anglice Seneschallus. This honourable office is of great antiquity,
having been established prior to the reign of Edward the Confessor. The Lord High
Steward was the prime officer under the king, and the office was annexed to the
lordship of Hinckley, in Leicestershire ; and this lordship belonging to the family
of Montfort, earls of Leicester, they were, in right of it. Lord High Stewards of
England. But Simon de Montfort, the last earl of this family, having made a bad use
of the power which this office had given him, raised a rebellion against his sovereign
Henry HE., and was attainted, and his estate forfeited. Henry and his successors,
wisely judging that the power was too great, in some measure abolished the office, as,
in the hands of an ambitious subject, it might be made subservient to the worst
purposes. It is now, therefore, only revived pro hac vice, to officiate at a coronation,
or the trial of a peer. By his commission for the first, the Lord High Steward sits
judicially himself, or appoints commissioners to act for him : he keeps his court in the
king's palace, where he receives the petitions of noblemen and others, who, by tenure
or otherwise, claim to do service at the coronation of the king. When he is appointed
to preside at the trial of a peer or peeress of the realm, the lords being assembled, his
commission is read, and a white rod, his emblem of office, is put into his hand, and his
" Grace," for so he is then styled, takes the seat allotted to him as Lord High
Steward, and proceeds to the trial of the personage arraigned before him. As soon
as the investigation is over, his Grace breaks the rod, which ends his commission.
LoED High Stewards of England since the Restokation or
King Charles IL
1661. James Butler, duke of Ormond, for his
majesty's coronation. April 20.
1666. Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon (lord
chancellor), for the trial of Thomas
Parker, lord Morley and Monteagle.
April 12.
1676. Heneage Finch, lord Finch (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of Charles Com-
' walUs, lord Cornwallis. June 15.
1677. Heneage Finch, lord Finch (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of Philip, earl of
Pembroke and Montgomery. March 18.
1679. Heneage Finch, lord Finch (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of Thomas Osborne,
earl of Dauby. May 10.
— Heneage Finch, lord Finch (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of William Herbert,
earl of Powis ; William Howard, viscount
Stafford ; Henry Arundel, lord Arundel
of Wardour ; William Petre, lord Petre ;
and John, lord Belasyse. May 27.
1680. Heneage Finch, lord Finch (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of William Howard,
viscount Stafford. November 30.
1G85. James Butler, duke of Ormond, for the
coronation of Jamee II. April 21.
George Jeffereys, lord Jeffereys (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of Henry Booth, lord
Delamere. January 9.
H
1689, William Cavendish, earl of Devonshire, for
the coronation of William III. and
Mary II. April 11.
1692. Thomas Osborne, marquis of Carmarthen,
for the trial of Charles Mohun, lord
Mohun. March 25.
1699. John Somers, lord Somers (lord chancellor),
for the trial of Edward- Henry Rich, earl
of Warwick and Holland, and of Charles
Mohun, lord Mohun. Jan. 31.
1702. William Cavendish, duke of Devonshire,
for the coronation of Queen Anne.
1714. Charles Fitzroj', duke of Grafton, for the
coronation of George I.
1716. WUliam Cowper, lord Cowper (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of James Radcliffe,
earl of Derwentwater ; William Wid-
drington, lord Widdrington ; William
Maxwell, earl of Nithsdale; Robert
Dalziel, earl of Carnwath ; William
Gordon, viscount Kenmure; and Wil-
liam Naime, lord Nairue. Jan. 10.
— William Cowper, lord Cowper (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of George Seton,
earl of Wintoun. March 15.
1717. William Cowper, lord Cowper (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of Robert Harley,
earl of Oxford and earl Mortimer,
June 24.
100
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1725. Peter King, lord King (lord chancellor),
for the trial of Thomas Parker, earl of
Macclesfield ; which trial began May 14.
1727. Lionel Cranfleld Sackville, duke of Dorset,
for the coronation of George II.
1746. Philip Yorke, lord Hardwicke (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of William Boyd,
earl of Kilmarnock ; George Mackenzie,
earl of Cromarty ; and Arthur Elphin-
stone, lord Balmerino. July 6.
1747. Philip Yorke, lord Hardwicke (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of Simon Eraser,
lord Lovat. March 9.
1760. Eohert Henley, lord Henley (lord keeper),
for the trial of Lawrence Shirley, earl
Ferrers. April.
1761. William Talbot, earl Talbot, for the coro-
nation of George III.
1765. Robert Henley, earl of Northington (lord
chancellor), for the trial of William
Byron, lord Byron. May.
1776. Henry Bathurst, earl Bathurst (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of Elizabeth Chud-
leigh, duchess of Kingston. Feb. 10.
1788. Edward lord Thurlow (lord chancellor), for
the trial of Warren Hastings. Feb. 12.
1793. Alexander, lord Loughborough (lord chan-
cellor), for the trial of the same. Jan. 28.
This trial continued seven years, and
ended in the acquittal of Mr. Hastings,
April 23, 1795.
1806. Thomas, lord Erskine (lord chancellor),
for the trial of Henry Dundas, viscount
Melville. AprH 29.
1821. Henry- WilUam, marquess of Anglesey, for
the coronation of George IV. July 19.
1831. Alexander, duke of Hamilton, for the coro-
nation of William IV. Sept. 8.
1838. Alexander, duke of Hamilton, for the coro-
nation of Queen Victoria. June 28.
1841. Thomas, lord Denman, lord chief justice of
the queen's bench, for the trial of James
Thomas Brudenell, earl of Cardigan.
Feb. 16.
THE LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR.
The second great officer of the Crown is the Lord High Chancellor, or Lord Keeper
of the Great Seal. Formerly this office was conferred upon some dignified clergyman,
remarkable for his abilities, and his knowledge of the civil law. After the princes
of the blood royal, he is the first lay-subject, and is reputed the keeper of the king's
conscience. Among the many great prerogatives of his office, he has a power to
judge according to equity, conscience, and reason, where he finds the law of the land
so defective as that the subject would be injured thereby. If a man be imprisoned
illegally during the vacation, he has power to grant a writ of habeas corpus, and do
him justice according to law ; whereas, neither the court of ting's bench, nor the
common pleas, can grant that writ but in term-time. The Lord Chancellor and Lord
Keeper are the same in authority, power, and precedence ; they are appointed by the
King's delivery of the great seal to them, and by taking the oath of office. They
differ only in this point, that the Lord Chancellor has also letters-patent; whereas
the Lord Keeper has none. The business of the chancery, originally transacted in
the exchequer department of the Curia Regis, was removed to a separate court about
the close of Richard I.'s reign, from which time the annual rolls descend regularly.
Lord High Chancelloks op England.
William the Conqueeob.
1067. Arfastus, or Herefast ', chaplain to tne
king ; bishop of Elmham.
1070. Osbert, afterwards bishop of Exeter.
1073. Osmund, afterwards bishop of Salisbury.
1078. Maurice, afterwards bishop of London.
* * William Velson, or Welson (de Beilofago),
chaplain to the king ; afterwards bishop
of Thetford.
10S6. William Giffard; afterwards bishop of
Winchester.
Kino William II.
1087. William Giffard, continued.
1090. Robert Bloet, or Bluet, afterwards bishop
of Lincoln.
1093. Baldric, or Galdricus; and Drogo, keeper
under him.
1094. WiUiam Giffard, again.
Kino Henry I.
1100. WiUiam Giffard, bishop of Winchester,
continued.
1101. Roger, afterwards bishop of Salisbury.
1103. WilUam Giffard, again.
1104. Waldricus.
107. Ranulph, or Amulph ; died 1123.
[Richard, a chaplain, was, according to
1 Dugclale, and most of'the earlier writers, and, later, Hardy^, place Arfastus as the first chancellor, in this year.
Other writers fix a subsequent date. Mr. Foss, an excellent* authority, says, that he held the office at ■Whit-
suntide 1068 ; and he mentions his name (with the addition of " ch.iiicelIor ") as being affixed to the charter which
William then granted to the church of St. Martin's-le-Grand, in London. Mr. Foss adds, that '* Thynne, Phili-
pot, and Spelman, state the date correctly." We are indebted to Mr. Hardy for the greater portiou of this list,
and follow him, as being infinitely more certain than Dugdale, nearly all through. — Editor.
LORD HIGH CHANCELLORS.
101
Thynne, keeper of the seal under Ea-
nulph ; but this is doubtful : he became
bishop of Hereford in 1120.1
1124. Geoffrey Kufiis, afterwards bishop of Dur-
ham.
King Stephen.
1135. Roger Pauper, son of Roger, bishop of
Salisbury.
1139. PhiUp.
1142. Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury ; con-
stituted by the empress Maud.
* * William Fitzgilbert ; constituted by the
empress Maud.
* * William de Vere ; also constituted by the
empress, in reversion.
* * Robert de Gant, lord chancellor : died in
1153.
King Henet II.
1154. Thomas k Becket, afterwards archbishop
of Canterbury : resigned in 1162.
1173. Ralph de Wameville, treasurer of York.
1177. Walter de Constantiis, bishop of Lincoln
and archbishop of Rouen, vice-chancellor
or deputy.^
1182. Geoffrey Plantagenet, bishop of Lincoln,
and afterwards archbishop of York.
King Richakd I.
1189. William de Longchamp, afterwards bishop
of Ely: died in 1197.
1190. John de Alen9on, archdeacon of Lisieux ;
■vice-chancellor.
1192. Roger Malus Catulus, vice-chancellor.
March.
— Benet, vice-chancellor. Oct.
1195. Eustace, afterwards bishop of Ely, vice-
chancellor.
1198. Warine, or Guarinus, prior of Loches, in
Touraine, vice-chancellor.
— Eustace, bishop of Ely ; chancellor.
— Roceline, vice-chancellor.
King John.
1199. Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury.
1205. Walter-de-Grey, afterwards bishop of Wor-
cester and archbishop of York.
1213. Peter de Rupibus, bishop of Winchester.
1214. Walter de Grey, again. Jan.
— Richard de Marisco, afterwards bishop of
Durham. Oct.
King Henky III.
1216. Richard de Marisco, continued.
1218. Ralph de Nevill, afterwards bishop of Chi-
chester, keeper.
1226. Ralph de Nevill, chancellor.
[The king took the great seal from him in
1238, and delivered it to Geofirey, a
Templar, and to John de Lexinton;
but Ralph had still the emoluments of
the chancellorship.]
1238. Simon Normannus, or de Cantilupe, keeper.
1240. Richard Crassus, abbot of Evesham, keeper.
1 In Henrv I.'s reigii, a keeper of the seal under the chancellor Ranulph is mentioned, but upon somewhat
doubtful aulftorlty. In this reign (Henry ll.'s) Walterde Constantiis is called " Vice- Chancellor" by one author,
and is described by another as having the duties of the Chancellor in the Curia Regis committed to him by
Llph de WarneviUe. In the following reign (that of Richard I.), the title, it will be found, was ofliclally
adopted. He was, perhaps, the deputy of the chancellor mentioned in the Dtalogus de Scaccarw, to whom the
custody of the roils was entrusted, and in whose appointment probably originated the office of master of the
rolls. — foss's Judges of England.
1242. Silvester de Everdon, or Eversden, keeper.
1246. John Hansel, provost of Beverley, keeper.
1247. John de Lexinton, again keeper, in the
absence of John Mansel on an embassy.
1248. John Mansel, on his return, again keeper.
1250. William de Kilkenny, afterwards bishop of
Ely, keeper.
1255. Henry de Wingham, bishop of London,
keeper.
1258. Walter de Merton, bishop of Rochester,
keeper.
1260. Nicholas de Ely, afterwards bishop of
Worcester and Winchester, keeper.
1261. Walter de Merton, bishop of Rochester,
chancellor.
1263. Nicholas de Ely, chancellor.
1265. Thomas de CantUupe, bishop of Hereford.
Feb.
— Walter Giffard, bishop of Bath and Wells.
Aug.
1266. Godfrey Giffard, bishop of Worcester.
1268. John de ChishuU, afterwards bishop of
London, keeper.
1269. Richard de Middleton; first, keeper, after-
wards chancellor.
1272. John de Kirkeby, afterwards bishop of Ely.
King Edwaed I.
— Walter de Merton, bishop of Rochester.
1274. Robert Bumell, archdeacon of York.
1292. John de Langton, afterwards bishop of
Chichester.
1302. William de Grenefield, dean of Chichester,
afterwards archbishop of York.
1304. WiUiam de Hamilton, dean of York.
— John de Benstede, keeper, until the new
chancellor's arrival to receive the seal.
1307. Ralph de Baldoc, Baldok, or Beaudake,
bishop of London.
King Edwaed II.
1307. Ralph de Baldoc, continued.
— John de Langton, bishop of Chichester.
1310. William de Melton, Robert de Bardelby,
Ingelard de Warlegh, and John Fraun-
ceis, keepers.
— Walter Reinalds, or Reynolds, bishop of
Worcester, afterwards archbishop of
Canterbury. July.
1311. Adam de Osgodeby, master of the rolls,
Robert de Bardelby, and William de
AjTemynne, keepers.
1312. Walter Reynolds, again, keeper.
1314. John de Sandale, afterwards bishop of
Winchester. Sept.
1318. John de Hotham, or Hothum, bishop of
Ely. June.
1320. John Salmon, bishop of Norwich. Jan.
1323. Robert de Baldoc, or Baldok, archdeacon
of Middlesex (and elected bishop of
Norwich). Aug.
King Edwaed HI.
1327. John de Hotham, again. Jan.
— Henry de Clyif, master of the rolls, keeper.
March.
102
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1327. Henry de Burghersh, bishop of Lincoln.
May.
1330. Jolin de Stratford, bisliop of Winchester.
Nov.
1334. Eichard de Angarville, or Bury, bishop of
Durham. Sept.
1335. John de Stratford, again, now archbishop
of Canterbury. June.
1337. Robert de Stratford, archdeacon of Can-
terbury. March.
1338. Eichard de Bynteworth, or Wentworth,
bishop of London. July.
— John de St. Paul, master of the rolls, and
Thomas de Baumburgh, keepers, pro
tern, July.
1339. John de St. Paul, Michael de Wath, and
Thomas de Baumburgh, keepers. Dec.
13i0. John de Stratford, the third time. AprU :
resigned from infirmity.
— John de St. Paul, keeper. June.
— Eobert de Stratford, now bishop of Chi-
chester. July.
— William de Kildesby, keeper. Dec. 1.
— Sir Robert Burghchier, or Bourchier, knt.
Dec. 14.
1341. Sir Robert Parnyng, knt. : died, Aug. 26,
1343.
1343. John de Thoresby, master of the rolls,
John de St. Paul, Thomas de Brayton,
and Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of
Warwick, keepers. Aug.
— Robert de Sadyngton. Sept.
1345. John de Offord, or Uiford, dean of Lincoln ;
appointed archbishop of Canterbury,
but died, May 20, 1349, before conse-
cration.
1349. David de Wollore, master of the rolls, John
de St. Paul, Thomas de Brayton, and
Thomas Cotyngham, keepers. May 28.
— John de Thoresby, bishop of St. David's.
June 16.
1356. William de Edington, bishop of Winches-
ter. Nov. 27.
1363. Simon Jjangham, bishop of Ely, afterwards
archbishop of Canterbury. Feb. 19.
1367. William de Wyckham, or Wykeham,
bishop of Winchester.
1371. Sir Robert de Thorpe, knt. March 26:
died June 29, 1372.
1372. Sir Richard le Scrope, lord Scrope, of Bol-
ton, treasurer ; keeper. June 29.
— Sir John Knyvet, knt. July 5.
1377. Adam de Houghton, or Hoghton, bishop
of St. David's. Jan. 11.
Kino Richard H.
1377. Adam de Hoghton, continued.
1378. Sir Richard le Srcope, lord Scrope. Oct. 29.
1379. Simon de Sudbury, archbishop of Canter-
bury, July 4. Beheaded by the rebels
under Wat Tyler, June 14, 1381.
1381. Richard, earl of Arundel, keeper. June 14.
— Hugh de Segrave, steward of the king's
household, keeper. June 16.
— William Courtenay, bishop of London.
Aug. 10.
— Richard, lord Scrope, again. Deo. 4.
1382. Hugh de Segrave, treasurer of England,
William de Dighton, privy seal, John
de Waltham, master of the rolls (July
11), and Walter de Skirlawe (Aug. 8),
keepers,
— Robert de Braybroke, bishop of London.
Sept. 20.
1383. John de Waltham, keeper. March 10.
— Sir Michael de la Pole. March 13.
1386. Thomas de Arundel, or Fitz-Alan, bishop
of Ely ; afterwards archbishop of York
and of Canterbury. Oct. 24.
1389. William de Wykeham, bishop of Winches-
ter, again. May 4.
1391. Thomas de Arundel, now archbishop of
York, again. Sept. 27.
1396. Edmund Stafford, bishop of Exeter. Nov. 23.
1399. Thomas de Arundel, now archbishop of
Canterbury ; the third time. Sept.
— John de Scarle. Sept.
King Henky IV.
1399. John de Scarle, continued.
1401. Edmimd Stafford, again. March 9.
1403. Henry de Beaufort, bishop of Lincoln. Feb.
1405. Thomas Longley, keeper of the privy seal,
March 2 ; bishop of Durham in 1406.
1407; Thomas de Arundel, the fourth time. Jan.
30.
.1410. Sir Thomas de Beaufort, afterwards earl of
Dorset and duke of Exeter. Jan. 31.
1412. Thomas de Arundel, the fifth time. Jan. 5.
King Henky V.
1413. Henry de Beaufort, bishop of Winchester
(translated from Lincoln). March 21.
1417. Thomas Longley, bishop of Durham, again.
July 23.
Kjng Henry YL
1422. Simon Gaunstede, master of the rolls,
keeper. Sept. 28.
1424. Henry de Beaufort, again. July 6,
1426. John Kempe, bishop of London. March 16.
1432. Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, keeper.
Feb. 25.
— John Stafford, Bishop of Bath and Wells.
March 4.
1450. John Kempe, now a cardinal, and arch-
bishop of York. Jan. 31 ; died March 2,
1454.
1454. Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury. April 2.
1455. Thomas Bourchier, archbishop of Canter-
bury. March 7.
1456. William de Waynflete, bishop of Winches-
ter. Oct. 11.
1460. Thomas Bourchier, archbishop of Canter-
bury, keeper. July 7.
— George Neville, bishop of Exeter, after-
wards archbishop of York, Jrdy 25.
King Edward IV.
1461. The bishop of Exeter, continued.
1463. Eobert Kirkeham, master of the roUs,
keeper during the chancellor's absence.
Aug. 23, and subsequently.
1467. Robert Stillington, bishop of Bath and
Wells. June 20.
1473. John Morton, master of the rolls, keeper.
June 18.
— Henry Bourchier, earl of Essex, keeper.
June 23.
— John Morton, again keeper. July 17. See
year 1487.
— Lawrence Booth, bishop of Durham. July
27. ■*
1475. Thomas Rotheram, bishop of Lincoln.
— John Alcock, bishop of Rochester. April 27.
— Thomas Rotheram, again. Sept. 28.
King Edward V.
1483. John Ruissell, bishop of Lincoln.
LOED HIGH CHANCELLOKS.
King Richard III.
1483; The bishop of Lincoln, continued.
1485. Thomas Barowe, master of the roUs, keeper.
Aug. 1.
Kmo Henry VII.
1485. John Alcock, now bishop of Worcester,
and afterwards bishop of Ely.
1487. John Morton, now archbishop of Canter-
bury. Aug. 8. He had been made
bishop of Ely in 1478 ; died Sept. 1500.
1600. Richard Nikke, dean of the chapel royal,
keeper. Sept. 16.
1502. Henry Deane, bishop of Salisbuiy, after-
wards archbishop of Canterbury, keeper.
— WaHam Barons, master of the rolls, keeper.
July 27.
— William Warham, bishop elect of London,
keeper. Aug. 11.
1504. William Warham, now bishop of London,
and archbishop elect of Canterbury, lord
chancellor. JaiL 21.
King Henry VIII.
William Warham, continved.
Thomas Wolsey, cardinal, and archbishop
of York. Dec. 22.
Thomas, duke of Norfolk, treasurer, and
Charles, duke of Suffolk, earl marshal!,
keepers. Oct. 17.
Sir Thomas More. Oct. 25 : he resigned
the seal May 16th, 1532.i
Sir Thomas Audley, keeper. May 20.
Sir Thomas Audley, chancellor. Jan. 26 ;
created lord Audley, of Walden, Nov.
29, 1538.
Thomas, lord Wriothesley, keeper. April
Thomas, lord Wriothesley, lord chancellor.
May 3.
King Edward VI.
Lord Wriothesley, continued, and created
earl of Southampton.
William Paulet, lord St. John, keeper.
March 7.
Richard, lord Rich. Oct. 23.
Thomas Goodrich, bishop of Ely, keeper.
Dec. 22.
1509.
1515.
1529.
1532.
1533.
1544.
1547.
1651.
103
1552. Thomas Goodrich, bishop of Ely, lord
chancellor. Jan. 19.
Queen Mary.
1553. Stephen Gardiner, or Gardyner, bishop of
Winchester. Aug. 23.
1556. Nicholas Heath, archbishop of York. Jan. 1.
Queen Elizabeth.
1551. The Queen, keeper. Nov. 18.
— Sir Nicholas Bacon *, keeper ; Dec. 22 : the
first lord keeper that ranked as lord
chancellor. Died Feb. 20, 1579.
1579. The Queen. Feb. 20.
— William Cecil, lord Burleigh, and Robert,
earl of Leicester, lord keepers. Feb. 24.
— Sir lliomas Bromley, knt., lord chancellor.
April 26 : died April 12, 1587.
1517. Henry, lord Hunsdon ; William, Lord Cob-
ham ; and sir Francis Walsingham, lord
keepers. April 16.
— William, lord Burleigh; Robert, earl of
Leicester ; and sir Francis Walsingham,
lord keepers. April. 26.
— Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor.
April 29 : died Nov. 20, 1591.
1591. William, lord Burleigh ; Henry, lord
Hunsdon ; William, lord Cobham ; and
Thomas, lord Bucldiurst, commissioners
of the great seal. Nov. 22.
— Sir Gilbert Gen-ard, master of the rolls,
and others, commissioners for hearing
causes. Nov. 22.
1592. Sir John Puckering, knt, lord keeper.
May 28 : died April 30, 1596.
1596. Sir Thomas Egerton, knt. 3 lord keeper.
May 6.
Kmo James I.
1G03. Sir Thomas Egerton, lord keeper, con-
tinued. March 24.
— Sir Thomas Egerton, now lord Ellesmere,
lord chancellor, July 24 : afterwards
created viscount Brackle}' : died March
15, 1617.
1617. Sir Francis Bacon, knt., lord keeper.
March 7.
1618. Sir Francis Bacon * made lord chancellor,
Jan. 4 : created lord Verulam, and after-
wards viscount St. Alban's.
' Sir Thomas More was the first layman that had held the great seal as lord high chancellor. He resigned
because he could not concur with the court in the king's divorce from Catharine of Arragon. His conscientious
opposition to the tyrant's will was enough to prove the ruin of this excellent man — " vir, doctriiUi et probitate
speciabilts" as he is called by Thuanus, the historian. His unfortunate fate is too well known to be related here.
2 Camden gives him this character : " Vir prcepinguis, ingenio acerrinw, singularia prudentin, summa elo'-
qupntia, ienacia memoria^ et sacris conciliis alietum coiumen." Of person very corpulent, most quick wit, sin-
gular prudence, admirable eloquence, retentive memory, and another pillar to the privy council. This corpulency
of body grew upon him in his old age, and whenever queen Elizabeth alluded to it, she used to say, " Sir Nicholas's
soul lodges well." ,
3 Lord Campbell, who seems to delight in bestowing just praise, says of this personage : " It is refreshing to
have to contemplate the life of a man remarkable alike for talent, learning, and probity, who raised himself from
obscurity by his own exertions, and who reached the highest honours without affixing any stain on his character
and with merits so acknowledged, that he did not even excite the envy of rivals." — Lord Campbeli's Lives of the
Lord Chancellors.
His lordship relates an early anecdote of Egerton, which he takes, he says, from the Rev. Francis Egerton's
Memoirs of him : " He first gave earnest of his future eminence by interposing as amicus curicE while yet a
student, when a verdict was about to be pronounced which would have ruined a worthy old lady who kept a
house of public entertainment in Smithfield. Three graziers had deposited a sum of money with her, to be
returned to them on their joint application. One of them fraudulently pretending that he had authority to
receive it, induced her to give him tiie whole of the money, and absconded with it. 'I'he other two brought their
action against her, and (as the story goes) were about to recover, when young Egerton begged permfssion to
befriend the court, by pointing out a fatal objection which had escaped her counsel as well as my lord judge.
Said he : ' The money by the contract was to be returned to three^ but onlv two sue ; where is the third ? Let
him appear with the others; till then the money cannot be demanded of her.' This turned the fortune "of the
day ; the plaintiffs were nonsuited, and our young student was from that day considered to be of great mark and
likclhood." — Lord CamphelV s Lord Chancellors.
•* This great man was accused of bribery and corruption by a committee of the commons; adjudged guilty
(May 3, 1621 ) ; and sentenced to a fine and ransom of £40,000, to imprisonment in the Tower during the king's
H 4
104
1621
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEES.
Sir Julius Caisar, master of the rolls, and
other commissioners, to hear causes in
chancery. May 1.
Sir John Ley, knt. and hart., chief justice,
and other commissioners, to hear causes
in the lords. May 1.
Henry, viscount Mandeville, lord treasurer ;
Ludowic, duke of Eichmond; and the
earl of Arundel, to use the seal. May 1.
John Wilhams, dean of Westminster, after-
wards hishop of Lincoln, lord keeper.
July 10.
King Charles I.
The bishop of Lincoln, lord keeper, con-
tinued: resigned the seal, Oct. 30.
Sir Thomas Coventry, lord keeper, Nov. 1 :
afterwards lord Coventry : died Jan. 13,
1640.
Sir John Finch, chief justice C. P., lord
keeper. Jan. 17 : afterwards lord Finch.
Sir Edward Lyttleton, chief justice C. P.,
lord keeper. Jan. 19. Created lord
Lyttleton in Feb. 1641.
The King. May 21.
Oliver, earlofBolingbroke; Henry, carl of
Kent i Oliver St. John, John Wilde,
Samuel Browne, and Edmund Prideaux,
parliamentary commissioners or keepers.
Nov. 30.
SiV Richard Lane, royal keeper. Oct. 23.
The earl of Salisbury, in the room of the
earl of Bolingbroke, deceased, parlia-
mentary commissioner. Aug. 11.
Edward, earl of Manchester, speaker of the
house of lords, and William Lenthall,
speaker of the commons and master of
the rolls, parliamentary commissioners
or keepers. Oct. 31.
Henry, earl of Kent, and William, lord
Grey, of Werke, parliamentary keepers.
March 17.
— Sir Thomas Widdrington, and Bulstrode
Whitelocke, parliamentary keepers,
joined to the preceding. April 12.
The Commonwealth.
1549. BulstrodeWhitelocke, and John Lisle, esqrs.,
and Serjeant Keeble, parliamentary com-
missioners. Feb. 8.
1663. Sir Edward Herbert, attorney-general,
lung's lord keeper. April 5.
1664. Bulstrode Whitelocke, sir Thomas Wid-
drington, and John Lisle, esq., parlia-
mentary commissioners. April 4.
— Sir Thomas Widdrington, parhamentary
keeper, Whitelocke being abroad, and
Lisle unwell. May 30.
1625.
1640.
1641.
1642.
1643.
1645.
1646.
1648,
1654. Bulstrode Whitelocke, sir Thomas Wid-
drington, and Mr, Lisle, parliamentary
keepers. July 14. -
1655. Nathaniel Fiennes and Mr. Lisle, parlia- •■
mentary commissioners. Oct. 10.
1658. Sir Edward Hyde, knt. and*hart., made
king's lord keeper at Bruges, Jan. 13 ;
and king's lord chancellor, Jan. 29.
Nathaniel, lord Fiennes, and John, lord
Lisle (summoned as peers to the com-
monwealth parliament), parliamentary
commissioners. Sept. 20.
1659. Nathaniel, lord Fiennes ; John, lord Lisle ;
and Bulstrode, lord Whitelocke (also
summoned as a peer of the common-
wealth), parliamentary commissioners
or keepers. Jan. 22.
— William Lenthall, parliamentary keeper.
May 14.
— John Bradshaw, Thomas Terrj'll, and John
Fountain, parliamentary commissioners.
June 3.
— Bulstrode (lord) Whitelocke, again, par-
liamentary keeper. Nov. 1.
1660. William Lenthall, parliamentary keeper.
Jan. 13.
— Sir Thomas Widdrington, Thomas Terryll,
and John Fountain, parliamentary com-
missioners. Jan. 16.
— Edward, earl of Manchester, joined to the
above. May 7.
The Restoration.
1660. Sir Edward Hyde, lord chancellor. June 1 ;
afterwards created lord Hyde, viscount
Cornbury, and earl of Clarendon : re-
moved Aug. 1667.
1667. Sir Orlando Bridgeman, knt. and hart., lord
keeper. Aug. 31.
1672. Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftesbury, lord
chancellor. Nov. 17.
1673. Sir Heneage Finch, bart., lord keeper.
Nov. 9.
1675. Heneage, now lord Finch, lord chancellor.
Dec. 19 ; afterwards created earl of Not-
tingham' : died Dec. 18, 1682.
1682. Sir Francis North, created lord Guildford,
lord keeper. Dec. 20.
King James II.
1685. Francis, lord Guildford, lord keeper, con-
tinued : died Sept. 5, 1686.
— George, lord Jeffreys^, chief justice K. B.,
lord chancellor. Sept. 28.
AViLLIAM AND MAEY.
1689. Sir John Maynard, knt. ; sir Anthony
Keck, knt., and sir William Eawlin-
pleasure, and declared incapable of any office, place, or employment in the state: he was "never more to sit in
parliament, or come witliin the verge ol" the court." James shed tears at his fate, and appears (after he had been
a short time in confinement) to have remitted his sentence ; as we find him summoned to the House of Peers 1st
Charles 1. " Bacon was the greatest genius of his age." — Boyie. " The father of experimental philosophy."
— M. ViiUaire. " His worlis are, for expression as well as thought, the glory of our nation." — Sheffieid
Dukt! of Buckingham.
1 The Duke of Wharton said of this lord chancellor: " To figure this great and inestimable man aright, and
to paint him in true colours, and with some warmth of imagination, but with the greatest submission to truth,
I would seat him on his throne, with a ray of glory about his head, his ermine without spot or blemish, his
balance in the right hand, mercy on his left, splendour and brightness at his feet, and his tongue, in silver tones,
dispensing goodness, virtue, and justice to mankind."
2 It appears that a patent was made out shortly before the king's flight, creating Jeffreys, earl of Flint —
Gravger. This is a mistake : The titles of earl of Flint and viscount Wickham were sarcastically applied to
this notorious personage. Granger was deceived by a work, " Dissertatio LWwlogica, &c." dedicated to " Honora-
imimo domine Georgia cotniti Ftintenai, vicecomiti <te IVeickham, barani dp Weim, supremo AngUte cancellariOi
et serenissimo Jacobo Segundo regi Angliw a secretioribus cansiliis ; " a sarcastic dedication to him as the Jiiniy
Jeffreys. —&> Harris Nicolas.
LORD HIGH CHANCELLORS.
105
son, knt., commissioners or keepers.
March 4
1690. Sir John Trevor, knt. ; su- William Eaw-
linson, knt., and sir George Hutchins,
knt^ commissioners or keepers. May 14.
1693. Sir John Somers, lord keeper. March 23.
1697. Sir John Somers, lord chancellor.' April
22. Created lord Somers. Deprived of
the seal, April 27, 1700. — Lord Uay-
Tfumd's Reports,
1700. Lord chief justice Holt, K. B., sir George
Trehy, chief justice C. P., and chief
baron sir Edward Ward, lord keepers.
April 27.
— Sir Nathan Wright, lord keeper. May 21.
Queen Anne.
1702. Sir Nathan Wright, lord keeper, continued:
removed in 1705.
1705. Et. hon. William Cowper', lord keeper,
Oct. 11 ; afterwards lord Cowper.
1707. William, lord Cowper, lord chancellor.
May 4: resigned Sept. 25, 1710.
1710. Sir Thomas Trevor, chief Justice C. P.,
Robert Tracy, justice C. P., and baron
Scrope (of Scotland) lord keepers. Sept.
26.
— Sir Simon Harcourt, attorney-general, lord
keeper, Oct. 19 : created lord Harcourt.
1713. Simon, lord Harcourt, lord chancellor.
April 7.
Kesg Geokge I.
1714. Simon, lord Harcourt, continued ; deprived
Sept. 21.
— William, lord Cowper, lord chancellor,
Sept. 21 : afterwards earl Cowper.
1718. Sir Eobert Tracy, sir John Pratt, and sir
James Montague, lord keepers. April 18.
— Thomas, lord Parker, lord chancellor.
May 12 : afterwards earl of Macclesfield :
surrendered the seal. Jan. 4, 1725.
1725. Sir Joseph Jekyll, master of the rolls, sir
Jeffrey Gilbert, B. E., and sir Robert
Raymond, justice K. B., lord keepers.
Jan. 7.
— Sir Peter King, created lord King, lord
chancellor. June 1.
Knua Geoege II.
1727. Lord King, continued ; resigned Nov. 1733.
1733. Hon. Charles Talbot, created lord Talbot,
lord chancellor, Nov. 29 : died Feb.
1737.
1737. Philip Yorke, lord Hardwicke', lord chan-
cellor, Feb. 21 : resigned Nov. 19.
1756.
1756. Sir John Willis, chief justice C. P., sir
Sidney Stafford Smythe B. E., and sir
John Eardley Wilmot, justice K. B;,
lord keepers. Nov. 19.
1757. Sir Robert Henley, attorney-general, lord
keeper, June 20 ; afterwards lord Henley.
KisQ Geoege III.
1760. Lord Henley, lord keeper, continued.
1761. Lord Henley, lord chancellor, Jan. 16;
afterwards viscount Henley, and earl of
Northington ; resigned July 30, 1766.
1766. Charles, lord Camden, chief justice C. P.,
lord chancellor, July 30 : resigned Jan,
17, 1770.
1770. Hon. Charles Yorke, attorney-general, lord
chancellor, Jan. 17: created lord Mor-
den : died Jan. 20, before the seals were
put to his patent of peerage; he held
the great seal only three days.
— Sir Sidney-Stafford-Smythe, B. E. ; hon.
Henry Bathurst, justice C. P. ; and Sir
Richard Aston, justice K.B., commis-
sioners. Jan. 21.
1771. Hon. Henry Bathurst, created lord Apsley,
lord chancellor. Jan. 23. Succeeded his
father as earl Bathurst 1775 : resigned.
1778. Edward Thurlow, attorney-general, created
lord Thurlow, lord chancellor, June 3 :
resigned.
1783. Alexander, lord Loughborough ; sir Wil-
liam-Henry Ashhurst, knt., justice K.B. ;
and sir Beaumont Hotham, B. E., knt.
commissioners. April 9.
— Edward, lord Thurlow, lord chancellor,
Dec. 23 : resigned June 15, 1792.
1792. Sir James Eyre, knt. C.B. ; sir William-
Henry Ashhurst, knt. justice K.B. ; and
sir John Wilson, knt., justice C. P., com-
missioners. June 15.
1793. Alexander, lord Loughborough, lord chan-
cellor, Jan. 21 : resigned.
1801. John, lord Eldon*, chief justice C.P., lord
chancellor, April 14 : resigned.
1 Lord Somers was one of those divine men, who, lilte a chapel in a palace, remain unprofaned, while all the
rest is tyranny, corruption, and folly. The most incorrupt lawyer, and the honestest statesman ; a master orator,
a genius of the finest taste, and a patriot of the most expansive views ; a man who dispensed blessings by his life,
and planned them for posterity — Horace Wctlpole.
^ It being customary on New- Year's day for those who practised in chancery to present the lord chancellor
with a New Year's gift, which usually amounted to about 1500/., the lord keeper, Cowper, refused to accept this
contribution, it appearing too much like bribery. A rare example of an independent spirit and of proud integrity I
Ann. of Great Britain, 1706.
3 Lord Hardwicke continued, it is said, chief justice of the king's bench (which he had previously been) until
June 7, 1737, though he had kissed hands for the great seal — Burrow's Settlement Cases. Woolrych. " Lord
Hardwicke valued himself more upon being a great minister of state, which he certiiinly was not, than upon
being a great chancellor, which he certainly was." — Lord Chesterfield.
■1 George III. gave Lord Eldon a seal on which was engraven Justice, with eyes unbandaged, directed in her
path by Religion. On presenting him this seal, the king observed, that " Justice was generally painted blind,
but be did not know why it should be so, when her path was so guided." Lord Eldon acknowledged his infirmity
of doubting. " He preferred dull truth to brilliant error, slow accuracy to expeditious misdirection." — Sir Charles
Wetherell. " No man who has sat in the court where he [Lord Eldon] presides, ever brought to the public
service a more consummate knowledge of all its principles and practice ; no one could be better qualified to
decide in that forum with rapidity, yet how often does he tiiere pause and reconsider, risking the appearance of
being dilatory and undecided, rather than mistake the rights of the meanest individual whose interests are in his
hands." Liird Erskine in the House of Peers. " If lord Eldon have a fault, it is that of an over-anxiety to do
justice." Sir Samuel Bomilly. His lordship himself once said, " It has been a principle on which many who
have presided in this court, have acted, that a judge is obliged to know nothing more than the counsel think
proper to disclose, relative to the case. But for myself, 1 have thought and acted otlierwise, and I know, if I had
given judgment on the statements only that have been made to me by counsel on both sides, 1 should have dis-
posed of numerous estates to persons who had no more title to them than / have ; and believe me, ]
comfort in that thought, — a comfort, of which all the observations upon my conduct can never rob me."
106
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1806. Hon. Thomas Erakine', created lord Ers-
kine, chancellor. Feb. 7 : resigned.
1807. John, lord Eldon, cyain. April 1.
Kino Geoege IV.
1820. Lord Eldon, continued : afterwards earl of
Eldon : resigned.
1827. John Singleton Copley, master of the
rolls, created lord Lyndhurst, lord
chancellor. May 2.
King William IV.
1830. Lord Lyndhurst, continued : resigned.
— Henry Brougham, created lord Brougham
and Vaux, lord chancellor. Nov. 22 :
resigned.
1834. Lord Lyndhurst, ajam, Nov. 22: resigned.
1835. Sir Charles-Christopher Pepys, master of
the rolls, vice-chancellor Shadwell,
and justice Bosanquet C. P., commis-
sioners. April 23.
1836. Sir Charles-Christopher Pepys, lord chan-
cellor, Jan. 16. : created lord Cot-
tenham.
Queen Viotokia.
1837. Lord Cottenham, continued. Resigned
Sept. 3, 1841.
1841. Lord Lyndhurst, third time, lord chancellor.
Sept. 3 : resigned.
1846. Lord Cottenham, again. July 6. Resigned,
June 19, 1850. His lordship, on signi-
fying his intention to retire from office,
was created earl of Cottenham.
1850. The great seal in commission: Henry,
lord Langdale, master of the rolls, sir
Launcelot Shadwell, knt., vice-chan-
cellor of England, and sir Robert Mou-
sey Rolfe, knt., a baron of the exche-
quer, commissioners. June 19.
— Sir Thomas Wilde (chief justice of the
common pleas) made lord chancellor,
and created lord Truro. July 15.
The PRESENT Lord High Chancellor
of England.
THE LORD HIGH TREASURER OF ENGLAND.
The Lord High Treasurer is the third great officer of the Crown ; and is appointed
by letters-patent. After he has taken the oaths before the lord chancellor, or lord
keeper, he repairs to the court of exchequer, where, his letters-patent having been
read, he takes his seat upon the bench. This is now only an honorary usage, he never
sitting among the barons as formerly (with the chamberlains) judicially. He is a
lord by his office, and governs (nominally) the upper court of exchequer, and has the
custody of the king's treasure, and of the foreign and domestic records there deposited,
and the appointment of all commissioners and other officers employed in collect-
ing the revenues of the crown. — Beatson. The Lord High Treasurer holds his place
dm-ing pleasure. The office is now executed by five or more persons, who are called
Lords Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Treasurer.
The office of Chancellor of the Exchequer is always held by one of the Lords Com-
missioners of the Treasury. He is styled Chancellor and Under Treasurer of the
Exchequer ; and has the custody of the exchequer seal : he has also the controlment
of the rolls of the Lords of the Treasury, and sits (on occasions) in the court of
exchequer above the barons. ^ — Beatson.
Lord High Teeasceees or England.
William the Conquekoe.
Odo, Earl of Kent.
King Heney I.
Geoffry de Clinton.
Eanulph Flambard, Bishop of Durham.
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury.
Nigellus, Bishop of Ely.
King Henry II.
Geoffrey Ridel, bishop of Ely.
Richard de Ely.
King Richard I.
Richard de Ely, continued.
William de Ely.
King John.
William de Ely, continued.
Dean of St. Paul's, London.
Walter de Grey, bishop of Worcester.
Geoffrey, archdeacon of Norwich.
King Heney HI.
John Ruthal.
.. \i,jl ^i-sk'ne owet ■aolh h s title and official dignity to his faitliful attachment to Mr Fox Whm th.
"Talents administration was in course of lormation, Mr. Fox submitted to thp kin., a iTif „f c!;;., "*
his party considered eligible for the cliancellorship. At the head Tthis list was Mr Frl?L' ^^°V "J
must be chancellor, remember he is your chancellor, not mine. Mr Erskiiie wiriecV,rHinJlC ii' h i' ^■"\}^^
much to his oivn astonishment and that of all his friends This surnr so we l^,^? .m^^„. ^^ •'''' chancellor,
knowledge of how much he was disliked by the king surprise, we must suppose, arose simply from the
LORD HIGH TREASURERS.
107
1217. Eustace deFauconbridgo, afterwards bishop
of London.
— John de Fontibus, bishop of Ely.
— Walter Maclerk, or Lacklatine, bishop of
Carlisle.
— Hubert de Burgo.
— Peter de Orial.
[Under him, Robert Passelewe was chan-
cellor of the exchequer, or deputy trea-
surer.]
1234. Hugh de Patteshull.
— Galfridus Templarius.
— William HaverhuU, canon of St. Paul's,
London.
— Richard de Barking, abbot of Westminster.
— Philip Lovel ; deposed by the barons in the
year 1268.
1258. John Crackhall, archdeacon of Bedford.
1260. John, abbot of Peterborough ; made trea-
surer by the barons. ■
1263. Nicholas de Ely, archdeacon of Ely.
1266. Thomas de Wymundham.
1269. John de Chishull, dean of St. Paul's Lon-
don ; afterwards bishop of London.
1271. Philip de Ely.
King Edward I.
1274. Joseph de Clancy.
1275. Walter Giffard, bishop of Bath and Wells,
afterwards archbishop of York.
— Robert Bumel, bishop of Bath and Wells.
1278. John de Clancy, prior of St. John's of Je-
rusalem, in England.
1279. Thomas Beck, archdeacon of Dorchester.
1280. Richard de Warren, or de Ware, abbot of
Westminster.
1284. Walter Wenlock, abbot of Westminster.
1286. Roger de Longespee, a/ias de Molend, bishop
of Lichfield-
— John de Kirkeby, archdeacon of Coventry,
aftenvards bishop of Ely.
1290. William de Marchia, bishop of Bath and
Wells.
1293. Peter de Leicester, baron of the exchequer,
who, with the two chamberlains of the
exchequer, executed the ofiice of trea-
surer until the appointment of
1295. Walter de Langton, bishop of Lichfield.
[ Under whom, Peter Willeby was chan-
cellor of the exchequer.]
King Edward H.
1307. Walter Reynolds, bishop of Worcester,
afterwards archbishop of Canterbury.
He had been schoolmaster to the king.
[Under him John de Sandale was chan-
cellor of the exchequer.]
1311. John de Sandale.
1312. Sir Walter de Norwich.
1313. John de Sandale, bishop of Winchester;
second time.
1315. Sir Walter de Norwich ; secoTid time.
— John de Drokenesford, bishop of Bath and
WeUs.
[Hervey de Stanton, chancellor of the ex-
chequer].
1317. John Hotham, bishop of Ely.
1318. William Walwaine.
— John de Stratford, bishop of Winchester.
1819. Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter.
1321. Sir Walter de Norwich ; third time.
1322. Roger de Northburgh, bishop of Lichfield
and Coventry.
1324. Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter ; second
time. He was beheaded in the year
1326, by order of the queen regent,
Isabella.
1324. William de Melton, archbishop of York.
King Edward III.
1326. John de Stratford, bishop of Winchester ;
second time.
— Adam de Orleton, bishop of Hereford.
1327. Henry de Bnrghersh, bishop of Lincoln.
1329. Thomas Charleton, or Charlton, bishop of
Hereford.
1330. Robert Woodhouse.
1331. Wilham Melton, archbishop of York ; se-
cond time.
1332. William Ayremin, bishop of Norwich.
1333. Robert le Ailstono.
1336. Henry de Burghersh, bishop of Lincoln j
second time.
1337. Richard de Bury, bishop of Durham.
1338. William de la Zouch, or le Zouch, arch-
bishop of York.
1340. Sir Richard Sodington, knt.
— Roger de Northburgh, bishop of Lichfield
and Coventry ; second time.
1342. Roger de Northburgh, bishop of Lichfield
and Coventry ; third time,
1343. Wilham de Cusans.
1345. William de Edington, bishop of Winches-
ter.
1358. John de Shepey, bishop of Rochester.
1361. Simon Langham, bishop of Ely, afterwards
archbishop of Canterbury, lord chancel-
lor, and a cardinal.
1863. John Bamet, bishop of Worcester.
[Under him, WUiiara Ashby, archdeacon
of Northampton, was chancellor of the
exchequer.]
1371. Sir Richard Scrope, lord Scrope, of Bolton.
1376. Sir Richard Ashton, knight, lord warden
of the Cinque Ports.
1377. Henry Wakefield, bishop of Worcester.
King Richard II.
Wakefield, bishop of Worcester,
1377.
Henry
continued.
1378. Thomas Brentingham, bishop of Exeter.
1379. Richard Fitzalan, earl of Arundel and
Surrey.
1380. Thomas Brentingham, bishop of Exeter ;
second time.
1389. John Gilbert, now bishop of St. David's ;
second time.
1390. John Waltham, bishop of Salisbury.
1395. Roger Walden, secretary to the king, and
treasurer of Calais. He was elected
archbishop of Canterbury, but rejected
by pope Innocent VII., who afterwards
confirmed him bishop of London.
1398. Guy de Mona, bishop of St. David's.
— Sir William le Scrope, earl of Wiltshire : be-
headed at Bristol in 1399, 1st Henry IV.
KnJG Henry IV.
1399. Sh- John Northbury, Knt.
1403. Henry Bowet, bishop of Bath and Wells.
1404. William, lord Roos or Ros.
1405. Thomas, lord Fumival.
1408. Nicholas Bubbewith, bishop of London.
— Richard,lord Scrope, of Bolton J second time.
1409. John, lord Tiptoft.
1410. Henry, lord Scrope, of Masham ; beheaded
at Southampton, 3rd Heniy V. 1415.
108
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
King Henry V.
1413. Thomas, earl of Arundel and Surrey.
1416. Sir Philip Lech, knt.
1417. Henry, lord Fitz-Hugh.
King Henry VI.
1422. John Stafford, dean of Wells, made hishop
of Bath and Wells, afterwards archbishop
of Canterbury.
1425. Walter, lord Hungerford.
1431. John, lord Scrope, of Upsal.
1434. Ralph, lord Cromwell.
1444. Ralph de Sudley, lord Sudley.
1447. Marmaduke Lumley, bishop of Carlisle.
1448. James, lord Say and Sele : beheaded by the
Kentish rebels under Jack Cade.
1450. John, lord Beauchamp of Powyk.
1452. John, lord Tiptoft, now earl of Worcester ;
second time,
1455. James, earl of Wiltshire and Ormond.
— ThomasThorpe, chancellor of the exchequer.
— Henry, viscount Bourchier.
1456. John, earl of Shrewsbury : killed at the battle
of Northampton^ 1460.
1458. James, earl of Wiltshire and Ormond {se-
cond time) : beheaded at Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, 1461.
1460. Henry, viscount Bourchier, afterwards earl
of Essex ; second time.
King Edward IV.
1460. Thomas Bourchier.
1462. John, earl of Worcester (third time') : be-
headed in 1471.
1464. Edmund, lord Grey of Ruthyn, created
earl of Kent.
1465. Sir Walter Blount, afterwards lord Montjoy.
1466. Richard, earl Rivers : beheaded at North-
ampton, 1469.
1469. John Longstrother, prior of St. John's of
Jerusalem, in England.
— William Grey, bishop of Ely.
1471. Heniy, viscount Bourchier, now earl of
Essex ; third time.
King Edward V.
1483. Henry, earl of Essex, continued.
King Richard III.
1483. Ileniy, earl of Essex, continued,
1484. Sir Richard Wood, knt.
King Henry VII.
1485. Sir Reginald Bray.
— Sir William Stanley, knt., chancellor of the
exchequer.
1486. John, lord Dynham.
1601. Thomas, earl of Surrey, afterwards duke of
Noifolk.
ICiNG Henry VIII.
1509. The same, continued.
* * Thomas Cromwell, afterwards earl of Essex;
and chancellor of the exchequer: he-
headed 1540.
1522. Thomas, earl of Surrey, son to the last
lord treasurer : beheaded 1547.
King Edward VI.
1547. Edward, earl of Hertford, afterwards duke
of Somerset: beheaded :l 551.
1551. William, earl of Wiltshire, afterwards mar-
quess of Winchester.
Queen Mary.
1553. William, marquess of Winchester, con-
tinued.
Queen Elizabeth.
1558. William, marquess of Winchester, con-
tinued.
Richard SackviUe, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
1566. Sir William MUdmay, knt, chancellor of
the exchequer.
1572. Sir William Cecil, lord Burleigh : held
this high office 27 years.
1589. Sir John Fortescue, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
1599. Thomas Sackville, lord Buclshurst, after-
wards earl of Dorset : died April 19,1609.
King James I.
1603. George, lord Hume, of Berwick, chancellor
of the exchequer.
— Sir Fulke Greville, knt., chancellor of the
exchequer.
1509. Robert, earl of Sahsbury:diedMay 24,1612.
1612. Henry, earl of Northampton, and others
(first commissioners) by patent. June 16.
1614. Thomas Egerton, lord Ellesmere, lord
chancellor, and others, commissioners.
Jan. 24.
1614. Thomas, lord Howard de Walden and earl
of Suffolk : resigned.
1618. George Abbott, archbishop of Canterbury,
and others, commissioners, by suc-
cessive patents, dated July 21, 1618, and
Jan. 25, 1619.
1620. Sir Richard Weston, hart., afterwards earl
of Portland, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
— Sir Henry Montagu, knt., lord chief jus-
tice of the king's bench. Created baron
Kimbolton, and viscount Mandeville;
afterwards earl of Manchester.
1621. Lionel, lord Cranfleld, afterwards earl of
Middlesex ; sent to the Tower, and de-
prived. May 14, 1624.
1622. [Commission enabling the lord treasurer
to act as chancellor of the exchequer.
April 22.]
1624. Sir Richard Weston, afterwards lord Wes-
ton, chancellor and under treasurer of
the exchequer; commissioner dm*ing
the vacancy, by patent. May 25.
1624. Sir James Ley, knt. and bart., lord chief
justice of the king's bench. Created
lord Ley, afterwards earl of Marl-
borough.
King Charles I.
1625. The same, continued.
1628. Richard lord Weston, chancellor of the
exchequer. Created in 1633 earl of
Portland.
— Francis Cottington, afterwards lord Cot-
tington, chancellor of the exchequer.
"" William Laud, archbishop of Canter-
bury ;
Henry, earl of Manchester, lord privy
seal;
1635. >! Francis, lord Cottington, late chancellor
of the exchequer ;
Sir John Coke, knt., and
Sir Francis Wiudebank, knt., principal
secretaries of state; commissioners.
LORD HIGH TREASURERS.
109
1636. William Juxon, bishop of London.
— Edward, lord Newburgh, in Fifeshire,
chancellor of the exchequer.
' Sir Edward Littleton, knt., lord keeper
of the great seal ;
Henry, earl of Manchester, lord privy
seal;
1641. ^ Sir John Bankes, knt., lord chief justice
of the common pleas ;
Edward, lord Newburgh, chancellor of
the exchequer ; and
LSir Henry Vane, knt., commissioners.'
1642. Sir John Colepeper, knt., chancellor of the
exchequer.
— Sir Edward Hyde, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
1643. Francis, lord Cottington, by patent, dated
Oct. 3.1
Commonwealth.
(-Bulstrode Whitelocke,
Sir Thomas Widdrington, and
John Lisle, lords commissioners of the
great seal.
Henry EoUe, and
1654. ^ Oliver St. John, lords chief justices of
the upper and common bench j
Edward Montagu,
William Sydenham, and
William Matham ; commissioners of the
treasury, by patent, dated Aug. 3.
[When Eichard Cromwell became pro-
tector, another commission issued.]
^Bulstrode, lord Whitelocke, constable of
the castle of Windsor,
Edward, lord Montagu, one of the
generals at sea,
1658. H William, lord Sydenham, governor of
the Isle of Wight, and
Sir Thomas Widdrington, chief baron of
the exchequer, commissioners of the
treasury, by patent, dated Sept. 18.
[After Eichard ceased to be protector,
another commission issued under the
" Keepers of the Liberty of England."]
John Disbrowe,
WiUiam Sydenham,
Eichard Salwey,
1659. ■{ Cornelius Holland,
John Clerke, and
John Blackwell ; commissioners of the
treasury.
King Chaeles H.
Commissioners for executing the office of Lord
Sigh Treasurer of England.
June 19, 1660.
Sir Edward Hyde, knt. (lord chancellor) ; af-
terwards earl of Clarendon.
George Monk, general of the king's forces.
Thomas, earl of Southampton.
John, lord Eobartes.
Thomas, lord Colepeper.
General Edward Montagu.
Sir Edward Nicholas, knt., and sir William
Morrice, knt., principal secretaries of state.
Sept. 8, 1660.
Thomas, earl of Southampton.
Sir Eobert Long, chancellor of the exchequer.
May 24, 1667.
George, duke of Albemarle.
Anthony, lord Ashley, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Sir Thomas Clifford, knt., comptroller of the
household.
Sir William Coventry, knt.
Sir John Duncombe, knt.
April 8, 1669.
George, auke of Albemarle.
Anthony, lord Ashley, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Sir Thomas Clifford, knt., comptroller of the
household.
Sir John Duncombe, knt.
Nov. 28, 1672.
Thomas, lord Clifford.
Sir John Duncombe, knt., chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
June 24, 1673.
Sir Thomas Osborne, baron Osborne, and
viscount Latimer and Dhnblain. Created
earl of Danby, afterwards marquess of Car-
marthen and duke of Leeds.
March 26, 1679.
Arthur, earl of Essex.
Hon. Laurence Hyde, chancellor of the exchequer.
Sir John Ernley, knt.
Sir Edward Deering, bart.
Sidney Godolphin.
Nov. 21, 1679.
Hon. Laurence, afterwards lord, Hyde.
Sir John Ernley, knt. chancellor of the exchequer.
Sir Edward Deering, bart.
Sidney Godolphin.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
July 9, 1684.
Laurence, viscount Hyde, now earl of Eo-
CHESTEE.
Sir John Ernley, knt. chancellor of the exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
July 26, 1684.
Laurence, earl of Eochester.
Sir John Ernley, knt. chancellor of the exchequer.
Sir Dudley North, knt.
Henry Frederick Thynne.
Sept. 9, 1684.
Sidney, lord Godolphin.
Sir John Ernley, knt. chancellor of the exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
Sir Dudley North, knt.
Henry Frederick Thynne.
King James IL
Feb. 16, 1685.
Laurence, carl of Eochester, lord treasurer.
Jan. 4, 1687.
John, lord Belasyse.
Sidney, lord Godolphin.
Henry, lord Dover.
Sir John Ernley, knt. chancellor of the exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
1 Tne exchequer was removed to Oxford m 1643. Under the commonwealth the exchequer was managed
by committees until Cromwell became protector, when, in 16M, he re-established the exchequer.— Kr.rftomas'j
Notes of the Rolls Office.
110
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
William and Mary.
April 9, 1689.
Chaeles, viscount Mobdaunt.
Henry, lord Delamere, chancellor of the exche-
quer.
Sidney, lord Godolphin.
Sir Henry Capel, K.B., and
Et. hon. Richard Hampden.
March 18, 1690.
Sir John Lowthek, bart.
Kt. hon. Kichard Hampden, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt., and
Ihomas Pelham.
Nov. 15, 1690.
Sidney, lord Godolphin.
Sir John Lowther, bart.
Kt. hon. Richard Hampden, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Thomas Pelham, and
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
March 21, 1691.
Sidney, lord Godolphin.
Rt. hon. Richard Hampden, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
Charles Montagu, afterwards lord Halifax.
Sir Edward Seymour, bart.
May 3, 1694.
Sidney, lord Godolphin, and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
Charles Montagu.
Sir WiUiam Trumbull, knt., and
John Smith.
King William III.
Nov. 1, 1695.
Sidney', lord Godolphin.
Rt. hon. Charles Montagu, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt., and
John Smith.
May 2, 1696.
Sidney, lord Godolphin.
Et. hon. Charles Montagu, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
John Smith, and
Sir Thomas Littelton, bart.
May 1, 1698.
Et. hon. Chaeles Montagu, and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
John Smith.
Sir Thomas Littelton, bart., and
Thomas Pelham.
June 1, 1699.
Et. hon. Chaeles Montagu, and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Ford, earl of Tankerville.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
John Smith, and
Hon. Heury Boyle, afterwards lord Carleton.
Nov. 15, 1699.
Foed, carl of Taskervillb.
Et. hon. John Smith, chancellor of the exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
Hon. Henry Boyle, and
Richard Hill.
Dec. 9, 1700.
Sidney, lord Godolphin.
John Smith, chancellor of the exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
Hon. Henry Boyle, and
Richard Hill.
March 29, 1701.
Sidney, lord Godolphin.
Hon. Henry Boyle, chancellor of the exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
Richard Hill, and
Thomas Pelham.
Dec. 30, 1701.
Charles, earl of Carlisle.
Hon. Henry Boyle, chancellor of the exchequer.
Sir Stephen Fox, knt.
Eichard Hill, and
Thomas Pelham.
Queen Anne.
May 8, 1702.
Sidney, lord Godolphin, afterwards viscount
Rialton, and earl of Godolphin, lord treasurer :
resigned 1710.
Hon. Henry Boyle, chancellor of the exchequer.
Union voth Scotland.
Lord High Treasurers of Great Britain.
Aug. 10, 1710.
John, earl Pouleit.
Et. hon. Robert Harley, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Hon. Henry Paget.
Sir Thomas Mansell, bart., and
Robert Benson.
May 30, 1711.
Robert, earl of Oxford and earl Moetimee,
lord treasurer.
Et, hon. Eobert Benson, afterwards lord Bingley,
chancellor of the exchequer.
July 30, 1714.
Charles, duke of Shrewsbury. He -was at the
same time lord chamberlain of the household,
and lord-lieutenant of Ireland.
King George I.
*,* From the accession of George I. to the present time
the office of lord treasurer has been executed bv
commissioners; tlie duke of Shrewsbury beini
the last personage who executed the office as an
individual.
Oct. 13, 1714.
Charles, earl of Halifax.
Sir Eichard Onslow, bart. chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Sir William St. Quintin, bart.
Edward Wortley Montagu, and
Paul Methuen.
LORD HTGITTKEASUREES.
Ill
May 23, 1715.
CiiARLEa, eavl of Caklislj;, in the room of the
earl of Halifax, deceased.
Sir Richard Onslow, bart., chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Sir William St. Quintin, bart.
Edward Wortley Montagu, and
Paul Methuen.
Oct. 11, 1715.
Et. hon. EoBEKT Walpole; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Daniel, lord ]?inch.
Sir William St. Quintin, bart.
Et. hon. Paul Methuen, and
Hon. Thomas Newport.
June 25, 1716.
Et. hon. Egbert Walpole ; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Sir William St. Quintin, bart.
Et. hon. Paul Methuen.
Hon. Thomas Newport, afterwards lord Tor-
rington.
Eichard Edgcumbe.
April 15, 1717.
Et. hon. JA51ES Stanhope; and chancellor of
the exchequer ; afterwards earl Stanhope.
Thomas, lord Torrington.
John Wallop.
George Baillie, and
Thomas Micklethwaite ; afterwards viscount
Micklethwaite, in Ireland.
March 20, 1718.
Charles, earl of SuMiiERLAifD.
Et. hon. John Aislabie, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
John Wallop ; afterwards viscount Lymington
and earl of Portsmouth.
George Baillie, and
William Clayton.
June 11, 1720.
Charles, earl of Sottderland.
Et. hon. John Aislabie, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
George Baillie.
Sir Charles Turner, hart., and
Eichard Edgcumbe.
April 3, 1721.
Et. hon. Egbert Walpole, bart. ; and chancellor
of the exchequer.
George Baillie.
Sir Charles Turner, bart.
Eichard Edgcumbe ; afterwards lord Edgcumbe.
Hon. Henry Pelham.
March 23, 1724.
Et. hon. Egbert Walpole ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Baillie,
Sir Charles Turner, bart.
Hon. Henry Pelham, and
William Yonge.
April 2, 1724.
Et. hon. Egbert Walpole ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Baillie.
Sir Charles Turner, bart.
William Yonge, and
George Dodington, afterwrjds lord Melcombe.
May 27, 1725.
Sir Egbert Walpgle; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Sir Charles Turner, bart.
Sir William Yonge, K. B.
George Dodington, and
Sir William Strickland, bart.
King George II.
July 28, 1727.
Sir Egbert Walpole; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Sir Charles Turner, bart.
George Dodington.
Sir George Oxeuden, bart., and
William Clayton.
May 11, 1730.
Sir Egbert Walpole; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Dodington.
Sir George Oxenden, bart.
William Clayton, afterwards lord Sundon, of
Ireland.
Sir William Yonge, K. B.
May 1735.
Sir Egbert Walpole; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Dodington.
Sir George Oxenden, bart.
William, lord Simdon ; and
George, viscount Malpas.
May 1736.
Sir Egbert Walpole; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Dodington.
Sir George Oxenden, bart.
William, lord Sundon, and
Thomas Wilmington.
June 1737.
Sir Egbert Walpole; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Dodington, afterwards lord Melcombe.
William, lord Sundon.
Thomas Winnington, and
Giles Earle.
1741.
Sir Egbert Walpole, and chancellor of the
exchequer ; aftei*wards earl of Orford.
Thomas Winnington.
Giles Earle.
George Treby, and
Thomas Clutterbuck.
Feb. 16, 1742.
Spencer, earl of WiLMracTON, K. G.
Et. hon. Samuel Sandys, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Hon. George Compton.
Sir John Eushout, bart., and
Philip Gibbons.
Aug. 25, 1743.
Et. hon. Henry Pelham; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Hon. George Compton, afterwards earl of North-
ampton, and
Philip Gibbons.
112
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
Charles, earl of Middlesex, afterwards duke of
Dorset, and
Henry Fox, afterwards lord Holland.
Dec. 25, 1744.
Kt. hon. Heuey Pelham ; and chancellor of tEk
exchequer.
Charles, earl of Middlesex.
Henry Eox.
Hon. Richard Arandel, and
George Lyttelton,
June 1746.
Et. hon. Henry Pelhali, and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Charles, earl of Middlesex.
George Lyttelton.
Hon. Henry Bilson Legge ; and
John Campbell.
June 1747.
Kt. hon. Heney Pelham, and chancellor of the-
exchequer.
George Lyttelton.
Hon. Henry Bilson Legge.
John Campbell, and
Hon. George GrenviUe.
May 1749.
Kt. hon. Henry Pelham, and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Lyttelton.
John Campbell.
Hon. George GrenviUe, and
Hon. Henry Vane ; afterwards earl of Darlington.
March 18, 1754.
Thojias Holles Pelham, duke of Newcastle,
first commissioner.
April 6, 1754.
THojLAa Holles Pelham, duke of Newcastle.
Henry, call of Darlington.
Hon. H. B. Legge, chancellor of the exchequer.
ITiomas, viscount DuppHn, and
Robert Nugent.
Nov. 22, 1755.
Thojlas Holles Pelham, duke of Newcastle.
Hemy, earl of Darlington.
Sir George Lyttelton, bart., chancellor of the
exchequer.
Thomas, viscount Dupplin, afterwards earl of
Kinnoul, and
Robert Nugent.
Dec. 20, 1755.
Thomas Holles Pelham, duke of Newcastle.
Sir George Lyttelton, bart. ; afterwards lord
Lyttelton, chancellor of the exchequer.
Robert Nugent.
Percy Wyndham O'Bryen, and
Henry Fumese.
Nov. 16, 1766.
William, duke of Devonshiee.
Hon. H. B. Legge, chancellor of the exchequer.
Robert Nugent.
William viscount Duncannon, and
Hon. James GrenviUe.
July 2, 1757.
Tiio.MAs Holles Pelham, duke of Newcastle,
Hon. H. B. Legge, chancellor of the exchequer.
Robert Nugent.
William, viscount Duncannon ; afterwards earl of
Besborough, and
Hon. James GrenvUle.
June 2, 1759.
Thomas Holles Pelham, duke of Newcastle.
Hon. H. B. Legge, chancellor of the exchequer.
Robert Nugent, afterwards earl Nugent.
Hon. James GrenviUe.
Frederick North, lord North.
Dec. 22, 1759.
Thomas Holles Pelham, duke of Newcastle.
Hon. H. B. Legge, chancellor of the exchequer.
Hon. James GrenviUe.
Frederick, lord North, and
James Oswald.
King George IIL
March 12, 1761.
Thomas Holles Pelham, duke of Newcastle. ■
William, viscount Barrington, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Frederick, lord North.
James Oswald, and
GUbert EUiot.
May 28, 1762.
John, earl of Bute.
Sir Francis Dashwood, bart., chancellor of the
exchequer, afterwards lord le Despencer.
Frederick, lord North.
James Oswald, and
Sir John Turner, bart.
April 15, 1763.
Rt. Hon. George Geenyille, and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Frederick, lord North.
Sir John Turner, bart.
Thomas Orby Hunter, and
James Harris.
July 10, 1765.
Charles, marquess of Rockingham.
WilUam Dowdeswell, chancellor of the exchequer.
Lord John Cavendish.
Thomas Townshend, and
George Onslow; aftenvards lord Cranley, and
lord Onslow.
Aug. 2, 1766.
Augustus-Heney, duke of Grafton.
Hon. Charles Townshend, chanceUor of the ex-
chequer.
Thomas Townshend, afterwards lord Sydney.
George Onslow, and
Pryse Campbell.
Dec. 1, 1767.
AuonsTus-HENRT, duke of Grafton.
Frederick, lord North; chanceUor of the ex-
chequer.
George Onslow.
Pryse Campbell, and
Charles Jenkinson.
Dec. 31, 1768.
Augustus-Heney, duke of Geafton.
Frederick, lord North, chanceUor of the ex-
chequer.
LORD HIGH TREASURERS.
118
George Onslow.
Charles Jenkinson, and
Jeremiah Dyson.
Feb. 6, 1770.
Fkedeeick, lord North ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Onslow.
Charles Jenkinson, afterwards lord Hawkesbury.
Jeremiah Dyson, and
Charles Townshend.
Jan. 9. 1773.
Fkederick, lord Nokth ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Onslow.
Jeremiah Dyson.
Charles Townshend, and
Hon. Charles-James Fox.
March 12, 1774.
Frederick, lord North ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Onslow.
Charles Townshend.
Francis-Seymour Conway, lord viscount Beau-
champ, and
Charles Wolfran Comewall.
June 5, 1777.
Frederick, lord North ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George Onslow, now lord Onslow and Cranley.
Francis, viscount Beauchamp.
Charles Wolfran Comewall, and
William-Henry, lord Westcote.
Dec. 14, 1777.
Frederick, lord North ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Francis, viscount Beauchamp.
Charles Wolfran Comewall.
William-Henry, lord Westcote, and
Henry, viscount Palmerston.
Sept. 6, 1780.
Frederick, lord North ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
William-Henry, lord Westcote.
Henry, viscount Pabnerston.
Sir Richard Sutton, bart., and
John Buller.
March 27, 1782.
Charles, marquess of Rockingham.
Lord John Cavendish, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
George- John, viscount Althorpe.
James Grenville, and
Frederick Montagu.
July 13, 1782.
WiLtiAM, earl of Shelburke.
Rt. hon. William Pitt, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
James Grenville.
Richard Jackson, and
Edward James Elliot.
April 4, 1783.
William-Henry, duke of Portland.
Lord John Cavendish, chancellor of the ex..
chequer.
Charles, earl of Surrey.
Frederick Montagu, and
Sir Grey Cooper, bart.
Dec. 27, 1783.
'Rt. hon. William Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
James marquess of Graham.
John Buller.
Edward James Elliot, and
John Aubrey.
Sept. 19, 1786.
Rt. hon. William Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
James, marquess of Graham.
Hon. Edward James EUiot.
Sir John Aubrey, bart., and
Richard, eai-1 of Mornington.
April 8, 1789.
Rt. hon. William Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Hon. Ed ward James Elliot.
Richard, earl of Mornington.
John Jefireys, viscount Bayham, and
Henry, lord Apsley.
June 20, 1791.
Rt. hon. William Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Hon. Edward George Elliot.
Richard, earl of Mornington.
John Jeffreys, viscount Bayham, and
Richard Hopkins.
June 22, 1793.
Rt. hon. William Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Richard, earl of Mornington.
John Jeffreys, viscount Bayham.
Richard Hopkins, and
Hon. John Thomas Townshend.
May 7, 1794.
Rt. hon. William Pitt j and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Richard, earl of Mornington.
Richard Hopkins.
Hon. John Thomas Townshend, and
John Smyth.
Feb. 3, 1797.
Rt. hon. William Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Richard, earl of Momington.
Hon. John Thomas Townshend.
John Smyth, and
Rt. hon. Sylvester Douglas.
Aug. 3, 1797.
Rt. hon. William Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
Hon. John Thomas Townshend.
John Smyth.
Rt. hon. Sylvester Douglas, and
Charles Small Pybus.
July 28, 1800.
Rt. hon. William Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
John Smyth.
Rt. hon. S. Douglas (lord Glenbervie).
114
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
Hon. WiUiam Eliot, and
William Sturges Bourne.
Sept. 16, 1807.
William-Hehey, duke of Poetlakd.
Et. hon. Spencer Perceval, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Et. hon. John Foster.
Hon. William Eliot.
William Sturges Bourne, and
Hon. Eichard Eyder.
Dec. 2, 1807.
William-Heney, dulse of Poetland.
Et. hon. Spencer Perceyal, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Et. hon. John Foster.
Hon. William Brodrick.
Hon. William Eliot, and
William Sturges Bourne.
Dec. (2) 6, 1809.
Et. hon. Spencee Perceval ; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Et. hon. John Foster.
Hon. Wilham Brodrick.
Hon. William Eliot.
John Otway, earl of Desart, and
Snowden Bame.
June (23) 26, 1810.
Et. hon. Spencee Peeceval ; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Et. hon. John Foster.
Hon. William Brodrick.
Hon. William EUot.
Snowden Bame, and
Hon. Berkeley Paget.
Jan. 6, 1812.1
Et. hon. Spencee Peeceval ; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Hon. William-Wellesley Pole.
Hon. William Brodrick.
Snowden Bame.
Hon. Berkeley Paget, and
Eichard Wellesley.
June 16, 1812.
EoEEET, earl of Liveepool.
Et. hon. Nicholas Vansittart, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Snowden Bame, and
Hon. Berkeley Paget.
Oct. 5, 1812.
EoBEET, earl of Liveepool.
Et. hon. Nicholas Vansittart, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Et. hon. William Vesey Fitzgerald.
Hon. Berkeley Paget.
Et. hon. Frederick John Eobinson, and
James Brogden.
Nov. 25, 1813.
EoBEET, earl of Lpverpool.
Et. hon. Nicholas Vansittart, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Et. hon. William Vesey Fitzgerald.
Hon. Berkeley Paget.
James Brogden, and
William, viscount Lowther.
' ,1.'^'' '^wt '' """ £^ ""= t""""'' "," "" ""^ '*'"'" ™ "■°^*' '^^^'^^- The date of the Owctle appointment is Dec
, 1811. Where we have not seen the patent, we adopt the date of the Gazette. "'"""' ippomtmeut is uec.
Charles Small Pybus, and
Lord Granville Leveson Gower.
Dec. 9, 1800.
Et. hon. WiLLLVJi Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
John Smyth.
Charles Small Pybus.
Lord Granville Leveson Gower, and
John Hiley Addington.
March 21, 1801.
Et. hon. Heney Addlngton ; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
John Smyth.
Charles Small Pybus.
Lord George Thynne, and
Nathaniel Bond.
July 5, 1802.
Et. hon. Heney Addington ; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Charles Small Pybus.
Lord George Thynne.
Nathaniel Bond, and
Hiley Addington.
Nov. 13, 1803.
Et. hon. Heney Addington ; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Charles Small Pybus.
Lord George Thynne.
Nathaniel Bond, and
Hon. William Brodrick.
Nov. 19, 1803.
Et. hon. Heney Addington ; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Lord George Thynne.
Nathaniel Bond.
Hon. Wilham Brodrick, and
Edward Golding.
May 16, 1804.
Et. hon. William Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George, lord Lovaine.
James Edward, viscount Fitzharris.
Hon. Henry Wellesley, and
Et. hon. Charles Long.
Aug. 6, 1804.
Et. hon. William Pitt ; and chancellor of the
exchequer.
George, lord Lovaine.
James Edward, viscount Fitzharris.
Et. hon. Charles Long, and
George, marquees of Blandford.
Feb. 10, 1806.
William, lord Geenville.
Lord Henry Petty, chancellor of the exchequer.
John-Charles, viscount Althorpe.
William Wickham, and
John Courtenay.
March 31, 1807.
William Heney, duke of Portland.
Et. hon. Spencer Perceval, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
William-Henry, marquess of Titchfield.
LORD HIGH TREASURERS.
115
Dec. 20, 1813.
Egbert, earl of Livekpool.
Et. hon. Nicholas Vansiltart, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Et. hon. Willian Vesey Fitzgerald.
Hon. Berkeley Paget.
William, viscount Lowther, and
Charles Grant, jun.
[Peculiar form, pursuant to the statute,
56 George III., consolidating the revenue of
Great Britain and Ireland. — lieUs^ Records.']
Jan. 7, 1817.
EoBEBT, earl of Livekpool.
Et. hon. Nicholas Tansittart, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Hon. Berkeley Paget.
William, viscount Lowther.
Charles Grant, jun.
Et. hon. John Maxwell Barry, and
William O'Dell. The two last from the Irish
Treasury,
March 25, 1819.
EoBEET, earl of Liverpool.
Et. hon. Nicholas Tansittart, chancellor of the
exchequer, afterwards lord Bexley.
Hon. Berkeley Paget.
WiUiam, viscount Lowther.
Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somerset.
Et. hon. John-Maxwell Barry, and
Edmund Alexander Mac Naughten.
Feb. 10, 1823.
EoBERT, earl of Liverpool, K. G,
Et. hon. Frederick John Eobinson, chancellor of
the exchequer.
Hon. Berkeley Paget.
William, viscount Lowther.
Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somerset.
Et. hon. John Maxwell Barry, and
Edmund- Alexander Mac Naughten.
May 3, 1823.
Egbert, earl of Liverpool, K. G.
Et. hon. Frederick-John Eobinson, chancellor of
the exchequer.
Hon. Berkeley Paget.
William, viscount Lowther.
Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somerset, and
Edmund-Alexander Mac Naughten.
June 13, 1826.
Egbert, earl of Liverpool, K. G.
Et. hon. Frederick John Eobinson, chancellor of
the exchequer.
William, viscount Lowther.
Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somerset.
Francis-Nathaniel Conyngham, earl of Mount-
Charles, and
Edmund- Alexander Mac Naughten.
April 30, 1827.
Et. hon. Georoe Canning; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Francis-Nathaniel, earl of Mount-Charles.
Lord Francis-Leveson Gower.
Edward Granville, lord Eliot, and
Edmund-Alexander Mac Naughten.
July 31, 1827.
Et. hon. George Cannihg; and chancellor of
the exchequer.
Francis-Nathaniel, earl of Mount-Charles.
Lord Francis Leveson Gower.
Edward Granville, lord Eliot.
Et. hon. Maurice Fitzgerald, and
Edmimd-Alexander Mac Naughten.
Sept. 8. 1827.
Et. hon. Frederick John Eobdjsoit, created
viscount GODERICH.
Et. hon. John-Charles Herries, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Francis-Nathaniel, earl of Mount-Charles.
Edward Granville, lord Eliot.
Et. hon. Maurice Fitzgerald, and
Edmund-Alexander Mac Naughten.
Jan. 26, 1828.
Arthdb, duke of Wellington, K. G.
Et. hon. Henry Gonlbum, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somerset.
Francis-Nathaniel, earl of Mount-Charles.
Edward Granville, lord Eliot, and
Edmund- Alexander Mac Naughten.
April 24, 1830.
Arthur, duke of Wellington, K. G.
Rt. hon. Henry Goulbum, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somerset.
Edward Granville, lord Eliot.
George Bankes, and
Edmund-Alexander Mac Naughten.
July (24)1 31, 1830.
Arthur, duke of Weijlojgton, K. G.
Et. hon. Henry Goulbum, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somerset.
Edward Granville, lord Eliot.
George Bankes, and
William Yates Peel.
Nov. 24, 1830.
Charles, earl Grey, K. G.
John-Charles, viscount Althorpe, chancellor of
the exchequer.
George, lord Nugent.
Robert Vernon Smith.
Francis Thornhill Baring, and
Hon. George Ponsonby.
Nov. 22 (26), 1832.
Charles, earl Grey, K. G.
John-Charles, viscount Althorpe, chancellor of
the exchequer.
Eobert Vernon Smith.
Francis Thornhill Baring.
Hon. George Ponsonby, and
Thomas-Francis Kennedy.
April 9 (14), 1834.
Charles, earl Grey, K. G.
John-Charles, viscount Althorpe, chancellor of
the exchequer.
Eobert Vernon Smith.
Francis Thornhill Baring.
' Date of Gazette appointment, and date of patent.
116
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEES.
Hon. George Ponsonby, and
Robert Graham.
June 20 (23), 1834
Charles, earl Grey, K. G.
John-Charles, viscount Althorpe, chancellor of
the exchequer.
Robert Vernon Smith.
Hon. George Ponsonby.
Robert Graham, and
Captain George Stevens Byng.
July 18, 183i.
WiLLiAJVi, viscount Melbourne.
John-Charles, viscount Althorpe, chancellor of
the exchequer.
Robert Vernon Smith.
Hon. George Ponsonby.
Robert Graham, and
Captain George Stevens Byng.
Nov. 21 (22), 1834.
Arthur, dulte of Wellington, K. G.
James, earl of RossIjti, G.C.B.
Edward, lord Ellenborough.
William, lord Marj'borough.
Rt. hon. Sir John Becket, bart., and
Joseph Planta.
[The duke of Wellington held the helm of
state provisionally, waiting the return of
sir Robert Peel from Italy.]
Dec. 26 (31), 1834.
Rt. hon. sir Robert Peel, bart. ; and chancellor
of the exchequer.
Et. hon. William Yates Peel.
Henry Pelham CUnton, earl of Lincoln.
William-David MuiTay, viscount Stormont.
Charles Ross, and
William Ewart Gladstone.
March 14 (19), 1835.
Rt. hon. sir Robert Peel, bart., and chancellor
of the exchequer.
Rt. hon. William Yates Peel.
Henry Pelham Clinton, earl of Lincoln.
Willianj-David, viscount Stormont.
Charles Ross, and
John NichoU.
April 18 (20), 1835.
William, viscount Melbourne.
Rt. hon. Thomas Spring Rice, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Edward-Adolphus Seymour, lord Seymour.
William-Henry Ord, and
Robert Stenart.
May 16, 1835.
WiLLLVM, viscount Melbourne.
Rt. hon. Thomas Spring Rice, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Edward-Adolphus, lord Seymour.
William-Henry Ord.
Robert Steuart, and
Richard More O'Ferral.
July 18, 1837.
WiLLiAjr, viscount Melbourne.
Rt. hon. Thomas Spring Rice, chancellor of the
exchequer ; afterwards lord Monteagle.
Edward-Adolphus, lord Seymour.
Robert Steuart.
Richard More O'Ferral, and
John Parker.
Aug. 28 (30), 1839.
William, viscount Melbourne.
Rt. hon. Francis ThomhUl Baring, chancellor of
the exchequer.
Edward-Adolphus, lord Seymour.
Robert Steuart.
John Parker, and
Thomas Wyse, jun.
Nov. 2, 1839.
William, viscount Melbourne.
Rt. hon. Francis ThornhUl Baring, chancellor of
the exchequer.
Robert Steuart.
John Parker.
Thomas Wyse, jun., and
Henry TuflheU.
May 26 (31), 1840.
WiLLiAar, viscount Melbourne.
Rt. hon. Francis Thornhill Baring, chancellor of
the exchequer.
John Parker.
Thomas Wyse, jun.
Henry Tutfnell, and
Edward Horsman.
June 23 (25), 1841.
William, viscount Melbourne.
Rt. hon. Francis Thornhill Baring, chancellor of
the exchequer.
Thomas Wyse, jun.
Henry Tuflhell.
Edward Horsman, and
William-Francis Cowper.
Sept. 6, 1841.
Rt. hon. sir Robert Peel, bart.
Rt. hon. Henry Goulburn, chancellor of the
exchequer.
James Milnes Gaskell.
Henry Bingham Baring.
Alexander Perceval, and
Alexander Pringle.
Sept. 16, 1841.
Rt. hon. sir Robert Peel, bart.
Rt. hon. Henry Goulburn, chancellor of the
exchequer.
James Milnes Gaskell.
Henry Bingham Baring.
Alexander Pringle, and
John Young.
May 21, 1844.
Rt. hon. sir Robert Peel, bart.
Rt. hon. Henry Goidbum, chancellor of the
exchequer.
James Milnes Gaskell.
Henry Bingham Baring.
Alexander Pringle, and
Lord Arthur Lenox.
April 26, 1845.
Rt. hon. sir Robeht Peel, bart.
Rt. hon. Henry Goulbirm, chancellor of the
exchequer.
James Milnes Gaskell.
Henry Bingham Baring.
Lord Arthur Lenox, and
William Forbes Mackenzie.
LORD HIGH TREASURERS.
117
Aug. 8, 1845.
Et. hon. sir Eobert Peel, bart.
Et. hon. Henry Goulburn, chancellor of the
exchequer.
James Milnes Gaskell.
Henry Bingham Baring.
William Forbes Mackenzie, and
"William Cripps.
March 11, 1846.
Et. hon. sir Eobeut Peel, bart.
Et. hon. Henry Goulburn, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Henry Bingham Baring.
William Cripps.
Hon. Swynfeu Thomas Carnegie, and
Ealph Neville.
July 6, 1846.
Et. hon. lord John Eussell.
Et. hon. Charles Wood, chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Hugh, viscount Ebrington, and
The O'Conor Don.
William Gibson Craig, and
Henry Eich.
Aug. 6, 1847.
Et. hon. lord John Eussell.
Et hon. sir Charles Wood, bart., chancellor of
the exchequer.
Hugh, viscount Ebrington.
William Gibson Craig.
Heni-y Eich, and
Eichard Montesquieu Bellew.
Dec. 24, 1847.
Et. hon. lord John Eussell.
Et. hon. su' Charles Wood, bart, chancellor of
the exchequer.
William Gibson Craig.
Henry Eich.
Eichard Montesquieu Bellew, and
Henry, earl of Shelbm-ne ; retired Aug. following.
[On the retirement of lord Shelburne, the office
of one of the junior lordships of the trea-
sury was abolished.]
The PEESENT (1850) Commissioners.
Seceetaeies to the Teeastjet.^
(^From the Accession of Geoege III.)
1762.
1763.
1764.
1765.
1765.
1766.
1770.
1782.
1782.
1782.
1783.
1783.
1791.
1801.
1802.
James West, and )
Samuel Martin J
Samuel Martin, and |
Jeremiah Dyson. May 29. J
Jeremiah Dyson, and 1
Chai-les Jenkinson. April 16. j
Charles Jenkinson, afterwards lord")
Hawkesbury. V
Thomas Whateley. April 5. J
William MeUish. July 12. 1
Charles Lowndes. j
Charles Lowndes, and \
Grey Cooper. July 30. J
Grey Cooper, and |^
Thomas Bradshaw. Aug. 2. J
Sir Grey Cooper, bart, and 1
John Eobinson. Feb. 6. J
Henry Straehey, and "^
Edward Chamberlain. March 29. J
Henry Straehey, and \
Eichard Burke. April, j
Thomas Orde, and 1
George Eose. July 15. J
Eichard Brinsley Sheridan, and 1
Eichard Burke. April 5. j
George Eose, and )
Thomas Steele. Dec. 27. J
George Eose, and )
Charles Long. J
John Hiley Addington, March 24; andl
Nicholas Vansittart. April 9. J
Nicholas Vansittart, and \
John Sargent. J
1804. William Huskisson, and 1
WiUiam Sturges Bourne. May 21. j
1806. Nicholas Vansittart, and 1
John King. Feb. 10. /
1806. Nicholas Vansittart, and 1
William Heniy Fremantle. J"
1808. William Huskisson, and)
Hon. Henry Wellesley. j
1809. Eichard Wharton, and I
Charles Arbuthnot j
1814. Charles Arbuthnot, and )
Stephen Eumbold Lushington. j
1823. Stephen Eumbold Lushington, and 1
John-Charles Herries. Feb. 7. j
1827. Joseph Planta vice Lushington, .»
April 19, and I
Thomas Frankland Lewis, vice (
Herries. Sept. 4. J
1828. George-Eobert Dawson, v^'ce Lewis. Jan. 28.
1830. Thomas Spring Rice, and "^
Edward EUice, vice George-Eobert I
Dawson and Joseph Planta. f
Nov. 26. J
1832. Charles Wood, OTce Ellice. Aug. 10.
1834. Francis Thornhill Baring, vice Spring
Eice. June 6.
1834. Sir George Clerk, bart. Dec. 19.
Sir Thomas Francis Fremantle,
bart. Dec. 20.
1835. Francis Thornhill Baring, and >
Edward J. Stanley. April 21. J
1839. Edward J. Stanley, and )
Eobert Gordon. Sept. 6. J
1 The time of the first appointment of a secretary to the Treasury Board is uncertain ; but it is presumed there
must always have been a secretary or some officer acting in that capacity to the lord treasurer, or the board. It
is probable that lord Burleigh was the first treasurpr who used a secretary to notify his directions to the officers
of the Receipt side of the Exchequer. Sir George Downing was secretary in May 1667. In the reign of James II.,
when the earl of Rochester was treasurer, he had two secretaries, Henry Guy and Francis Gwyn, as is stated in
a subsequent Treasury Minute Book (year 1711). In the Treasury Minute Book, 1695, No. 6, page 12, is the
following memorandum :
" This evening the king was graciously pleased to bestow on me the place of Secretary to the Treasury."
" William Lowndes."
From this it would appear that there was only one secretary in 1695, as Mr. Lowndes distinctly states the place of
Secretary to have been bestowed upon him. It is quite certain there were two secretaries in 1714. — Thomases
Notes from the Rolls.
118
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1841. Richard More O'Ferral. June 9. )
Sir Denis Le Marchant. June 19. J
1814. Sir George Clerlr, bart., and \
John Young. May 21. J
1845. John Young, and )
Edward Cardwell. Feb. 4. J
1846. Henry Tufnell, and )
John Parlter. July 7. j
1849. Et. hon. William Good-T ^^ present
enough Hayter vice I ^^ggg) gj,^^.
Parker. Mav 22. V taries of the
1850. George^CornewallLe™, I treasury,
I'i
Assistant Seceetaeies.
{^Frcrni the institutwn oftlie Office.')
George Harrison; aftervvards sir George.
Aug. 19.
William Hill. Feb. 24.
Hon. James Keith Stewart. Jnly 4
1836. Alexander Young Spearman, afterwards
sir Alexander, bart. Jan. 22.
1840. Charles-Edward Trevelyan, now sir Charles
Edward Trevelyan, K. C. B. Jan. 21.
The PRESENT (1850) Under-Secretary
of the Treasury.
1805.
1826,
1828.
THE LORD PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL.
The Lord President of the Council is the foueth great officer of State, and presides
at the Privy Council. He is appointed to his high office by a declaration in council,
and holds it durante bene placito. He manages the debates in council, proposes matters
from the queen at the council board, and reports to her majesty the resolutions taken
thereupon. The Lord President is ex officio president of all committees of the Privy
Council, with the exception of the board of trade, which has a president of its own.
The number of the Council was anciently about twelve, when it discharged the
functions of state, now confined to the members of the cabinet ; but it had become of
unwieldy amount before 1679, in which year it was remodelled upon Sir William
Temple's plan, and reduced to thirty members : the number is now unlimited. The
members are selected by her majesty, and ought to be distinguished by high office,
wisdom, and political experience. The Council includes all the responsible ministers
of the crown, some of the judges, many eminent diplomatists, and peers and com-
moners whose services to the state and whose position in it, whether past or present,
render them eligible to advise upon public affairs. A privy councillor, even though a
commoner only, is styled " Right Honourable," and has precedence of all knights,
baronets, and the younger sons of barons and viscounts. He is admitted a member
upon taking the oath prescribed by law, and forthwith takes his seat at the board,
according to his rank. The king, or, as now, the queen, in Council, has great powers :
her majesty thus dissolves the parliament, or prorogues it, or calls u new one ; she
has power to publish proclamations, to issue orders in council, and to carry into eSuct
the provi.sions of various acts of parliament. It is the business of the Council to
inquire into all treasons against the state, and commit the delinquents for trial. By
law (9th Anne, cap. 16.) it is felony to strike a privy councillor in the execution of
his office.'
Lord Presidents of the Council.
(Since the Council was
King Chaeles IT.
1679. Anthony, earl of Shaftesbury, April 21.
Struck off the council Oct. 15, same year.
1G79. John, earl of Radnor. Oct. 24.
1684. Laurence, earl of Rochester. Aug. 24.
King James II.
1685. George, marquess of Halifax. Feb. 18.
1685. Robert, earl of Sunderland. Dec. 4.
King William III.
1689. Thomas, earl of Danby; afterwards mar-
remodelled in 1679.)
quess of Carmarthen and duke of Leeds.
Feb. 14.
1699. Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgo-
mery. May 18.
1701. Charles, duke of Somerset. June 28.
Queen Anne.
1702. Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgo-
mery. July 14.
1708. John, lord Somers. Nov. 25.
1710. Laurence, earl of Rochester. Sept. 21.
1711. John, duke of Normanby and Buckingham-
shire. June 14.
.,, I '^ originated m the foUowmg remarkable occurrence: The marquis Guiscard, formerlv a eeneral in
the trench service, being under examination (IMarch 8, 1711) before a committee of the council at the Cocknit
on a charge of corresponding with France, stabbed INIr. Harley, one of the council, and then chancellor of the
exchequer, with a penknife. The blow was of such violence, that the knife, lighting upon a rib, snapped in two
J he committee drew their swords, and wounded Guiscard in several parts of his body ■, and he beinc forthwith
sent to Newga e, died there on the 17th. Both houses of parliament addressed her majesty, cxpressins their
Paniryrh^ r 'he attempt on Mr. Harley's life by a p'rench Papist, and nr,.ying he'r Sjesty to ca«,'e a
Papists to be removed from the cities of London and Westminster. On IMarch 16, a proclamation to this effect
TjS^,?'-M:^,?^rnlt:^7XXlf^^^^^^^ '^' ''''''' '"'"""« ^ ""^ °^™" capita.',°witru1'?.ln^Sl
LORD PRESIDENTS. — PEIVY COUNCILLORS.
119
King Geokge I.
1714. Daniel, earl of Nottingham. Sept. 22.
1715. Lionel, earl of Dorset. Jan. 3.
1716. William, dulie of Devonshire. July 6.
1717. Charles, earl of Sunderland. March 16.
1719. Evelyn, duke of Kingston. Feb. 6.
1720. Charles, viscount Townshend. June 11.
1721. Henry, Lord Carleton. June 25.
1725. WiUiam, duke of Devonshire. March 27.
Kino George II.
1727. Duke of Devonshire, continued,
1730. Thomas, lord Trevor. May 8.
— Spencer, earl of Wilmington. Dec. 31.
1742. William, earl of Harrington. Feb. 13.
1745. Lionel Cranfield, duke of Dorset. Jan, 3.
1751. John, earl Granville. June 17.
King Geokge III.
1760. Earl Granville, continued.
1763. John, duke of Bedford. Sept. 9.
1765. Daniel, earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham.
July 12.
1766. Robert, e^rl of Northington. July 30.
1767. Granville Leveson, earl Gower. Dec. 22.
1779. Hemy, earl Bathurst. Nov. 24.
1782. Charles, lord Camden. March 27.
1783. David, viscount Stormont. April 2.
— Granville Leveson, earl Gower. Dec. 19 :
afterwards marquess of Stafford.
1784. Charles, lord Camden, Dec. 1 : afterwards
earl Camden.
1794. William Wentworth, earl Fitzwilliam.
July 11.
1794. David, earl of Mansfield. Dec. 17.
1796. John, earl of Chatham, Dec. 21.
1801. William-Henry, duke of Portland. July 30.
1805. Henry, viscount Sidmouth. Jan. 14.
— John Jeffries, earl Camden. July 10.
1806. WiUiam Wentworth, earl Fitzwilliam.
Feb. 19.
— Henry, viscount Sidmouth, second time.
Oct. 8.
1807. John, earl Camden, afterwards marquess
Camden, second time. March 26.
1812. Henry, viscount Sidmouth, third time.
April 8.
— Dudley Eyder, earl of Harrowby. June 11.
Kino Geoege IV.
1820. Earl of Harrowby, continued.
1827. William-Hemy, duke of Portland. Aug. 17.
1828. Henry, earl Bathurst. Jan. 28.
King William IV.
1830. Earl Bathurst, continued.
— Henry, marquess of Lansdowne. Nov. 22.
1834. James, earl of Eosslyn. Dec. 15.
1835. Henry, marquess of LansdOTVTie, second
time. April 18.
Queen Victoria.
1837. Marquess of Lansdowne, continued.
1841. James, lord WhamclifFe. Sept. 3.
1846. Walter-Francis, duke of Buccleuch. Jan. 21.
— Henry, marquess of Lansdowne, third time.
July 6. The now (1850) Lord President
of the CounciL
PEIVY COUNCILLORS OF ENGLAND.
The names first on this Roll are those of the personages who formed the Privy
Council of Charles II. at the period of the Commonwealth. They were sworn at
Councils held at the Hague, at Breda, and elsewhere, and were not re-sworn at the
Restoration.
1649.
Sir Richard Lane, lord keeper: sworn
at the Hague, May 13.
Francis, lord Cottington, lord treasurer ;
same time and place.
John, lord Culpeper (Colepeper), master
of the rolls.
Ralph, lord Hopton; same time and
place.
Sir Edward Hyde, knt., chancellor of
the exchequer ; same time and place :
afterwards lord chancellor, and earl
of Clarendon.
Robert Long, secretary to his majesty.
May 14.
Patrick, earl of Brentford (county of
Middlesex) and Forth (in Scotland) :
sworn at Peronne, July 12.
Sir Edward Nicholas, knt., secretary of
state to his late majesty: sworn at
Jersey, Oct. 4.
[He became secretary of state to Charles
II., and was again sworn of the coim-
cn in 1660.]
1650.
George, duke of Buckingham ; sworn at
Breda, April 6.
William, marquess of Newcastle ; same
time and place.
William, duke of Hamilton; sworn at
Breda, April 7.
The following privi/ councillors are named in
the records ; but there is no mention of the
times when they were sworn.
H. E. H. James, duke of York.
H. R. H. Henry, duke of Gloucester :
died Sept. 13, 1660.
James, marquess of Ormond.
George, earl of Bristol.
Murrongh, earl of Inchiquin.
Thomas, lord Wentworth.
Henry, lord Jermyn, afterwards earl of
St. Albans.
Tlie king first sat at a council held at Canter-
bury, May 27, 1660, when were sworn :
Sir George Monk^, general of all the
Cromwell had distrusted Monk at times, and once wrote him a letter, adding this signilicant postscript :
" There be that tell me that there is a certain cunning fellow in Scotland, called George Monk, who is said to lie
in wait there, to introduce Charles Stuart. 1 pray you use your diligence to apprehend him, and send him up to
me " Charles said of him, " that the duke of Albemarle demeaned (deported) himself in such a manner to the
prince he had obliged, as never to seem to overlook the services of general Monk.— T. C. Banks.
I 4
120
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
forces in the three kingdoms, and
master of the horse : made duke of
Albemarle, July 7, 1660.
Thomas, earl of Southampton : lord high
treasurer, Sept. following.
Sir William Morrice, one of the prin-
cipal secretaries of state: resigned
Sept. 1668.
Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, hart. Cre-
ated lord Ashley, April, 1661; and
baron Cooper and earl of Shaftesbury,
April, 1772: lord high chancellor,
Nov. same year. Struck from the list
of privy councillors, May 19, 1674.^
The Restoration.
1660.
May 31. William, marquess of Hertford; sworn
in London.
— Algernon, earl of Northumberland.
— Robert, earl of Leicester.
— Thomas, earl of Berkshire.
— Francis, lord Seymour.
— Arthur Annesley, afterwards baron An-
nesl'ey, in Ireland, and earl of Angle-
sey, in Wales. Sworn of the council,
and obtained these honours in reward
of his services for the king's restora-
tion.
[Suspended from the office of treasurer
of the Navy, Nov. 1668. Made lord
privy seal, April, 1673.]
June 1. Montagu, earl of Lindsey 2, lord great
chamberlain of England.
— Edward, earl of Manchester, lord cham-
berlain.
— George, earl of Norwich.
— Henry, eai-1 ofSt.Albans' (late lord Jer-
myn) : sat as a privy councillor be-
fore being re-sworn, May 31, this
year. Ambassador to France.
— William, viscount Say and Sele
— John, lord Robartes, of Truro ; after-
wards viscount Bodmin and earl of
Radnor. Lord privy seal. May, 1661.
— Denzill Holies. Created baron Holies,
of Ifield, Sussex, April, 1661. Struck
from the list, Jan. 7, 1675.
June 2. Colonel Charles Howard.
June 14. General Edward, lord Montagu, K. G.
Created baron Montagu, of St. Neot's,
viscount Hinchinbroke, and earl of
Sandwich, July following.
[Killed in the great sea-fight with the
Dutch fleet off Southwold bay, May
28, 1672.]
July 6. Sir Frederick Comwallis, knt. and bart.,
treasurer of the household. Created
lord Comwallis, April, 1661.
— Sir Charles Berkeley, comptroller of the
household. Created viscoimt Fitz-
hardinge, 1665.
July 11. Sir George Carteret, knt. and bart.
vice chamberlain.
Aug. 27. Henry, marquess of Dorchester
1661.
Jan. 2. John, earl of Lauderdale, secretary of
state for Scotland; afterwards duke
of Lauderdale.
June 28. William, earl of Glencaim, lord chan-
cellor of Scotland.
Sept. 13. Richard, lord Vaughan and earl of Car
berry, lord president of Wales.
1662.
Jan. 29. Christopher, lord Hatton, made governor
of Jersey.
— Sir Hugh Pollard, comptroller of the
household.
April 3. Jerome, earl of Portland : died shortly
after.
— Sir William Compton, knt.
April 28. His highness prince Rupert : admitted
of the council without being sworn,
as a near relative of the king's.
— George, duke of Buckingham.*
— John, earl of Middleton, H. M. commis-
sioner for Scotland.
Oct. 15. Sir Henry Bennet, knt., secretary of
state. Created lord Arlington, March.
1663 ; and earl of Arlington *, April,
1672.
1663.
April 3. Dr. Gilbert Sheldon, lord bishop of Lou-
don. Translated to Canterbury, Aug.
1663.
1 Lord Shaftesbury violently opposed the Test bill brought into the House of Lords by the earl of Danby, on
which account the parliament was prorogued, and did not sit again for fifteen months ; and in the next session he
contended that the parliament ought to be considered as dissolved. For this he was sent to the Tower, with some
other lords, and continued in continement upwards of a year. The king once said to him, " I believe, Shaftes-
bury, thou art the wickedest fellow in my dominions ; " when he gravely observed, " May it please your majesty,
of A subject, I verily believe I am." He was a m.in of great talents, elegant manners, and strong parts, but
somewhat licentious : at this retort upon the king, his majesty laughed heartily. He w.as resworn of the council,
April 21, 1679 ; but was again struck out, Oct. 15, same year, and a second time committed to the Tower.
2 The valiant Lindsey was in the fatal battle of Edgehill, in which he commanded the king's royal regiment of
guards ; and being near his father, and seeing him wounded and taken prisoner, his filial piety induced him to
surrender himself voluntarily to a commander of horse on the rebel's side, so that he might attend him. Being
afterwards exchanged, he adhered to the king's service, and aided, ultimately, in the Restoration. It was not
merely as .an hereditary officer, but because of his loyalty and worth, that Charles swore him of his council
I. C. Banks.
3 He was a man of no great genius, who had raised himself a considerable fortune from nothing ; and by losing
largely at play, and keeping a great table, he made it appear more than it really was. He is considered to h.ave
been privately married to the dowager queen Henrietta- Maria, widow of king Charles I Gra/nmont.
*! This nobleman (son of the celebrated George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, who was murdered by Felton in
1G28) held several employments about the person of the king, but lost them all in 16G6, being detected in a
conspiracy against the government, and a proclamation was issued for his apprehension. He was, however,
afterwards restored to favour, and was re-admitted to the council-table, from which he had been debarred.
^ One of the five ministers of Charles, denominated from their initials the " Cabal." *' A proud man, whose
parts were solid though not quick, and who had the art of governing the king's temper, and of managing it above
all the men of the time." — Burnet. " He svipplied the place of extensive talents by an artlul disphay of such
as he possessed ; and the deficiency of his integrity was forgiven in the decency of his dishonesty. Too weak
not to be superstitious, he yet had too much sense to acknowledge his leaning to the Church of Rome."
Macpherson.
VBIVY COUNCILLOES.
121
April 6. Dr. William Juxon, lord archbisliop of
Canterbuiy : died June, 1663.
June 17, John, lord Berkeley, of Stratton. Lord
lieutenant of Ireland in 1670.
July 26. John, earl of Bath, groom of the stole.
Oct. 2. Sir Richard Fansliawe, Imt. and hart.,
one of the masters of requests.
Nov. 4. John, earl of Eothes, H. M. high com-
missioner for Scotland.
Dec. 9. Dr. Humphrey Henchman, lord bishop
of London.
1664.
Aug. 17. Sir Thomas Ingram, knt., chancellor of
the duchy of Lancaster.
1665.
Maj' 26. Roger, earl of Orrery, late lord jvistice
in Ireland.
1666.
April 11. William, earl of Craven.
June 13. Thomas, earl of Ossory.
Dec. 5. Sir Thomas Clifford, Imt., comptroller of
the household. Created lord Clifford,
April 1672 ; and made lord high trea-
surer, 28th same month.
Dec. 12. Robert, earl of Lindsey, lord great
chamberlain of England.
1667.
Feb. 13. John, earl of Bridgewater.
May 22, Sir John Duncombe, knt., a commis-
sioner of the treasuT)', and chancellor
of the exchequer.
Sept. 4. Sir Orlando Bridgeman : sworn a privy
councillor and lord keeper, at the same
time.
1663.
July 1. Francis, lord Newport, comptroller of
the household. Created viscount
Newport March 1676; and earl of
Bradford, May 1694,
Sept. 29, Sir John Trevor, knt., secretary of state.
1670.
June 10. Sir Thomas Chicheley, knt., master-
general of the ordnance.
Jmie 15. Henry, earl of Ogle. Became duke of
Newcastle, succeeding his father, in
1676.
1671.
Jan. 5. Aubrey de Tere, earl of Oxford.
April 29. James, duke of Monmouth.
[Natural son to the king. See year
1679.]
1672.
Jan. 2. Ralph Montagu, master of the great
wardrobe.
Feb. 14. Sir Robert Carr, knt. and hart., chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster.
Apr. 17. Hemy, marquess of Worcester, lord pre-
sident of Wales.
April 17. Arthur, earl of Essex, appointed lord
lieutenant of Ireland. See year 1679.
— Thomas, viscount Fauconberg.
— George, viscount Halifax. Strutkfram
the list, Jan. 7, 1675.
May 3. Sir Thomas Osborne, treasurer of the
navy. Created viscount Latimer,
Aug. 1673 ; earl of Dauby, June, 1674 ;
made lord high treasurer of England.
Created mai'quess of Carmarthen,
April, 1689; and duke of Leeds, May
1694.
July 3. Henrj' Coventry, one of the principal
secretaiies of state.
— Sir Robert Long, hart.
Nov. 29. William, lord Majmard, comptroller of
the household.
1673.
Mai-ch 7. James, earl of Northampton.
April 9. Edward Seymour (aftei-wards sur Ed-
ward, bart.), speaker of the house of
commons.
Nov. 12, Sir Heneage Finch, hart., lord keeper of
the great seal. Created lord Finch,
of Daventry, Jan. 1673-4 ; and earl of
Nottingham, May 1681,
[Made lord high chancellor of England,
Dec. 1675.]
1674.
May 27. Robert, earl of Sunderland. Sworn a
principal secretary of state in 1679.-
June 3, Alexander, earl of Kincardine. Struck
from the list of privy councillors^ Aug.
1676,
July 10. Henry, earl of Peterborough.
Sept. 11. Sir Joseph Williamson, knt., secretary
of state.
Dec. 4. William, earl of Strafford.
1675.
June 23. Giles Strangways,
July 21, Dr, George Morley, lord bishop of Win-
chester.
Oct. 15. Christopher, duke of Albemarle.
1676.
Jan. 21. Dr. Henry Compton, lord bishop of
London.
April 26. Dr. Nathaniel, lord Crew, bishop of
Durham.
May 10. Sir John Emle (Ernley), chancellor of
the exchequer.
1678.
Feb. 6. Dr. William Sancroft, lord archbishop
of Canterbury.
July 17. George, lord Berkelej'.
Oct. 10. Robert, earl of Ailesburj'.
1679.
Jan. 3. James, earl of Salisbury.
Jan. 8. Henry, earl of Clarendon. Lord lieu-
tenant of Ireland in 1685.
On the 21st day of April, 1679, His Majesty was pleased to dissolve the whole of
the Privy Council, and in their room to choose Thirti/ Privy Councillors, principally
selected out of the old List. This number was not, in future, to be exceeded, with
the exception only of such personages as were to be privy councillors ex officio, as the
Lord President, the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Princes of the Blood, &c.
122 STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
These and such officers and persons were not to be reckoned in the Thirty. Conform-
ably with this order the following were sworn at the Council Board on the above-
mentioned day : — , ,,
April 21. Sir John Ernie (Emley), knt., chanceUor
of the exchequer.
— Sir Thomas Chicheley, knt., master of
the ordnance. Struclt from the list,
March 2, 1687.
_ Sir William Temple, bart. Strucifrom
the list, Jan. 24, 1681.
Sir Edward Seymour, bart.
Henry Powle*: afterwards master of
the rolls.
1679.
His Highness Prince Ecpeet.
April 21. Anthony, earl of Shaftesbury, as lord
president. His name again struck out
of the list Oct. 15 following.
Heneage, lord Finch, lord chancellor of
England.
_ Arthur, earl of Anglesey, lord privy
seal.
Christopher, duke of Albemarle, captain
of the Life Guards.
— James, duke of Monmouth, master of
the horse.
[Beheaded on Tower-hill for rebellion
against king James, in 1685.]
— Charles, marquess of Winchester.
Henry, earl of Arlington, lord chamber-
lain of the household.
— James, earl of Salisbury. Struch from
the list, Jan. 18, 1681.
— John, earl of Bridgewater.
Robert, earl of Sunderland, secretary of
state. Struck out Jan. 24, 1681. Jte-
admitted Sept. 20, 1682 ; and became
lord president, Dec. 4, 1685.
Arthur, earl of Essex, first lord of the
treasury. Struck from the list, Jan.
24, 1681.'
— John, earl of Bath, groom of the stole.
— George, viscount HaUfax. Created earl
of Halifax, July, 1679 ; and marquess
of Halifax, Aug. 1682. Declared lord
president in the next reign. Struck
from the list. Oct. 21, 1685.
— Dr. Henry Compton, lord bishop_ of
London. Struch out, Dec. 23, 1685.
— John, lord Eobartes. Created viscount
Bodmin and earl of Radnor, July fol-
lowing. Declared lord president, Oct.
24, 1679.2
— William, lord Russell.
[This nobleman was unjustly committed
to the Tower on a charge of conspiracy
against the king and government:
he was tried and condemned, and was
beheaded in Lincoln's-lnn fields, July
21, 1683.3]
— William, lord Cavendish .2
— Henry Coventry, one of the secretaries
of state.
— Sir Francis North, knt., lord chief justice
of the common pleas. Made lord
keeper, Dec. 1682.
— Sir Henry Capel, K. B.', first commis-
sioner of the admiralty.
1679.
April 22. Dr. William Sancroft, lord archbishop
of Canterbury.*
John, duke of Lauderdale, secretarj' of
state for Scotland.
Henry, marquess of Worcester. Created
duke of Beaufort, Nov. 1682.
Thomas, viscount Fauconberg. Created
earl of Fauconberg, April 1689.
April 27. Henry, duke of Newcastle.
June 24. Denzill, lord HoUes.
Nov. 19. Laurence Hyde, first commissioner of
the treasury. Created earl of Ro-
chester, Nov. 1682. Declared lord
president, Aug. 24, 1684. Lord high
treasurer in the next reign.
1680.
Feb. 4. Daniel Finch, fia-st commissioner of the
admiralty. Succeeded as earl of Not-
tingham; and afterwards as earl of
Winchilsea. Struck from the council,
March 12, 1695, William's reign.
— Sidney Godolphin, a commissioner of the
treasury. Created lord Godolphin,
Sept. 1684, and made first lord of the
treasury.
Feb. 11. Sir LeoUne Jenkins, knt., judge of the
high court of admiralty, made secre-
tary of state.
April 16. Thomas, earl of Ossory, late lord justice
in Ireland ; admiral.
May 26. Henry, earl of Clai-endon. Appointed
lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1685.
Oct. 15. Sir Robert Carr, knt. and bart., chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster.
1681.
Jan. 26. Aubrey, earl of Oxford.
— Philip, earl of Chesterfield, lord warden
and chief justice in eyre on this side
Trent.
— Robert, earl of Ailesbury. Afterwards
lord chamberlain to king James II.
1 The earl of Essex was accused, with many others, of being concerned in the Fanatic plot, and was committed
to the Tower, where (July 13, 1633) lie was found with his throat cut ; not without great suspicion of his having
been murdered. The king and the duke of York were strongly suspected, as they were at the Tower that
morning. — Clinrlcs Home.
2 Sir Henry Capel, with lords Cavendish, Russell, and Mr. Powle. prayed his majesty (Jan 31, 1680) to remove
them from the council; to this request the king assented, and they were removed accordingly Brit. Chron.
There is no note of the circumstance in the Council hooks, — Editor.
3 The attainder of this illustrious and ill-fated lord was reversed, 1 William III. and Mary II. 1689, and his
death was then deemed a murder. The patent conferring the dukedom of Bedford upon Lord Russell's father
states, " the desire of their majesties to record their sense of the consummate virtue of the son, iin ornament of
the age, whose name can never be forgotten, so long as men preserve esteem for greatness of mind, and a love of
country, constant even unto death."
** Dr. Sancroft was deprived (Feb. 1, 1G91) as were Dr. Thomas Kenn, bishop of Bath and Wells, Dr. Francis
Turner, bishop of Ely, Dr. Robert Fr.ampton, bishop of Gloucester, Dr. William Lloyd, bishop of Norwich, and
Dr. Thomas "White, bishop of Peterborough, all on the same day, for not taking the oaths to king ■William and
queen Mary.
PRIVY COUNCILLORS.
123
Feb. 2. Edward, earl of Conway, secretary of
state.
Mar. 9. William, earl of Craven.
1682.
Mar. 3. George Legge, admiraL Created lord
Dartmoath, Nov. 2, following.
May 23. James, duke of Ormond, lord steward.
Lord lieutenant of Ireland.
June29. Robert, earl of Lindsey,lord great cham-
berlain of England.
Dec. 22. Sir Francis Pemberton, knt., lord chief
justice of England. Struck from the
list, Oct. 24, 1683.
1683.
Feb. 28. Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon.
— Henry, earl of Peterborough.
Oct. 4. Sir George Jefireys, knt., lord chief jus-
tice of the king's bench. Created lord
Jeffreys, and made lord high chan-
cellor, Oct. 1685.
1681.
July 11. Alexander, earl of Moray, lord privy
seal of Scotland.
— Charles, earl of Middleton, made secre-
tary of state.
1685.
Jan. 7. John Drummond.
King James II.i
1685.
Feb. 9. George, prince of Denilark : intro-
duced to the council ; not sworn.
[Consort of the princess Anne. Created
lord Wokingham (county of Berks.),
earl of Kendal (Westmorland), and
duke of Cumberland, April 9, 1689.]
Mar. 27. William, duke of Queensberry, lord high
commissioner for Scotland.
— James, earl of Perth, lord chancellor of
Scotland.
May 15. Henry, duke of Newcastle.
July 24. John, earl of Mulgrave, lord chamber-
lain, Oct. this year.
July 31. George, earl Berkeley.
Oct. 16. Sir Edward Herbert, knt., lord chief
justice of the king's bench.
Oct. 21. Eichard, viscount Preston.
Oct. 30. Thomas, earl of Plymouth.
Jan. 8. Dr. Nathaniel, lord Crewe, bishop of
Durham : re-sworn.
July 17. William, earl of Powis. Created mar-
quess of Powis the next year.
[He was created marquess of Mont-
gomery and duke of Powis by the
king after his abdication, but these
titles were never allowed in England.
— jyicolas.']
July 17. Henry, lord Arundel, of Wardour : sworn
lord privy seal, March, 1687.
— John, lord Belasyse.
— Henry, lord Dover.
Oct. 8. Eichard, earl of Tyrconnell, lord lieute-
nant of Ireland.
— Roger, earl of Castlemaine, ambassador
to the pope.
Oct. 14. William, duke of Hamilton.
— Sir Nicholas Butler, knt.
Nov. 11. Edward Petre.
[Many of the lords and gentlemen sworn
of the council in this reign were Ro-
man Catholics.
William and Mary.
*#* Upon the accession of their majesties, the following
lords aTtd others were sworn qf the Frivy Council.
1689.
Feb. 14 Henry, duke of Norfolk, earl marshal
and hereditary marshal of England.
— Charles, marquess of Winchester. Cre-
ated duke of Bolton, April, this year.
— George, marquess of Halifax, made lord
privy seal on Feb. 19. Struck from
the list, June 23, 1692.
— Robert, earl of Lindsey, lord great
chamberlain of England.
^ William, earl of Devonshire, lord stew-
ard. Created marquess of Hartington
and duke of Devonshire, May, 1694.
— Charles, earl of Dorset, lord chamberlain.
— Aubrey, earl of Oxford.
— Charles, earl of Shewsbury, secretary of
state. Struck out of the list, June 23,
1692.
— William, earl of Bedford. Created mar-
quess of Tavistock and duke of Bed-
ford, May 12, 1694.
— Charles, earl of Macclesfield.
— Thomas, viscount Fauconberg.
— Charles, viscount Mordaunt, first com-
missioner of the treasury, April fol-
lowing. Created earl of Monmouth,
same time. Struck from the list, Jan.
21, 1696.
— Francis, viscount Newport, treasurer of
the household. Created earl of Brad-
ford, May, 1694.
. — Richard, lord Lumley (viscount Lumley,
in Ireland), gentleman of the bed-
chamber. Created viscount Lumley,
of England, April following ; and earl
of Scarborough, April 1690.
— Dr. Henry Compton, lord bishop of
London, dean of the chapel.
— Ralph, lord Montagu, master of the great
■wardrobe. Created viscount Mon-
thermer and earl of Montagu, April,
this year. Duke of Montagu, April,
1705.
— Henry, lord de la Mere, chancellor of
the exchequer. Created earl of War-
rington, April, 1690.
1 That excellent body of men, the Society of Friends, justly prided themselves on their address to James, at
the commencement of his reign. It conveyed a warning and admonition suggested by the character of the Stuart
family. On the 6th of March, 1685, commg in considerable number to the king, to congratulate his majesty on
his accession to the throne, they said, firmly and pointedly : *' Sire, we are come to testify our sorrow for the
death of our good friend Charles, and our joy at thy being made our governor. We are told thou art not of the
persuasion of the Church of England, any more than tiie; and therefore we hope that thou wilt grant unto us the
same liberty which thou allowest thyself y When James's intolerance hurled him from the throne, this address
recurred to the minds of the kingdom at large.
124
STATESiMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
Feb. 14. John, lord Churchill, general. Created
earl of Marlborough, April, 1G89.
Struck from the council, June 23, 1692.^
[Afterwards created marquess of Bland-
ford and duke of Marlborough. The
illustrious captain -general of queen
Anne's wars.] See year 1698.
— William Bentinck, groom of the stole.
Created lord Cii'encester, viscount
Woodstock, and earl of Portland,
April, 1689.
— Henry Sydney, gentleman of the bed-
chamber. Created lord and viscount
Sydney, April, 1689. Lord lieutenant
of Ireland in 1692. Earl of Romney,
May, 1694.
— Sir Eobert Howard, Imt.
— Sir Henry Capel, commissioner of the
treasury. Created lord Capel, April,
1692. Afterwards lord deputy in Ire-
land.
— Henry Powle, speaker of the house of
commons.
— Edward Russell, admiral. First lord of
the admiralty, May, 1694. Created
lord Shingay, viscount Barfleur, and
earl of Orford, May, 1097.
— Richard Hampden, a commissioner of
the treasury.
— Hugh Boscawen. Created lord Boscawen
and viscount Falmouth, Jime, 1720.
Feb. 19. [In 1709, he was appointed lord lieu-
tenant of Ireland, of which kingdom
he became baron of Trim, earl of Rath-
farnham, and marquess of Catherlogh,
same time with his English honours.]
— Sir John Lowther, of Lowther, hart.,
vice chamberlain. Created baron Low-
ther and viscount Lonsdale, May,
1696. Lord privy seal, May, 1699.
Feb. 26. Arthur Herbert, first commissioner of
the admiralty. Created lord Torbay
and earl of Torrington 2, May follow-
ing. Struck from the list, June 23,
1692,
Mar. 8. William Harbord. Ambassador to Tur-
key m 1692.
April 25. Frederick, duke of Schomberg, field-
marshal, master-general of the ord-
nance.
Sept. 26. Sir John Holt, bart., lord chief justice
of the king's bench.
Oct. 14. Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Mont-
gomery. First commissioner of the
admiralty, Jan. 1690; lord privy seal,
Maxch, 1692; lord president, May 18,
1699 ; and again lord president, July
9, 1702.
1690.
Feb. 13. Sir Henry Goodricke, bart., lieutenant-
general of the ordnance.
June 3. Charles, marquess of Winchester. Created
duke of Bolton, Feb. 1698.
Nov. 20. Sidney, lord Godolphin, first commis-
sioner of the treasury. Lord treasurer
in 1702. Created viscount Rialton
and eari of Godolphin s, Dec, 1706.
Feb. 19. Thomas Wharton, afterward lord Wliar-
ton, comptroller of the household.
Created viscount Winchendon and earl
of Wharton, Dec. 1706 ; and viscount
Malmesbury and marquess of Whar-
ton, Jan. 1715. Privy seal in 1714.
1 The carl was deprived of all his offices and employments at the same time ; yet the cause of this injustice has
never been satisfactorily explained. It was accounted for, at the period, by his supposed revelation of some of the
king's private determinations, which had reached the ears of his enemies, and he was suspected, also, of plotting
to restore the exiled monarch. The countess of Marlborough, too, was forbidden the court, and the princess of
Denmark was commanded to dismiss her from her family. Tliis the princess refused to do, and a serious quarrel
ensued between her and the queen, in consequence of which the former retired to Sion House.
2 This nobleman lost the king's favour after the battle off Beachy HeaJ, in which he commanded the combined
English and Outcli fleets, defeated by the French. He was removed from his posts, confined in the Tower, and
afterwards tried on board the Kent, ship of the line, for cowardice and treachery, and, though acquitted, his
majesty took his commission from him tlie next day.
3 The correspondence between his sovereign, Queen Anne, and this distinguished statesman when (afterwards)
first minister, is so very curious and interesting, we are induced to transcribe a portion of it here: —
*' St. James's, April 13, 1710.
" I am sorry to find by your Letter you are so much in the Spleen, as to think you cannot for the future contri-
bute anything towards my Quiet but your Wishes ; however, 1 will still hope you will use your lindeavours.
Never was there more Occasion than now ; for by all one hears and sees every Day, as things are at present, one
can expect nothing but Confusion. I am sure, for my part, I shall be ready to join with all my Friends in every-
thing that is reasonable to allay the Heat and Ferment of this poor Nation. Since you went to Newmarket I
have received several Assurances from the Duke of Shrewsbury of his readiness to serve me upon all Occasions,
and his Willingness to come into my Service, which Offer I was very glad to Accept, having a very good Opinion
of him, and believing he may be of great Use, in these troublesome Times. For these Reasons I have resolved
to part with the Dulie of Kent, who I hope will be easy in these matters by being made a Duke ; and I hope this
Change may meet with your Approbation, which 1 wish 1 may ever have m all my Actions I have not yet de-
clared ray Intentions of giving the Staff and the Key to the Duke of Shrewsbury, because 1 would be the first that
should Acquaint you with it.
" To the Earl of Godolphin." ANNE."
The following is the Earl's answer to the Queen :
" Newmarket, April 15, IVlO.
" May it please your Majesty,
"I have the honour of your Majesty's Letter of the Thirteenth, by which 1 have the Grief to find you are pleased
to call that spleen in my former Letter, which was only a true Impulse and Conviction of Mind that Your Majesty
is suffering your self to be guided to your own Uuin and Destruction as fast as it is possible for those to compass
it, to whom you seem so much to hearken.
" 1 am not therefore so much surprised as concerned at the Resolution which Your Majesty says you have taken,
of bringing in the Duke of Shrewsbury ; for when people begin to be sensible, it would be difficult to persuade
Your Majesty to dissolve a Parliament," which for Two Winters had given you above 6 Millions a Year for the
Support of the War upon which your Crown depends, and even while that War is still subsisting they have had
the Cunning to contrive this Proposal to Your Majesty, which in its consequence will certainly put you under a
Necessity of breaking the Parliament, though contrary, I yet believe, to your own inclination.
" I beg Your Majesty to be persuaded I do not say this out of the least Prejudice to the Duke of Shrewsbury,.
PRIVY COUNCILLORS.
125
1691.
Jan. 1. Sir John Trevor, knt., speaker of the
house of commons. Previously and
subsequently master of the rolls.
May 7. John, earl of Bridge-water.
June 4. Dr. John Tillotson, lord archbishop of
Canterbury.
1692.
Mar. 1. Laurence, earl of Kochester. Lord lieu-
tenant of Ireland, in 1701.
— Richard, earl of Eanelagh, paymaster
of the forces.
— Chai'les, lord Comwallis, first commis-
sioner of the admiralty.
— Sir Edward Seymour, bart., a commis-
sioner of the treasury.
Mar. 17. Anthony, viscount Falldand, a commis-
sioner of the admiralty.
— Eobert, lord Lexinton.
1693.
Mar. 23. Sir John Somers, knt., lord keeper.
Created lord Somers and made lord
chancellor, Dec. 1697.
— Sir John Trenchard, knt., secretary of
state.
April 13. Thomas, lord Coningsby, of Ireland,
late lord justice in that kingdom.
Afterwards lord Coningsby, of Lin-
coln, and earl of Coningsby. Struck
from the list, Nov. 7, 1724, George I.'s
reign.
1694.
Mar. 4. Charles, earl of Shrewsbury, one of the
principal secretaries of state. Created
marquess of Alton and duke of Shrews-
bury, April following.
May 3. John, marquess of Normanby. Struck
from the list, March 12, 1695.
— Charles, viscount Dursley. Succeeded
as eail Berkeley.
May 10. Thomas, earl of Stamford.
— Charles Montagu, chancellor of the ex-
chequer. First lord of the treasury,
May, 1697. Created lord Halifax,
Dec. 1700.
King William, alone.
1695.
Jan. 31. Dr. Thomas Tennyson, lord archbishop
of Canterbury.
May 3. Sir WiUiam Trumbull, knt., secretarj' of
state.
May 5. Meinhardt, duke of Schomberg, com-
mander-in-chief.
— Ford, earl of Tankerville. Aftei-wards
first commissioner of the treasury and
lord privy seal.
— Peregrine Bertie, vice chamberlain.
May 23. John Smith, a commissioner of the trea-
suiy. Afterwards chancellor of the
exchequer, and speaker of the house
of commons.
1696.
April 9. James, duke of Ormond, aftenvards
commander-in-chief.
Nov. 19. Sir Joseph Williamson, Imt., appointed
(with the earl of Pembroke and vis-
count Villiers) a plenipotentiary to
treat for peace with France.
1697.
Nov. 25. Edward, earl of Jersey, appointed lord
justice of Ireland. Afterwards lord
chamberlain to the king. Secretary
of state in 1700.
Dec. 5. James Vernon, one of the principal se-
cretaries of state.
1698.
May 18. Eobert, lord Ferrers. Created viscount
Tamworthand earl Ferrers, July, 1711.
June 9. Charles, earl of Manchester. Created
duke of Manchester, April, 1719.
June 19. John, earl of Marlborough. Created
marquess of Blandford and duke of
Marlborough, Dec. 1702.
[His name had been removed from the
list of privy councillors, June 23, 1692 ;
but it was now restored, and he re-
sworn.i] 5ee year 1689.
1700.
May 21. Sir Nathan Wright, lord keeper.
There is no man of whose Capacity I have a better Impression, nor with whom I have lived more easily for above
Twenty Years, » , „ t , .
" Your Majesty may please to remember that at your first coming to the Crown I was desirous he should have
had one of the chief Posts in your Service ; and it would have been happy for Your Majesty and the Kingdom if
he had accepted that Offer ; but he thought fit to decline it, and the Re-isons generally given, at that time, for his
so doing, do not much recommend him to Your Majesty's Service ; but I must endeavour to let Your Majesty see
Things as they really are. And to bring him into your Service and into your Business at this time, just after his
being in a public open Conjunction in every Vote with the whole body of the Tories, and in private constant
Communication and Caballing with Mr. Harley in every thing, what Consequence can this have but to make
every Man that is now in your Cabinet uneasy, and to run from it as they would do from the Plague ? I leave it
to Your Majesty to judge what effect this entire change in your Ministers will have among your Allies abroad,
and how this war will be like to be carried on in their Opinion by those who have all along opposed and ob-
structed it, and who will like any Peace the better, the more it leaves France at liberty to take their Time of
imposing the Pretender upon this Country. ,. » , . ^ , ■„ ., _
" These Considerations must certainly make Holland run immediately into a separate Peace with France, and
make Your Majesty lose all the Honour and Reputation your Arms had acquired by the War, and make the
Kingdom lose the Fruit of that vast Expense which they have been at in this War. And can any Body imagine
that after so great a Disappointment to the Kingdom there will not be an Enquiry into the Causes of it, and who
have been the Occasion of so great a Change in Your Majesty's Measures and Councils, which have been so long
successful and gotten you so great a Name in the World? If I did not think all these Consequences inevitable I
would never give Your Majesty the Trouble and Uneasiness of laying this before you. * • » GODOLPHIN."
I After achieving his many glorious victories, he returned to England, and soon after through party intrigues,
a^ain lost favour at court, and was dismissed a second time from all his employments. Stung at this ingratitude,
he went into the Low Countries, accompanied by his duchess, and remained abroad till 1714, when he landed at
Dover, amidst the acclamations of the people. Queen Anne was just dead, and her successor restored the duke
to his military appointments and his place m the councils of his country.
126
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
Nor. 5. Sir Charles Hedges, knt. Sworn, a se-
cond time, secretary of state, May 2,
1702.
1701.
Mar. 27. Henry Boyle, chancellor of the ex-
chequer. Secretary of state, Feb.
1708.
June 19. Eobert, earl of Lindsey, lord great cham-
berlain of England. Created mar-
quess of Lindsey, Dec. 1706 ; and
duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, July
1715.
^ Charles, earl of Carlisle, earl marshal
during the minority of Thomas, duke
of Norfolk, the hereditary earl mar-
shal of England.
June 28. Charles, duke of Somerset, lord pre-
sident of the council.
' 1702.
Jan. 1. Charles Bodville, earl of Radnor.
Jan. 8. Charles, earl of Burlington.
Queen Anne.
1702.
Apr. 21. John, marquess of Norraanby, lord privy
seal. Created duke of the county of
Buckingham and duke of Normanby,
March, 1703.
— Montagu, earl of Abingdon, constable
of the Tower.
— Sir John Leveson Gower, chancellor
of the duchy of Lancaster. Created
baron Gower, of Sittenham, March,
1703.
— John How: afterwards joint paymaster-
general of the forces.
May 2. Daniel, earl of Nottingham, secretary
of state.
May 21. George, earl of Northampton.
June 18. Thomas, viscount Weymouth.
— William, lord Dartmouth. Created
viscount Lewisham and earl of Dart-
mouth, Sept. 1711.
— Hon. John Granville lord warden of
the stanneries. Created lord Gran-
ville, March, 1702-3.
— Sir Thomas iVevor, knt., chief justice
of the common pleas. Created lord
Trevor, of Bromham, Dec. 1711.
Nov. 19. Sir George Eooke, vice admiral of Eng-
land.
Dec. 10. John, lord Poulett. Created viscount
Hinton and earl Poulett, Deo. 1706.
1703.
Mar. 20. Dr. John Sharp, lord archbishop of
York.
— Thomas, earl of Thanet.
— Heneage, lord Guernsey. Created eaj-l
of Aylesford, Oct. 1714, and made
chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster.
1704.
Apr. 27. Henry, earl of Kent, lord chamberlain.
Created viscount Goderick, earl of
Harold, and marquess of Kent. Dec
1706.
— Eobert Harley, speaker of the house of
commons. Secretary of state, May
following. Created earl of Oxford
and earl Mortimer, May, 1711.
Apr. 27. Thomas Mansell, comptroller of the
household. Created lord Mansell,
Dec. 1711.
1705.
Mar. 29. John, duke of Newcastle, lord privy
seal.
— Charles, earl of Peterborough, general.
— Hugh, viscount Cholmondeley, in Ire-
land. Created viscount Malpas and
earl of Cholmondeley (county of
Chester), Dec. 1706. Afterwards
treasurer of the household.
May 3. Thomas Erie, lieutenant-general of the
ordnance.
Oct. 11. William Cowper, lord keeper. Created
baron Cowper, of Wingham, and earl
Cowper. LordChancellor, May, 1711.
1706.
June 10. Thomas, earl of Derby, chancellor of
the duchy of Lancaster.
Dec. 3. Charles, earl of Sunderland, secretary
of state. Appointed lord lieutenant
of Ireland in 1714; biU never went
over. First lord of the treasury,
March, 1718.
Deo. 5. Thomas Coke, vice chamberlain. After-
wards lord Level, viscount Coke, and
earl of Leicester.
1707.
Sept. 8. William, duke of Devonshire, lord
steward of the household.
1708.
June 26. Evelyn, marquess of Dorchester. Created
duke of Kingston, July, 1715.
— Henry, earl of Bindon, deputy earl-
marshal of England. First lord of
trade, 1715.
Aug. 18. John, earl of Mar, secretary of state for
Scotland.
— Charles, viscount Townshend. After-
wards secretary of state.
Oct. 6. James, duke of QueensbeiTy, now secre-
tary of state for Scotland.
— James, earl of Seafield, late lord high
treasurer of Scotland. Succeeded as
earl of Findlater. Last lord chan-
cellor of Scotland.
Nov. 26. James, duke of Montrose, late lord high
admiral of Scotland.
— Eichard, earl Eivers ; general.
— Algernon, earl of Essex.
— Hugh, earl of Loudoun, one of the com-
missioners for the union with Scot-
land. Lord keeper in that kingdom.
1709.
Feb. 3. John, duke of Argyle (Argyll) ; ge-
neral.
[He greatly distinguished himself
through the whole of queen Anne's
wars, and was created baron of Chat-
ham and earl of Greenwich, Nov. 1705,
and duke of Greenwich, April, 1719 1
Mar. 3. John, duke of Eoxburgh.
June 2. Sir John Holland, comptroller of the
household.
Nov. 8. Edward, earl of Orford.
PRIVY COUNCILLORS.
127
1710.
Feb. 18. Richard, earl of Bradford.
Mar. 30. Sir Thomas Parker, lord chief justice ot
the queen's bench. Created lord
Parker, March, 1716 ; and made lord
chancellor. May, 1718. Viscount
Parker and earl of Macclesfield, Nov.
1721. Struck from the list, Hay SI,
1725.
[He had previously (Jan. 4, 1725) sur-
rendered the seal.]
June 15. Sir Richard Onslow, bart., speaker of
the house of commons. Chancellor
of the exchequer, Oct. 1714.
July 10. John, earl of Anglesey, vice treasurer in
Ireland : died Sept. foUomng.
Sept. 21. Henry St. John, late secretary-at-war,
now STVom secretary of state. After-
wards baron St. John, of Battersea,
Surrey, and viscount St. John and
viscount Bolingbroke.
Oct. 19. Sir Simon Harcom-t, lord keeper.
Created lord Harcourt, of Stanton-
Harcourt. Lord chancellor in 1713 :
viscount Sept. 1721.
— Hemy, lord Hyde, joint vice treasurer
of Ireland. Succeeded as earl of Cla-
rendon and Rochester, in 1723.
— Arthur, earl of Anglesey, brother of the
late John, made joint vice treasurer of
Ireland, in his room.
1711.
Feb. 9. Charles, earl of Orrery, appointed envoy
extraordinary to the States-General,
and to the council of state in the Low
Countries.
March 1. George, earl of Orkney ; general.
April 19. William, marquess of Annandale, lord
high commissioner to the kirk of
Scotland. Lord keeper of the privy
seal in that kingdom in 1715.
June 14. Charles, earl of Winchilsea : died the
next year-
— Robert Benson, chancellor of the ex-
chequer. Created Lord Bingley, July
1713. Sent ambassador to the court
of Spain.
— Henry Paget, captain of the yeomen of
the guard. Created lord Burton, vita
patris, Dec. following. Succeeded his
father as lord Paget, 1713. Created
earl of Uxbridge, 1714.
June 23. Thomas, lord Raby, ambassador to the
States General. Created viscount
Wentworth and earl of Strafford, Sept.
following. First lord of the adini-
ralty, Sept. 1712.
— William Bromley, speaker of the house
of commons. Afterwards secretary of
state.
Dr. John Robinson, lord bishop of Bris-
tol, lord privy seal. Translated to
London. A plenipotentiary at Utrecht.
Dec. 13. Edward, earl of Clarendon.
— Archibald, earl of Islay, lord justice
general of Scotland. Succeeded his
brother as duke of Argyle (Argyll)
Oct. 1743.
— William, lord North and Grey, made
governor of Portsmouth.
1712.
April. 17. John, diike of Atholl, extraordinary lord
Sept. 3.
of session ; commander-in-chief of all
the land forces in Scotland.
Aug. 18. George, lord Lansdowne of Bideford,
treasurer of the household.
Oct. 20. David, earl of Portmore ; general, go-
vernor of Gibraltar.
— John Hill, brigadier ; lieutenant-general
of the ordnance.
Dec. U, Francis, lord Guilford.
1713.
April 7. George, duke of Northumberland.
— Sir John Stonehouse, bart., comptroller
of the household.
Nov. 1. Sir William Wyndham, bart., chancel-
lor of the exchequer.
King Geoege I.
1714.
Sept. 22. Geokge, prince of Wales (afterwards
George II.) : introduced ; not sworn.
— Dr. William Dawes (sir William Dawes,
bart.), lord archbishop of York.
Sept. 27. James Stanhope, secretary of state.
First lord of the treasury, &c., April,
1717. Created baron and viscount
Stanhope, July, 1717 ; and earl Stan-
hope, April, 1718.
Oct. 1. Robert Walpole, afterwards sir Robert,
paymaster of the forces. Created
baron Houghton, viscount Walpole,
and earl of Orford, Feb. 1742.
[Filled various offices in the state, and
was upwards of twenty-one years
prime minister.]
Oct. 29. John, earl of Staif, appointed to the
court of France.
— Paul Methuen, commissioner of the
treasury, ambassador to Spain. Se-
cretaiy of state, July, 1716.
Nov. 16. Lionel, earl of Dorset, lord warden of
the Cinque Ports, and governor of
Dover castle. Declared lord presi-
dent, Jan. 1715. Duke of Dorset,
June, 1720.
— Hemy, earl of Uxbridge, captain of the
yeomen of the guard.
Nov. 22. Henry, lord Carleton. Declared lord
president, June 25, 1721.
1715.
Mar. 29. Sir Peter King, lord chief justice of the
common pleas. Created lord King,
and made lord chancellor, June 1,
1725.
Aug. 31. Charles, duke of Grafton, appointed a
lord justice of Ireland.
Sept. 23. Henry, earl of Galway, appointed (with
the preceding) lord justice in Ireland.
Oct. 26. James, earl of Derby, captain of the
yeomen of the guard, vice Uxbridge.
— Henry, earl of Lincoln, paymaster of
the forces.
1716,
Jan. 20. Dr. William Wake, lord archbishop of
Canterbury.
July 6. Charles, earl of Tankerville.
— Richard, lord Cobham, constable of
Windsor Castle, and keeper of the
parks, forests, and wan-ens there.
Created viscount Cobham, May,
1718.
128
STATESMEIT AND STATE OFFICERS.
July 6. Spencer Compton, speaker of the house
of commons. Created lord Wilming-
ton, Jan. 1728; and viscount Pe-
vensey and earl of Wilmington, May,
1730. Declared lord president, Dec.
31, same year.
[First minister of the crown, Feb. 1742.]
— Wilham Pulteney, secretary-at-war.
Struck from the list, July 1, 1731.'
See year 1742.
July 12. John Aislahie, treasurer of the navy.
Chancellor of the exchecjuer, March,
1718.
[Mr. Aislabie's name was struck from
the list some time between Sept. 13,
1720, and May 21, 1722.']
1717.
Mar. 2. John Smith, one of the tellers of the
exchequer.
Mar. 30. Thomas, lord Torrington, a commis-
sioner of the treasury,
— William, lord Cadogan, general of all
H. M.'s foot forces. Created earl of
Cadogan, May, 1718.
April 16. Thomas Holies Pelham, duke of New-
castle, lord chamberlain. Filled va-
rious high offices in the state ; first
minister of the crown, March 18,
1754.
— Thomas, earl of Westmoreland, chief
justice in eyre of H. M.'s forests south
of the Trent. First commissioner of
trade and plantations. May, 1719.
— James, earl of Berkeley, first lord of the
admiralty.
— Joseph Addison, one of the principal
secretaries of state.
July 31. Sir Joseph Jekyll, master of the rolls.
Nov. 27. George, earl of Halifax,
1718.
Feb. 13. Robert, earl of Holdernesse, first com-
missioner of trade and plantations.
Mar. 16. James Craggs, jun., one of the principal
secretaries of state.
Mar. 31. Eichard Hampden, treasurer of the
navy.
July 1. Nicholas Lechmere (sir Nicholas),
attorney-general, made chancellor of
the duchy of Lancaster. Created
lord Lechmere, Aug. 1721.
Oct. 9. Sir John Pratt, lord chief justice of the
king's bench.
1719.
May 9. Charles Wills, lieutenant-general of the
ordnance.
1720.
Mar. 22. William, earl of Coventry.
1721.
Jan. 3. John, earl of Sutherland.
— Sir George Byng, admiral. Created
lord Byng, of Southill, and viscount
Torrington, Sept. following.
Mar. 5. John, lord Carteret, one of the prin-
cipal secretaries of state. Appointed
lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1724.
Succeeded as earl Granville, Oct.
1744. Lord president, June 17, 1751.
Nov. 11. James, duke of Chandos.
— David, earl of Portmore.
— Charles, lord ComwaUis, late joint
postmaster-general : died the Tiext
year.
1722.
May 9. Sir Robert Sutton, knt., ambassador
successively to Constantinople, to
Holland, and to France.
1723.
May 26. Francis, earl of Godolphin, groom of
the stole.
— Doctor Edmund Gibson, lord bishop of
London.
May 29. James, earl of Findlater.
1724.
Jan. 23. Peregrine, duke of Aucaster and Ke-
steven, lord great chamberlain of
England.
Dec. 10. Dr. Lancelot Blackburn, lord archbishop
of York.
1725.
April 12. Sir Robert Raymond, lord chief justice
of the King's Bench. Created lord
Ra}Tnond, Jan. 1731.
June 1. Charles, duke of Bolton, constable of the
Tower of London.
— Daniel, lord Finch, comptroller of the
household. Succeeded as earl of Win-
chilsea and Nottingham on his father's
decease in 1730. Lord president, July
12, 1765.
— Sir Robert Eyre, lord chief justice of
the common pleas.
— Henry Pelham, secretary-at-war. Pay-
master-general in 1730. First min-
ister of the crown, Aug. 1743.
[Mr. Pelham was the head of the cele-
brated " Broad-Bottom administra-
tion."]
• This was done in consequence of his invectives against the minister (.Sir Robert Walpolo) by George It.
The king called for the council book, and struck out the name with his own hand. So harsh a proceeding in-
flamed Pulteney's resentment and increased his popularity, and occasioned him to say, in his memorable speech,
thut " the minister might be likened to an empyric, and the constitution of England to his patient." His elo-
quence and sarcasm at length drove Walpole from the helm, and he wasagain sworn of the council, Feb. 20. 1742,
and was created earl of Bath, July 14, same year. He was afterwards (Feb. 1746) head of the famous " Short-
lived ministry," which expired within two days — See Administrntions ,
^ A ground for the erasure of Mr. Aislabie's name from the books nf the council may be inferred from the
following resolution of the commons : — The commons, taking into their consideration that part of the report of
the secret committee (on the South Sea Company) that relates to John Aislabie, esq., a member of the house,
and Mr. Aislabie's defence, is of opinion, that it has been plainly proved, that he caused a book of accounts be-
tween him and Mr. T-lawes (a director) to be burnt, and had given him a discharge for the balance, amounting to
£842,000. And it is resolved, nemin^ contradiccnte, that the said John Aislabie had encouraged and promoted
the dangerous and destructive execution of the South Sea scheme with a view to bis own exorbitant profit, and
had combined with the late directors of the South Sea Company in their pernicious practices, to the detriment of
^reat numbers of his majesty's subjects, and the ruin of the public credit, and the trade of this kingdom. It is
turther resolved, that he be expelled the house, and committed to the Tower ; and that a bill be brought in for
restraining him from going out of the kingdom, and from alienating his estate. March 8, 1721 .
PRIVY COUNCILLORS.
129
1726.
Marchll.ThOmas, lord Trevor, lord privy seal.
May 31. Charles, duke of Queensberry and Dover,
vice-admiral of Scotland.
— Alexander, earl of Marchmont.
Nov. 4. Henry, viscount Lonsdale, constable of
tbe Tower.
1727.
May 31. William Stanhope, vice chamberlain.
Created lord Harrington, Dec. 1729.
Lord president Feb. 13, 1742.
King George IL
1727.
June 15. Richard, earl of Scarborough, master of
the horse.
July 6. Henry, earl of Grantham, lord chamber-
lain to the queen.
July 17. John, duke of Rutland, chancellor of the
duchy of Lancaster.
Aug. 5. Talbot, earl of Sussex, deputy earl mar-
shaL
1728.
Feb. 26. Philip, earl of Chesterfield, appointed
ambassador to the court of France.
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1745.
June 25. Arthur Onslow, speaker of the house of
commons.
Dec. 18. H. R. H. Frederick, prince of Wales :
introduced ; not sworn.
1729.
May 15. Richard, earl of Burlington : afterwards
captain of the band of pensioners.
1730.
May 8. John, lord Hervey, vice chamberlain.
Created, vita patris, baron Hervey, of
Ickworth, June 1733.
June 11. Robert, lord Bingley, treasurer of the
household.
— Sir Conyers D'Arcy, knt., comptroller of
the household.
— Sir William Strickland, bart., secretary-
at-war.
Sept. 12. Horatio Walpole, cofferer of the house-
hold. Created baroll Walpole, of
Woolterton, June 1756.
1731.
June 12. William, duke of Devonshire, lord privj'
seal. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, in
1737.
— John, lord De la Warr, treasurer of the
household.
Nov. 29. John, earl of Leicester, constable of the
Tower of London.
1732.
May 4. Hon. Pattee BjTig, treasurer of the navy,
sworn of the council. Succeeded his
father as viscount Torrington, Jan.
1733.
1733.
Jan. 25. Sir Charles Wager, knt., admiral. First
lord of the admiralty.
Nov. 1. Charles, earl of Selkirk, lord clerk re-
gister of Scotland.
— Sir Philip Yorke, knt., lord chief justice
of the king's bench. Created lord
Hardwicke, Nov. 23, following, and
earl of Hardwicke, April, 1754.
[Lord chancellor, Feb. 21, 1737. He
continued, it is said, chief justice until
June 7, though he had Mssed hands
for the great seal.]
Nov. 29. Charles Talbot, lord high chancellor.
Created lord Talbot, Dec. 5, following.
1734.
Jan. 31. James, duke of AthoU, lord keeper of
the great seal of Scotland.
1735.
Jan. 9. Charles, duke of Richmond, master of
the horse.
— Henry, earl of Pembroke, groom of the
stole.
Feb. 12. William, earl of Essex: afterwards
captain of the yeomen of the guard.
— James, earl of Waldegrave, vice admi-
ral of Essex.
— Stephen Poyntz, receiver-general of the
revenue of excise. He resigned this
office to his brother, William Poyntz.
— Benjamin, earl Fitzwalter, first commis-
sioner of trade and plantations.
Nov. 6. Sir William Yonge, bart., secretary-at-
war.
1736.
Jan. 22. John, duke of Montagu, captain of the
band of gentlemen-at-arms.
Feb. 19. Sir Thomas Reeve, chief justice of the
common pleas: died Jan. the next
year.
May 21. George, earl of Cholmondeley, chancel-
lor of the duchy of Lancaster, vice
John, duke of Rutland.
1737.
Mar. 17. Dr. John Potter, lord archbishop of
Canterbury.
— Sir John WUles, knt., chief justice of
the common pleas.
July 21. John, lord Monson, first commissioner
of trade and plantations, vice lord
Fitzwalter.
— Sir William Lee, knt., lord chief justice
of the king's bench.
1738.
July 20. James, earl of Abercom, one of the lords
of the bed-chamber.
Oct. 12. Hon. John Vemey, master of the rolls :
died Aug. 1741.
1739.
Sept. 6. Sir John Norris, lait, vice-admiral of
England.
1740.
May 1. Lord Sidney Beauclerk, vice-chamber-
lain of the household.
May 12. Charles, lord Cornwallis, constable of
the Tower of London. Created earl
Cornwallis, June 1753.
1741.
Apr. 27. Thomas Winnington, a commissioner
of the treasury. Created a baronet j
made paymaster of the forces.
Nov. 19. William Fortescue, master of the rolls.
130
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1742.
Feb. 16. John, marquess of Tweeddale, secre-
tary of state for Scotland.
— Samuel Sandys, chancellor of the ex-
chequer. Created lord Sandys, Dec.
1743. Cofferer of the household,
1747; chief justice in eyre, 1769;
first lord of trade and plantations,
March 1761.
Feb. 20. Peregrine, dulie of Ancaster and Keste-
ven (son of Peregrine, privy coun-
cillor Jan. 1724), lord great cham-
berlain of England.
— William Pulteney, whose name had
been struck from the council July
1731, now restored. Created earl of
Bath, July 1742. See year 1716.
[First minister as head of the " Short-
lived administration," which endured
but two days.]
May 17. His R. H. William, duke of Chmbeh-
LAND ; introduced ; not sworn.
June 24. George Wade, lieutenant-general of the
ordnance. Afterwards field-marshal
and commander-in-chief.
— Thomas Clutterbuck, treasurer of the
navy.
July 13. John, lord Gower, lord privy seal.
Created earl Gower, July 1746.
— Allen, lord Bathurst, captain of the
band of gentlemen pensioners. Cre-
ated earl Bathurst, Aug. 1772.
— Hon. WiUiam Finch, vice-chamberlain
of the household.
1743.
Apr. 25. l>r. Thomas Herring, lord archbishop
of York. Translated to Canterbury.
1744.
Jan. 6. Richard, lord Edgcumbe, chancellor of
the duchy of Lancaster.
Jan. 19. Sir John Rushout, bart., treasurer of
the navy.
Dec. 17, John, duke of Bedford, first lord of the
admiralty. Lord-lieutenant of Ire-
land, Sept. 1757 ; privy seal, Nov.
1761. Lord president, Sept. 9, 1763.
1745.
Jan. 3. John, lord Ilobart, captain of the band
of pensioners. Created earl of Buck-
inghamshire, Aug. 1746.
— George Dodington, treasurer of the
navy. Again, Jan. 1756. Created
baron Melcombe, April 1761.
1746.
— William Pitt, paymaster-general of the
forces. Secretary of state, Dec. 1756 ;
again secretaiy of stated, June, 1757.
Created earl of Chatham, and made
privy seal, July 1766. [He held these
offices as minister.]
July 23. Henry Fox, secretary-at-wai-. Secre-
tary of state, Nov. 1765 ; paymaster
of the forces, 1757. Created lord
Holland, April 1763.
1747.
Jan. 15. William, earl of Jersey.
1748.
Feb. 10. Dr. Matthew Hutton, lord archbishop
ofTork. Translated to Canterbury.
1749.
Jan. 11 George Dunk, earl of Halifax, first
commissioner of trade and planta-
tions. Lord -lieutenant of Ireland,
1761. First lord of the admiralty,
June 1762 ; secretary of state, Nov.
1763 ; privy sea], Feb. 1770 ; again
secretary of state, -Jan. 1771.
— Dr. Thomas Sherlock, lord bishop of
London.
Feb. 1. John, earl of Sandwich, late minister
plenipotentiaiy to the congress at
Aix-la-ChapeUe, first lord of the ad-
miralty. Secretary of state, 1763 ;
again first lord of the admiralty,
Jan. 1771.
— Sir John Ligonier, knt, lieutenant-
general of the ordnance. Created
viscount Ligonier, in Ireland, Dec.
1757. Lord Ligonier, of Eipley
(Surrey), April 1763; and earl Li-
gonier, Sept. 1766. Field-marshal
and commander-in-chief, 1757.
June 12. Charles, duke of Marlborough, lord
steward of the household.
June 28. Hon. Henry Bilson Legge, treasurer
of the navy. Chancellor of the ex-
chequer, April 1754 ; again, Nov. 1756.
1750.
Jan. 17. Sir John Strange, knt., master of the
rolls.
Mar. 29. John, earl of Hyndford, late minister
to the empress of Russia.
— George, lord Anson, vice-admiral of
England. First lord of the admi-
ralty, June, 1751 ; again, July 1757.
— Sir Thomas Robinson, deputy-master
of the great wardrobe. Secretary of
state, April 1754. Created lord
Grantham, April 1761.
1751.
Apr. 30. Simon, earl Harcoui^t. Afterwards en-
voy to Mecklenbm'g, the court of
France, &c. Lord-lieutenant of Ire-
land, Nov. 1772.
June 21. Robert, earl of Holdemesse, secretary
of state.
July 12. William, marquess of Hartington, master
of the horse. Called to the house of
peers, vita patris, as baron Cavendish,
same time. Lord-lieutenant of Ire-
laud, 1755. Succeeded as duke of
Devonshire on his father's decease,
Dec. 1755. Minister in 1757. Struck
from the list, Nov. 3, 1762.^
1 Tlie ministry of which the duke of Newcastle was first lord of the treasury, and Mr. Pitt was secretary of
state for the Northern department, has been usually called the ■' Dulte of Newcastle's and Mr. Pitt's adminis-
tration," the latter leading the house of commons at the time.
2 Of this illustrious personage it was said by Dr. Johnson, that he was remarfcable for fidelity to his promises;
" If he had promised you an acorn, and none had grown that year in his woods, he would not have contented him-
self with such an excuse ; he would have sent to Denmark lor it : so unconditional was he in his word ; so high
as to the point of honour." A liberal testimony from Johnson to this virtue in a great whig nobleman Boswell.
PRIVY COUNCILLOKS.
131
July 12. William-Anne, earl of Albemarle, groom
of the stole.
1752.
Feb. 13. John, lord Berkeley, of Stratton, late
captain of the yeomen of the guard.
Treasurer of the household, 1755.
— Sir George Lee, knt, judge of the pre-
rogative court.
Dec. 20. James, earl of Waldegrave, governor to
the prince of Wales.
1754.
June 21. Wills, earl of Hillsborough, comptroller
of the household. First lord of trade,
Sept. 1763 ; again Aug. 1766 ; joint
postmaster-general Dec. 1766 ; and
again lord of trade, Jan. 1768. Created
earl of Hillsborough, in England, Aug.
1772 ; and marquess of Downshire, in
Ireland, Aug. 1789.
— Hon. George Grenville, treasurer of the
navy. Again treasurer of the navy,
Nov. 1756 ; first lord of the admiralty,
Jan. 1763. First minister of the crown,
April, following.
~ Sir Dudley Eyder, lint., lord chief jus-
tice of the king's bench.
— Sir Thomas Clarke, knt., master of the
rolls.
— Sir George Lj'ttelton, bart., cofferer of
the household. Chancellor of the
exchequer, Nov. 1756. Created lord
Lyttelton, Nov. 1756.
1755.
Jaru 9. Hany, duke of Bolton.
— John, earl of Egmont. Joint postmaster-
general, Aug. 1762 ; first lord of the
admiralty, Sept. 1763.
Mar. 11. William-Henry, earl of Eochford, groom
of the stole.
— William, viscount Barrington, master of
the great wardrobe. Sccretary-at-
war, Nov. same year; chancellor of
the exchequer, March 1761 ; treasurer
of the navy, June 1762 ; again secre-
tary-at-war, July 1765.
Dec. 22. Granville, earl Gower, lord privy seal.
Lord president, Dec. 22, 1767 ; again,
Deo. 19, 1783. Created marquess of
Stafford, Feb. 1786,
1756.
Jan. 27. John, lord Hobart, comptroller of the
household. Succeeded as earl of Buck-
inghamshire on his father's decease,
Sept. following. Ambassador to St.
Petersburgh, July, 1762. Lord-Heu-
tenant of Ireland, Jan. 1777.
July 7. Robert, lord Raymond.
Nov. 19. Richard, earl Temple, first lord of the
admiralty. Lord privy seal, June fol-
lowing.
— John, viscount Bateman, treasurer of
the household.
— William, lord Mansfield, lord chief jus-
tice of the king's bench.
Nov. 19. Hon. Richard Edgcumbe, comptroller of
the household. Succeeded as lord
Edgcumbe on the death of his father
in 1758.
Dec. 15. Hugh, viscount Falmouth, captain of
the yeomen of the guard,
1757.
Mar. 26. Thomas, duke of Leeds, cofferer of the
household.
April 1, Hon. Charles Townshend, treasurer of
the chamber and a lord of trade and
plantations. Paymaster -general of
the forces, March 1761 ; and chan-
cellor of the exchequer, Aug. 1766.
June 30. Dr. John GUbert, lord archbishop of
York,
— Sir Robert Henley, knt., lord keeper.
Created lord Henley, March 1760.
Made lord chancellor, Jan, 1761 ; and
earl of Northington, May follomng.
Lord president, July 30, 1766.
July 8. Percy Wyndham, earl of Thomond, trea-
surer of the household.
1758.
Jan, 27, Lord George Sackville (Germaine),
Struck from the list, April 25, 1760.1
See Dec. 1665.
— Thomas, viscount Dupplin, chancellor
of the duchy of Lancaster. Succeeded
as earl of Kinnoul on his father's
decease, June following.
May 8. Dr. Thomas Seeker, lord archbishop of
Canterbury.
Dec. 22. Charles Paulett, marquess of Win-
chester. Succeeded as duke of Bol-
ton, on his father's decease, Oct, 1759,
1759.
Feb. 2. Hon. Edward Boscawen, admiral, a lord
of the admiralty, and general of ma-
rines,
Dec. 15. Robert Nugent, a lord of the treasmy.
Created baron Nugent and viscount
Clare, of Ireland, Dec. 1766 ; and earl
Nugent, 1776.
1760.
Feb. 9, Basil, carl of Denbigh ; afterwards a
lord of the bedchamber.
Mar, 20, Welbore Ellis, joint vice-treasurer in
Ireland, Secretary-at-war, Dec, 1762 ;
and afterwards filled vaiious offices,
that of secretary of state, Feb, 1782,
Created lord Mendip, Aug. 1794.
May 2. John, marquess of Granby, lieutenant-
general of the ordnance; afterwards
master-general ; commander-in-chief,
Aug. 1766.
King Geoege III.
1760.
Oct. 27, H. E, H, Edward, Duke of Toek :
introduced ; not sworn,
— John, earl of Bute, groom of the stole.
1 Lord George Sackville fell into disgrace for his conduct at the battle of Minden (Aug. 1, 1759), where he com-
manded under prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, whose orders to advance with his troops during the engagement he
disobeyed. His behaviour being, at home, attributed to cowardice, he was tried by a court-martial and sentenced
to be dismissed the service ifnder the administration of lord Bute, however, he was restored to favour.
K 2
132
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
Secretary of state, March, 1761. First
minister of tlie crown, May 1762.
Dec. 2. Francis, earl of Huntingdon, master of
tlie horse.
— Hon. George Townshend ; general.
Lieutenant-general of the ordnance,
1763. Succeeded as viscount Towns-
hend, March, 1764. Lord-lieutenant
of Ireland, Oct. 1767. Master-general
of tlie ordnance 1772. Marquess of
Townshend, Oct. 1787.
Dec. 17. Philip, viscount Eoyston. Succeeded
as earl of Hardwicke, March 1764.
1761.
George, earl of Albemarle, governor of
Jersey.
Anthony, earl of Shaftesbuiy.
Sir Francis Dashwood, hart., treasurer
of the chamher. Chancellor of the
exchequer. May 1762 ; joint postmas-
ter-general, Dec. 1766. He had suc-
ceeded to the title of lord Le de
Spencer, 1763.
William, earl Talbot, lord steward of
the household.
Hon. James Grenville, cofferer of the
household; afterwards joint vice trea-
surer of Ireland.
Henrj'- Arthur, earl of Powis, comptroller
of the household.
Charles, earl of Egremont. Secretary
of state, Oct. following.
Hon. James Stuart Mackenzie, minister
to the king of Sardinia. Lord privy
seal of Scotland, 1763.
Dr. Eobert Drummond, lord archbishop
of York.
Dr. Thomas Hayter, lord hishop of
London ; died in 1762.
Jan. 28.
Mar. 17.
Mar. 20.
Mar. 25,
Apr. 3.
June 25.
July 8.
Sept. i.
Nov. 7.
Jan 2.
Feb. 15.
Mar. 13.
July 14.
Nov. 17.
Nov. 22,
Nov. 26.
Dec. 15.
1762.
John, duke of Argyll.
Lord George Cavendish, comptroller of
the household, vice earl of Powis.
Sir Charles Pratt, knt., chief justice
of the conmion pleas. Created lord
Camden, July, 1765. Lord chancellor
July 1766 ; lord president, March 27,
1782 ; earl Camden, May, 1786.
Dr. Richard Osbaldeston, lord bishop of
London : died 1764.
George Henry, earl of Lichfield ; captain
of the band of gentlemen pensioners.
Sir John Cust, bart., speaker of the
house of commons.
Gilbert Elliot, late a lord of the trea-
sury ; treasurer of the chamber. Suc-
ceeded as baronet on his father's
decease. Treasurer of the navy,
March 1770.
James, lord TjTawley, general, late
governor of Gibraltar. Field-marshal,
1763.
George, duke of Marlborough, lord
chamberlain of the household.
Hugh, earl of Marchmont. Keeper of
the great seal of Scotland, 1764.
Hugh, earl of Northumberland, her
majesty's lord chamberlain. Lord-
lieutenant of Ireland, 1763.
Hans Stanley, a lord of the admiralty.
James, lord Strange, chancellor of the
duchy of Laucastei .
1763.
Jan. 10. Humphry Morrice, comptroller of the
household.
— Sir John Phillips, bart.
Apr. 20. William, earl of Shelbume, first com-
missioner of trade and plantations.
Secretary of state, Aug. 1766. First
minister of the crown, July 1782.
Created marquess of Lansdowne,
Nov. 1784.
— Lord Charles Spencer, comptroller of
the household.
— James Oswald, joint vice treasurer in
Ireland.
Apr. 22. Stephen, earl of Ilchester, called to the
council board honoris causa.
June 1. Francis, earl of Hertford. Created earl
of Yarmouth and marquess of Hert-
ford, July 1793.
July 20. David, viscount Stormont, ambassador
extraordinary to the emperor and
empress of Germany. Secretary of
state, Oct. 1779. Lord president,
April 2, 1783. Succeeded as earl of
Mansfield, March 1793. Again lord
president, Dec. 1794.
Sept. 9. Thomas, lord Hyde, joint postmaster-
general. Chancellor of the duchy of
Lancaster, June 1771. Created earl
of Clarendon, June 1776.
1764.
July 11. Dr Richard Terrick, lord bishop of
London.
Dec. 12. Sir Thomas Sewell, knt, master of the
rolls.
Dec. 19. H. E. H. William Henkt, duke of
Gloucestek : introduced ; not sworn.
1765.
May 29. Thomas, viscount Weymouth, appointed
lord-lieutenant of Ireland; but did
not go over. Secretary of state in
1768 ; again in 1775. Created mar-
quess of Bath, Aug. 1789.
— Lord Frederick Campbell, keeper of the
privy seal of Scotland.
July 10. William-Henry, duke of Portland, lord
chamberlain. Lord-lieutenant of Ire-
land, 1782. First lord of the treasury,
April, 1783 ; lord president, July 30,
1801 ; again first lord of the treasury,
March, 1807.
— Augustus-Henry, duke of Grafton, se-
cretary of state. First lord of the
treasury, Aug. 1766. First minister
of the crown, Dec. 1767. Privy seal,
1771.
— Charles, marquess of Rockingham, first
lord of the treasury. Again, March,
1782, and first minister of the crown
a second time.
— Hon. Henry Seymour Conway, secretary
of state. Commander-in-chief, 1782.
— William Dowdeswell, chancellor of the
exchequer.
July 12. Richard, earl of Scarborough, cofferer
of the household. Appointed deputy
eai-l marshal of England shortly af-
terwards.
— John, earl of Ashbumham, keeper of
the great wardrobe.
— William, earl of Besborough, joint post-
master-general.
PRIVY COUNCILLORS.
183
July 12. George Bussy, viscount Villiers, vice-
chamberlain. Succeeded as earl of
Jersey, on his iather's decease, Aug.
1769.
July 26. William, earl of Dartmouth, first com-
missioner of trade and plantations.
Secretary of state, Aug. 1772.
— Eichard, viscount Howe, treasurer of
the navy. First lord of the admiralty,
Jan. 1783. Created earl Howe, July
1788.
— George, lord Edgcumbe, treasurer of the
household. Created viscount Mount-
Edgcumbe and Valletort, March
1781 ; and earl of Mount-Edgcumbe,
August 1789.
Sept. 6. Thomas Pelham, comptroller of the
household. Lord Pelham on the
decease of his cousin, the duke of
Newcastle, Nov. 1768. Created earl
of Chichester, June 1801.
Oct. 23. Charles, duke of Richmond ; afterwards
secretary of state.
Nov. 22. Ralph, earl Verney, of the kingdom of
Ireland.
Dec. 20. Lord George Sackville (his name, struck
out in 1760, now restored) appointed
a vice-treasurer of Ireland. Secretary
of state, Jan. 1776. Took the name
of Germaine on succeeding to the
estates of lady Germaine. Created
viscount Sackville, Feb. 1782. See
Jan. 1758.
1766.
Feb. 10. Charles, duke of Dorset, lord .lieutenant
of the county of Kent.
May 12. John, earl of Breadalbane, keeper of the
privy seal of Scotland.
Sept. 10. Sir John Eardley WUmot, knt, chief
justice of the common pleas.
— Sir Charles Saunders, knt., first lord of
the admiralty.
— Isaac Barre, a vice-treasurer in Ireland.
Treasurer of the navy, April 1782 ;
paymaster of the forces, July, same
year.
Sept. 26. George-William, earl of Bristol, ap-
pointed lord -lieutenant of Ireland ;
but did not go over. Lord privy
seal, Nov. 1768.
Dec. 3. H. E. H. Henky Feederick, duke of
CoMBEKLAUD : introduced ; not
swom.
— John Shelley, afterwards sir John, trea-
surer of the household.
Dec. 10. Harry, duke of Bolton, governor of the
Isle of Wight and of Carisbrook
Castle.
— Frederick, lord North, joint paymaster
of the forces. Chancellor of the ex-
chequer, Dec. 1767 ; and first lord of
the treasury, Feb. 1770. Succeeded
his father as earl of Guilford, Aug.
1790.
[First minister of the crown during
the whole of the American war.]
— Sir Edward Hawke, knt., first lord of
the admiralty. Created lord Hawke,
May, 1776.
1767.
Dec. 23. Thomas Townshend, jun., joint pay-
master of the forces. Secretary-at-
war, March 1782 ; secretary of stale,
July, same year. Created lord Syd-
ney, Mai-ch, 1783; and viscount
June, 1789.
Dec. 23. George Onslow, a lord of the treasury.
Created lord Cranley, May, 1776;
and viscount Cranley and earl of
Onslow, June, 1801.
1768.
May 27. Hon. Thomas Harley, lord mayor of
London.
June 29. Charles, lord Cathcart, ambassador to
the empress of Russia.
— Sir Joseph Yorke, knt., ambassador to
the States General at the Hague.
Created lord Dover, Sept. 1788.
Oct. 7. Dr. the hon. Frederick Comwallis, lord
archbishop of Canterbury.
Dec. 16. Henry, duke of Newcastle, lord-heu-
tenant of the county of Nottingham
and keeper of Sherwood Forest.
1769.
Mar. 22. Sir Fletcher Norton, knt., chief justice
in eyi'e. Speaker of the house of
commons, Jan. 1770. Created lord
Grantley, March 1782.
Nov. 1. Sir James Gray, bart., ambassador ex-
traordinary to Spain.
1770.
Jan. 17. Hon. Charles Yorke, appointed lord
chancellor and created lord Morden ;
but died before the seals were put to
his patent.
[He died on Jan. 20, having held the
great seal but three days.]
Jan. 19. Edward, duke of Somerset.
Feb. 26. Hon. Thomas Robinson, vice-cham-
berlain to the queen. Succeeded as
lord Grantham, Sept. following. Am-
bassador to Spain, Feb. 1771. Secre-
tary of state, July 1782.
May 4. George Rice, treasurer of the chamber
to the king ; late a lord of trade.
Nov. 21. Charles, earl Comwallis, constable of
the Tower of London. Created mar-
quess Comwalhs, Aug. 1792.
[Governor-general of Bengal thrice,
between Feb. 1786 and Oct. 1805;
commanding in chief in India at the
same time.T
Dec. 19. Hon. Henry-Frederick Thynne (Car-
teret), joint postmaster-general. Cre-
ated lord Carteret, Jan. 1784.
1771.
Jan. 22. Henry, earl of Suffolk and Berkshire,
lord privy seal. Secretary of state
for the Northern department, June
following.
Jan. 23. Henry, lord Apsley, lord chancellor.
Succeeded his father as earl Ba-
thurst, Sept. 1775. Declared lord
president, Nov. 1779.
[Lord high steward of Great Britain
for the trial of Elizabeth, duchess of
Kingston, on an indictment for
bigamy, Feb. 1776.]
Feb. 6. John Montagu, viscount Hinchinbrook,
vice-chamberlain. Succeeded his
father as earl of Sandwich, April,
1792.
134
STATESMEN AND STATE OFEICEES.
Feb. 6. Sir William de Grey, lord chief justice
of the common pleas. Created lord
Walsingham, Sept. 1780.
Mar. 1. George, earl of Pomfret, ranger of
Windsor Little Park.
Oct. 9. Sir Lawrence Dundas, bart., vice-ad-
miral of Shetland and Orkney.
1772.
Nov. 6. Sir Jeffrey Amherst, knt., lieutenant-
general of the ordnance. Created
baron Amherst, May 1776. Com-
mander-in-chief, March, 1778.
Nov. 20. Sir Thomas Parker, knt., late lord
chief baron of the exchequer.
1773.
Feb. 8. Charles Jenkiuson, joint vice-treasurer
of Ireland. Clerk of the pells in
Ireland, Aug. 1775 ; master of the
mint, Sept. 1776 ; secretary-at-war,
Dec. 1778. Created lord Hawkes-
bury, July 1786. Chancellor of the
duchy of Lancaster, and president of
the hoard of trade, same year. Cre-
ated earl of Liverpool, May, 1796.
[He filled these and various other
offices in the state from 1763 until
1804.]
Aug. 4. Sir William Lynch, knt., minister to
Sardinia.
Sept. 1. Sir John Goodricke, oart., late envoy
extraordinary to Sweden.
1774.
Mar. 9. Sir William Meredith, comptroller of
the household.
— Jeremiah Dyson, cofferer of the house-
hold. Filled various offices in the
state.
1775.
May 12. James, duke of Chandos.
Nov. 17. Thomas, lord Lyttelton, warden, and
chief justice in eyre beyond Trent.
1776.
May 31. Thomas Bruce, lord Brace. Created
earl of Ailesbury, June 8, follomng.
June 5. George Montagu, duke of Montagu,
governor to H. E. H. the prince of
Wales. Master of the horse. Dee.
1780.
Sept. 20. Henry Flood, a joint vice-treasm-er in
Ireland. Struck from the list uf the
council by his jnajesty^s own hand.
1777.
Jan. 31. Dr. William Markham, lord archbishop
of York.
June 13. Frederick, earl of Carlisle, treasurer of
the household. President of the
board of trade, Nov. 1779. Lord-
lieutenant of Ireland, 1780.
— Dr. Robert Louth, lord bishop of Lon-
don.
June 20. Charles Townshend, a joint vice-trea-
surer in Ireland. Created lord Bavn-
ing, Oct. 1797.
Dec. 3. Sir Sidney Stafford Smythe, knt., lord
chief baron of the exchequer : re-
signed his seat on the bench.
Dec. 24. Francis, marquess of Carmarthen, cham-
berlain of her majesty's household.
Succeeded as duke of Leeds on his
father's decease, March, 1789.
June 3. Edward, lord Thurlow, lord high chan-
cellor of England.
1779.
Feb. 12. Robert, duke of Ancaster and Kes-
teven, lord-lieutenant of the county
of Lincoln : died July 8, following.
[He was hereditaiy lord great cham-
berlain of England, and on his death
the office fell into abeyance, and
remained in dispute for more than a
year.]
Aug. 4. John, viscount Mountstuart, envoy ex-
traordinary to the court of Turin.
Succeeded his father as earl of Bute,
March, 1792. Created viscount
Moimtjoy, earl of Windsor, and mar-
quess of Bute, Feb. 1796.
1780.
Feb. 2. Francis, viscount Beauchamp, a lord
of the treasury.
Feb, 9. Sir Richard Worsley, bart, governor
of the Isle of Wight.
June 9. Alexander Wedderbnrne, chief jus-
tice of the common pleas. Created
lord Loughborough. Lord chancellor
of England, Jan. 1793. Created earl
of Eosslyn, April, 1801.
Sept. 27. James, earl of Salisbury, treasurer of
the household ; lord chamberlain,
Dec. 1783. Created marquess of
Salisbury, Aug. 1789.
Nov. 8. Charles Wolfran Cornewall, speaker of
the house of commons.
1782.
Jan. 9. Richard, earl of Shannon, joint vice-
treasurer in Ireland.
Feb. 11. John, duke of Dorset.
Mar. 27. Lord John Cavendish, chancellor of the
exchequer.
Mar. 30. John Dunning, fonnerly solicitor-gene-
ral. Created lord Ashburton. Chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster.
— Charles James Fox, secretary of state.
Struck from the list 3Iay 9, 1798.'
Restored. See year 1806.
— Hon. Augustus Keppel, first lord of the
admiralty. Created viscount lieppel,
April 27 following.
— Edmund Burke, paymaster of the
forces.
Apr. 10. George, duke of Manchester, lord cham-
berlain.
— Thomas, earl of Effingham, treasurer of
the household. Master of the mint,
Jan. 1784.
— Peter, earl Ludlow, comptroller of the
household.
ii^smi^ms^ss^^^msB
PRIVY COUNCILLORS.
135
Apr. 10. Sir George Yonge, bart., joint vice-
treasurer of Ireland. Secretary-at-
Tvar, July following.
Ap. 24. George, lord de Ferrars, captain of the
band of gentlemen-at-arms. Became
marquess of Townshend, 1807.
May 3. George, viscount Chewton, vice-cham-
berlain of the household. Succeeded
on the death of his father as earl of
Waldegrave, Oct. 1784.
June 5. Lord Robert Spencer, a commissioner
of trade and plantations.
June 21. Hon. sir William Howe, knt., lieutenant-
general of the ordnance. Succeeded
as viscount Howe, Aug. 1799.
July 10. Hon. William Pitt, chancellor of the
exchequer.
[First minister of the crown, Dec. 27,
1783 ; again. May 12, 1804, until his
death, which event occurred on Jan.
23, 1806.1]
July 31. George, earl Temple, appointed lord-
Heutenant of Ireland. Secretary of
state, Dec. 1783. Created marquess
of Buckingham, Nov. 1784. Again
lord-lieutenant of Ireland in 1787.
— Henry Dundas, treasurer of the navy.
Again, Jan. 1784. Home secretary,
June, 1791 ; colonial secretary, July,
1794 ; president of the board of con-
troul from July, 1793, to May, 1801.
Created baron Dunira and viscount
MelvUle, Dec. 1802. Struck from
the list of the council. May 9, 1805.^
See April, 1807.
Oct. 2. Charles, earl of Tankerrille, joint post-
master-general.
1783.
Feb. 17. Charles, duke of Rutland, lord steward
of the household.
April 7. William Eden, late a lord of trade ;
a joint vice -treasurer in Ireland.
Ambassador to the court of Versailles
in 1785 ; afterwards to the court of
Spain, and to Holland. Created lord
Auckland, Sept. 1789. Joint post-
master-general, March, 1798.
Apr. 9. Charles GreviUe, treasurer of the house-
hold.
Apr. 14. George-James, earl of Cholmondeley,
captain of the yeomen of the guard.
— Colonel, the hon. Richard Fitzpatrick,
secretary- at- war. Lieutenant-gen. of
the ordnance, 1804. Again secretary-
at-war, Feb. 1806.
— Frederick Montagu, a lord of the trea-
sury.
Apr. 30. Dr. John Moore, lord archbishop of
Canterbury.
— Robert, earl of Northington, appointed
lord-lieutenant of Ireland.
Aug. 29. Edward, earl of Derby, chanc&cr of'
the duchy of Ijancaster.
Aug, 29. H. R. H. Geoeoe Augustus Frede-
rick, prince of Wales : introduced ;
not sworn. Afterwards George IV.
Dec. 26. James Grenville. A lord of trade, Aug.
1786. Created lord Glastonbury, Oct.
1797.
Dec. 31. Heneage, earl of Aj'lesford, captain of
the yeomen of the guard.
— Thomas, lord Walsingham, late a lord
of trade ; joint vice - treasurer in
Ireland. Joint postmaster-general,
July, 1787. For twenty years chair-
man of the committees of the house
of lords.
— WilUam Wyndham Grenville, joint
paymaster-general. Vice-president
of the board of trade, Aug. 1786.
Speaker of the house of commons,
Jan. 1789 ; home secretary, June,
same year; and president of the
India board, March, 1790. Created
lord Grenville, Nov. 1790. Foreign
secretary, June, 1791. First minister
of the crown, Feb. 1806.
Jan. 7. Philip, earl of Chesterfield, ambassador
extraordinary to Spain. Joint post-
master-general, March, 1790. Master
of the horse, Feb. 1798.
Feb. 9. Lord George Lenox, constable of the
Tower of London.
Apr. 2. Lloyd Kenyon, master of the rolls.
Created a baronet, this year. Chief
justice ot the king's bench, June,
1788, and created lord Kenyon.
Apr. 16. Robert, viscount Galway, comptroller of
the household.
Apr. 23. Constantine-John, lord Mulgrave, joint
paymaster-general. A lord of trade
and commissioner for the affairs of
India.
Aug. 20. James, earl of Courtown, treasurer of
the household.
Sept. 3. Sir James Harris, knt, envoy extra-
ordinary to the States General.
Created lord Malmesbur}', Sept. 1788,
and viscount Fitz-Harris and earl of
Malmesbury, Dec. 1800. Minister to
several courts of Europe.
Nov. 17. George, lord Herbert, vice-chamberlain
of the household. Succeeded his
father as earl of Pembroke, Feb.
1794.
1785.
Nov. 23. Thomas Orde (Powlett), secretary in
Ireland. A lord of trade, Aug. 1786.
Assumed the name of Powlett on the
decease of the last duke of Bolton,
1794. Created lord Bolton, Oct.
1797.
1786.
Sept. 6. John Foster, speaker of the house of
' With the short interval of Mr. Addington's administration, Mr. Pitt was at the head of his majesty's councils
for twenty-two years: he died universally lamented, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, at the public charge.
Having directed the councils of his country so long, and at a period of great financial embarrassment, difficulty^
and danger, the friends of his principles and policy (particularly of the Pitt Club) usually honoured his memory
as "the Pilot that weathered the storm."
2 The *' irregularities " of lord Melville in his office of treasurer of the navy led to this expunction of his name,
a step that anticipated a resolution of the house of commons (proposed by Mr. Whitbread), and an address to the
king, praying his majesty, " that the name of lord Melville be erased from the council, and that he be dismissed
from' his presence for ever." His lordship was afterwards resworn of the council, having been acquitted, on au
impeachment by the commons, of the malversations alleged against him.
K 4
136
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
commons of Ireland. Created lord
Oriel, July, 1821.
Sept. 6. John Beresford, first commissioner of
revenue in Ireland.
Oct. 27. Sir John Pamell, bart., chancellor of
the exchequer in Ireland.
1787.
Jan. 5. John-Hely Hutchinson, secretary of
state in Ireland, Held a plurality of
appointments.
Feb. 19. John-Charles Villiers, comptroller of
the household.
Mar. 23. Sir John Skynner, knt., chief baron of
the exchequer.
Aug. 8. H. K. H. Frederick, duke of York :
introduced ; not sworn.
Nov. 30. Alleyne Fitz-Herbert, chief secretary to
the lord-lieutenant of Ireland. En-
voy extraordinary to the Hague,
May, 1789. Created lord St. Helen's
of Ireland, 1791 ; and of England,
July, 1801.
Dec. 7. Dr. Beilby Porteus, lord bishop of
London.
1788.
June 18. Sir Richard Pepper Arden, master of
the rolls. Lord chief justice of the
common pleas, 1801. Created lord
Alvanley, May, same year.
1789.
April 3. John, earl of Chatham, first lord of the
admiralty. Declared lord president,
Dec. 21, 1796. Master-general of the
ordnance, June, 1801 ; again, April,
1807.
29. Sir Robert Murray Keith, K.B., late
minister to Vienna.
May 15. Sir William Wynne, judge of the pre-
rogative court, &c. A lord of trade in
1790.
June 23. H. R. H. William-Henry, duke of
Clarence : introduced ; not sworn.
— Henry Addington, speaker of the house
of commons. First minister of the
crown, March, 1801. Created vis-
count Sidmouth, Jan. 1805. Lord
president, Jan. same year. Privy
seal, Feb., and again lord president,
Oct. 1806 ; a third time lord presi-
dent, April, 1812. Secretary of state
for the home department from June,
1812, to Jan. 1822.
Aug. 8. James, marquess of Graham, vice pre-
sident of the board of trade, and, in
Sept. following, joint paymaster-
general. Succeeded as duke of
Montrose, Sept. 1790. Master of the
horse, Dec. same year.
Oct. 14. John, earl of Westmoreland, lord-lieu-
tenant of Ireland. Lord privy seal,
Feb. 1798 ; and again privy seal,
March, 1807.
1790.
Mar. 3. George-Evelyn, viscount Falmouth,
captain of the band of gentlemen
pensioners.
— Hon. Dudley Ryder, comptroller of the
household. A commissioner for the
affairs of India. Vice president of the
board of trade, Oct. 1790 ; treasurer of
the navy, June, 1800. Succeeded as
lord Harrowby, June, 1803. Chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster, July,
1805. Created viscount Sandon and
earl of Harrowby, July, 1809. Presi-
dent of the board of controul, July,
same year. Declared lord president,
June, 1812.
May 28. George Granville-Leveson, earl Gower.
Succeeded his father as marquess of
Stafford, Oct. 1803.
Oct. 1. John, lord Fitzgibbon, lord chancellor
of Ireland. Created viscount Fitz-
gibbon, of Limerick, Dec. 1793 ; earl
of Clare, June, 1795 ; and lord Fitz-
gibbon, of Sidbury, in the English
peerage, Sept. 1799.
1791.
Mar. 9. Thomas Steele, joint paymaster-gene-
ral ; previously secretary to the trea-
sury, &c.
Apr. 21. George, viscount Parker, comptroller of
the household. Succeeded his father
as earl of Macclesfield, Feb. 1795.
June 8. Sir William Hamilton, K. B., ambas-
sador at the court of Naples.
1792.
May 2. George, lord Macartney, ambassador to
China. Earl Macaitney in Ireland,
1794.
June 15. Sir James Eyre, lord chief baron of the
exchequer. Afterwards chief justice
of the common pleas.
1793.
Feb. 15. Sir Archibald Macdonald, chief baron
of the exchequer.
May 1. Hon. Robert Hobart, secretary in Ire-
land. Colonial secretary, March,
1801. Summoned to parliament in
his father's barony, vita patris, as
lord Hobart, 1798. Succeeded as earl
of Bucldnghamshire, Nov. 1804.
Joint postmaster-general, Feb. 1806.
President of the India board, April,
1812.
June 21. Richard, earl of Momington. Go-
vernor-general of Bengal, Oct. 1797.
Created marquess Wellesley, Dec.
1799. Secretary of state for foreign
affairs, Dec. 1809. Lord-lieutenant
of Ireland, Dec. 1821. Lord steward,
Nov. 1830. Again lord-lieutenant of
Ireland, Sept. 1833. Lord chamber-
lain, April, 1835.
— Henry, lord Apsley. Succeeded his
father as earl Bathiu-st, Aug. 1794.
Master of the mint, July, 1804 ; pre-
sident of the board of trade, March,
1807. Foreign secretary, Oct. 1809 ;
and colonial secretary from June,
1812, until April, 1827.
— John Jefii-eys, viscount Bayham, a
commissioner of trade. Succeeded
as earl Camden, April, 1794. Lord-
lieutenant of Ireland, March, 1795.
Lord president, July 10, 1805 ; again,
March 26, 1807. Created earl of
Brecknock and marquess Camden,
Sept. 1812.
PRIVY COUNCILLORS.
137
[This nobleman held the office of one
of the tellers of the exchequer for
sixty years, n
Sept. 25. Sir Gilbert EUiott, hart. Viceroy of
the kingdom of Corsica, June, 1795.
Created lord Minto, of Roxburgh,
Oct. 1797. Envoy extraordinary to
Vienna, June, 1799. President of
the board of controul, Feb. 1806;
governor-general of Bengal, July,
same year. Created viscount Mel-
gnnd and earl of Minto, Feb. 1813.
1794.
May 4. Sylvester Douglas, secretary in Ireland.
A commissioner for India, June, 1795 ;
a lord of the treasury, Feb. 1797.
Created lord Glenbervie, Nov. 1800.
Joint paymaster-general, March,
1801 ; vice-president of the board of
trade, Nov. same year; surveyor-
general of woods and forests, 1803 ;
first commissioner of woods and
forests, July, 1810.
July 11. Wniiam Wentworth Fitzwilliam, earl
Fitzwilliam, declared lord-president.
Again, lord president, Oct. 19, 1805.
[He was appointed lord-lieutenant of
Ireland, Dec 1794 ; but was recalled
March following, and succeeded by
lord Camden.]
George-John, earl Spencer, lord privy
seal. Lord of the admiralty, Dec.
same year. Home secretary, FeU
1806.
July 16. WUIiam Windham, secretary-at-war.
Secretary of state for war and colo-
nies, Feb. 1806.
Nov. 12. Sir Morton Eden, K. B., minister to
Vienna, and previously to several
courts of Europe. Created lord Hen-
ley, Nov. 1799.
Dec. 17. George Damer, viscount Milton, secre-
tary for Ireland. Succeeded his father
as earl of Dorchester, Feb. 1798.
1795.
Mar. 11. Hon. Thomas Pelham, secretary for
Ireland. Summoned to the house of
peers, vita patris^ as lord Pelham,
June, 1801. Home secretary, July,
same year. Chancellor of the duchy
of Lancaster, Nov. 1803. Succeeded
his father as earl of Chichester,
Jan. 1805. Postmaster-general, May,
1807.
July 29. Sir George Howard, K B., field mar-
shal, governor of Jersey.
1796.
Apr. 29. Eobert Auriol Drummond, earl of Kin-
noul.
— Sir Grey Cooper, bart., some time secre-
tary to the treasury.
Nov. 30. John, duke of Roxburgh, groom of the
stole.
1797.
Mar. 29. Sir Joseph Banks, bart., president of
1 During nearlyhalf this term, marquess Camden relinquished the large income arising from the office of teller,
amounting in the whole to upwards of a quarter of a million sterling, and placed it to the service of the state ; an
act of patriotism that throws a lustre over his name and character. His lordship died in 1840, at the age of
eighty-two, having been one of the most respected noblemen of his time.
the Royal Society, appointed a com-
missioner of the board of trade.
Apr. 26. Lord Charles Somerset, comptroller of
the household. Joint paymaster-
feneral, July, 1804; again, April,
807.
June 28. John, duke of Athol.
Sept. 27. Hon. John Trevor, minister to Turin.
Oct. 4. Sir Charles Grey, K.B., governor of the
island of Jersey. Created lord Grey,
June, 1801, and viscount Howick and
earl Grey, April, 1806.
1798.
Sept. 28. William Shaw, lord Cathcart. Created
viscount Cathcart, Nov. 1807; and
earl Cathcart, July, 1814.
[Commanded the land forces in the ex-
pedition against Copenhagen, 1807.]
Oct. 24. Charles, earl of Harrington.
Oct. 31. Sir William Scott, knt., a commissioner
of the board of trade. Judge of the
high court of admiralty. Created
lord StowelI,.July, 1821.
Dec. 5. Thomas Grenville. Chief justice in
eyre, July, 1800 ; president of the
India board, July, 1806 ; first lord of
the admiralty, Sept. same year.
Dec. 19. Eobert, viscount Castlereagh, secretary
in Ireland. President of the India
board, Sept. 1802 ; colonial secretary,
July, 1805 ; again, March, 1807.
Secretary of state for foreign affairs,
from March, 1812, until his death,
Aug. 1822. He had succeeded his
father as marquess of Londonderry,
in April, 1821.
1799.
Sir William Fawcett, K. B., general.
Robert Banks Jenkinson, lord Hawkes-
bury, master of the mint. Secretary
of state for foreign affairs, Feb.
1801 ; home secretary. May, 1804.
Summoned to the house of peers,
vita patris, in his father's barony,
Aug. 1806. Again home secretary,
March, 1807. Succeeded as earl
of Liverpool, Dec. 1808. Secretary
of state for the colonies, Dec. 1809.
First lord of the treasury from June
1812 until April 1827.
H. R. H. Edwaed, duke of Kent:
introduced ; not sworn.
H. E. H. Eenest Augustus, duke of
CcMEEELAND : introduced ; not
sworn.
Thomas, earl of Elgin, ambassador to
the Sublime Porte.
Sir John Scott, lord chief justice of the
common pleas : created lord Eldon.
Lord chancellor, April 1801; again,
April, 1807. Created earl of Eldon,
July 1821.
Isaac Corry, chancellor of the ex-
chequer in Ireland.
Ealph, lord Lavington, K. B., governor
of the Carribean islands.
Jan. 23.
Mar. 13.
June 5.
July 3.
July 18.
Sept. 25,
Oct. 30.
138
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1800.
May 28. George Canning, joint paymaster-
general. Secretary of state for fo-
reign affairs, March 1807 ; president
of the board of controul, June 1816 ;
again foreign secretary, Sept. 1822.
First minister of the crown, April
1827.
June 25. WilUam Dundas, a commissioner of the
India board. Secretary-at-war, May,
1804.
Nov. 5. Charles, lord Whitworth, late ambas-
sador to Russia. Negotiated a peace
■with Denmark, 1801. Plenipoten-
tiary to Paris, June, 1802. Created
viscount Whitworth, June 1813.
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Aug.
same year. Earl, Nov. 1815.
1801.
Jan. 25. Dr. William Stuart, lord archbishop
of Armagh and primate of Ireland.
Feb. 18. Sir John Mitford, knt., speaker of the
house of commons. Appointed lord
chancellor of Ireland, and created
lord Redesdale, Feb. 1802.
Feb. 20. John, earl St. Vincent, first lord of the
admiralty.
— Sir Charles Yorke, secretary-at-war.
Secretarv of state for the home de-
partment, July 1803. First lord of
the admiralty, May, 1810.
Mar. 17. Philip, earl of Hardwicke, lord-lieu-
tenant of Ireland.
— George, viscount Lewisham, president
of the India board. Created, vita
patris, baron Dartmouth. Succeeded
his father as earl of Dartmouth,
Nov. 1810.
May 21. Sir William Grant, master of the rolls.
— Charles Abbot, chief secretary in Ire-
land. Speaker of the house of com-
mons, Feb. 1802. Created lord Col-
chester, June 1817.
— Thomas Wallace, commissioner for the
affairs of India. Again, April 1807.
Vice-president of the board of trade,
Jan. 1818 ; master of the mint, Oct.
1823. Created lord Wallace, Jan.
1828.
Nov. 18. Charles Bragge, afterwards Bragge
Bathurst, treasurer of the navy. Se-
cretary-at-war, Aug. 1803 ; president
of the board of controul, Jan.
1821.
1802.
Jan. 13. William Wickham, a commissioner of
trade. Minister in Switzerland.
— George Rose, a commissioner of trade.
Vice-president of the board of trade,
March 1804 ; joint pajmiaster-general,
July 1804; again vice-president of
the board of trade, March 1807 ; and
treasurer of the navy, April, same
year.
— Charles Long. A lord of the treasurj'.
May 1804. Secretary in Ireland, 1806.
Paymaster-general, April, 1807. Cre-
ated lord Farnborough, Aug. 1826.
Feb. 3. H. R. H. Adolphos Frederick:, Dtjke
OF Cambridge : introduced ; not
sworn.
April21. Edward, lord Ellenborough, lord chief
justice of the king's bench.
Sept. 8. Sir John Borlase Warren, bart., admiral,
minister to St. Petersburgh.
Sept. 22. Sir Charles (Gould) Morgan, bart.,
judge advocate-general.
— John Smyth, late a lord of the treasury,
master of the mint.
1803.
Feb. 16. John Hiley Addington, joint paymaster-
general. A commissioner of India
affairs, Feb. 1806.
— George Tiemej'-, treasurer of the navy ;
president of the board of controul,
Oct. 1806 ; master of the mint, May,
1827.
Nov. 23. Hon. Thomas Maitland, afterwards sir
Thomas, G. C. B., a commissioner for
the affairs of India.
— Nathaniel Bond, a lord of the treasurj'.
Vice president of the board of trade,
Feb. 1804; judge advocate-general,
Feb. 1806.
1804.
Jan. 4. Hon. Arthur Paget, afterwards sir Ar-
thur, G. C. B., minister to Vienna.
Afterwards minister to the Sublime
Porte.
Jan. 20. Sir Evan Nepean, bart., secretary to the
lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Previously
secretary to the admiralty, and sub-
sequently a junior lord.
May 8. Sir James Mansfield, knt, lord chief
justice of the common pleas.
May 14. George, earl of Winchilsea and Notting-
ham, groom of the stole.
— Lord George Thynne, comptroller of
the household.
June 6. Heni-y, lord Mulgrave, chancellor of the
duchy of Lancaster. Secretary of
state for foreign affairs, Jan. 1805 ;
first lord of the admiralty, April 1807 ;
master-general of the ordnance. May,
1810. Created viscount Normanby
and earl of Mulgrave, Sept. 1812.
June 27. William Drummond, late ambassador
to the Sublime Porte.
— Charles Arbuthnot, ambassador extra-
ordinary to Constantinople. Secre-
tary to the treasury, 1810 ; first com-
missioner of woods and forests, Feb.
1823 ; chancellor of the duchy of Lan-
caster, June 1828.
July 11. Lord John Thynne, vice chamberlain of
the household. Succeeded as lord
Carteret, Feb. 1838.
July 19. Granville Leveson, lord Gower, ambas-
sador extraordinary to St. Peters-
burgh and to France. Viscount'
Granville, Aug. 1815, and earl Gran-
ville, May, 1833.
— H. R. H. Augustus, Duke of Sussex :
introduced ; not sworn.
1805.
Jan. 14. John Hookham Frere, ambassador in
Spain.
— Nicholas Vansittart, secretary to the
lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Secretary
to the treasury, 1806. Chancellor of
the exchequer from June 1812 until
PKIVY COUNCILLORS.
139
Jan. 1823, in -whieli latter year (March
1.) lie was created lord Bexley.
Jan. 14. Reginald Pole Carew, late under secre-
tary of state for the home department,
a commissioner of trade.
— John Sullivan, late under secretary of
state for the colonies, a commissioner
of trade. Afterwards a commissioner
for India affairs.
Feb. 21. Dr. Charles Manners Sutton, lord arch-
bishop of Canterbui-y.
May 1. Charles, lord Barham, first lord of the
admiralty.
Nov. 21. Edward, earl of Powis, appointed lord-
lieutenant of Ireland ; but did not go
over.
1806.
Feb. 1. H. R. H. Willdvji Frederick, duke
of Gloucestee : introduced ; not
sworn.
Feb. 5. Francis, earl of Moira, master-general
of the ordnance. Governor-general
of Bengal and commander-in-chief in
India, Nov. 1812. Created viscount
Loudoun, earl Rawdon, and marquess
of Hastings, Dec. 1816.
— Richard Chandos, earl Temple, joint
paymaster-general and vice president
of the board of trade. Created mar-
quess of Chandos and duke of Buck-
ingham, Feb. 2.
— Lord Henry Petty, chancellor of the
exchequer. Succeeded as marquess
of Lansdowne, Nov. 1809. Secretary
of state for the home department,
1827. Lord president, Nov. 22, 1830 ;
again, AprU 18, 1835; and a third
time, July 6, 1846.
— Hon. Charles Grey, first lord of the
admiralty. Secretary of state for
foreign affairs, Sept. 1806. Succeeded
his father as earl Grey and viscount
Howick, Nov. 1807. First minister
of the crown, Nov. 1830.
— Charles James Fox i, secretary of state
for foreign affairs. Died while hold-
ing this office, Sept. 13, 1806.
Feb. 7. George, viscount Morpeth, a commis-
sioner for India affairs. Succeeded
his father as earl of Carlisle, Sept.
1825. Lord privy seal in 1827, and
1834.
— Lord John Townshend, joint paymaster-
general.
— Thomas, lord Erskine, lord high chan-
cellor of England.
Feb. 7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, treasurer o£
the navy.
Feb. 12. John, duke of Bedford, lord-lieutenant of
Ireland.
— Hemy, earl of Carnarvon, master of
the horse.
— John Joshua, earl of Carysfort, joint
postmaster-general.
— Charles Augustus, lord Ossulston, trea-
surer of the household.
— St. Andrew, lord St. John, of Bletsoe,
captain of the band of gentlemen
pensioners.
— William Elhot, chief secretary for Ire-
land.
March 5. George Ponsonby, lord high chancellor
of Ireland.
Mar. 12. Su: John Newport, bart., chancellor of
the exchequer of Ireland.
May 7. Richard, earl of Donoughmore, member
of the board of trade. Joint post-
master-general in Ireland.
June 18. Alexander, marquess of Douglas and
Clydesdjile. Summoned to the house
of peers, vitdpatris, as baron Dutton,
Nov. 1806. Succeeded as duke of
Hamilton, Feb. 1819.
July 21. James, earl of Lauderdale, keeper of the
great seal of Scotland.
Aug. 27. Henry Richard, lord Holland, lord privy
seal.
Nov. 19. Sir John Anstmther, hart., late chief
justice of the supreme court of judi-
cature in Bengal.
1807.
Mar. 26. Hon. Spencer Perceval, chancellor of
the exchequer. First minister of the
crown from Dec. 6, 1809, imtil May 4,
1312, when he was assassinated by a
person named Bellingham, in the
lobby of the house of commons.^
— Hon. Robert Dundas, president of the
board of controul. Lord privy seal
of Scotland, 1811. Succeeded his
father as viscount Melville, May,
same year. First lord of the admi-
ralty, March, 1812.
Mar. 30. Sir James Pulteney, bart., secretary-at-
war.
April 1. Charles, duke of Richmond and Lenox,
appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland.
Died governor -general of Canada,
July, 1819.
April 8. Henry, viscount Melville : a member
of the board of trade (his name which
1 Mr. Fox, who had been sworn of the council, March 30, 1782, but had been struck from the list, May 9, 1798,
was now re-Bworn. He had continually opposed himself to the minister and the government, and inveighed
against the war with France ; and while revotutionary principles had been making rapid progress, he attended
popular meetings, and uttered such language as the following: " France," said Mr. Fox, *' lias set an example to
all the nations of the earth, and above all to Great Britain." Again, at a meeting of the Whig Club, held at the
Freemason^s Tavern^ he proposed a toast, " than which," he declared, " nothing could be better — the sovereignty
of the people of England." Even after the erasure of his name from the council, he continued to express similar
sentiments ; and later, in 1802, at the anniversary of his election, celebrated at the Shakspeare, he said, " The
peace (that of Amiens) is glorious to France and to the French Consul, and I rejoice at it; " and he there drank
" To the man whose glorious victories have given peace to the world." But Mr. Fox, at the same time, affirmed,
almost as frequently as he spoke, that he "would be among the first to repel a foreign enemy, under what-
ever government England might be; " and however parties differed as to the soundness of his political views,
and the propriety of his heated language on particular occasions, none doubted that he " loved his country with a
patriot's love," and was " a sincere friend to the best interests of mankind." It will be observed, too, that the
same sovereign who had struck out his name, now sanctioned his appointment as foreign minister.
2 The criminal, it was supposed at the time, had been lying in wait for lord I-eveson Gower, late ambassador
to the court of St. Petersburgh, and that Mr, Perceval fell a victim to the misdirected vengeance of a man
who conceived himself injured by the conduct of that nobleman, for whom he had mistaken him. The assassin
was tried, found guilty, and hanged, all within one week afterwards.
140
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
liad been struck out of the list of privy
councilhrs, May 9, 1805, now restored,
he being re-sworrt).
April 8. John, lord Teignmouth, a commissioner
for the affairs of India.
[Appointed Sept. 1792, to succeed lord
Cornwallis as governor - general of
Bengal, which ofBce he had filled until
Oct. 1793.]
— Hon. sir Arthur Wellesley, K. B., chief
secretary to the lord -lieutenant of
Ireland.
[Afterwards duke of Wellington, the
invincible general in the war against
the French emperor. Napoleon. Com-
mander-in-chief of the army, JarL
1827 ; first minister of the crown, Jan.
1828 ; again, first minister, Nov. 1834 ;
and again, commander-in-chief, Aug.
1842.]
April 22. Thomas, lord Manners, lord chancellor
of Ireland.
May 13. Eichard, earl of Clancarty, member of
the board of trade. Master of the
mint, Oct. 1812; joint postmaster-
general, Sept. 1814. Employed in
several diplomatic missions.
May 20. Hon. Henry Manvers Pierrepont, late
minister to Sweden.
Nov. 25. Hon. Eichard Eyder. Secretary of
state, Nov. 1809.
1808.
Jan. 20. Dr. Edward Venables Vernon (after-
wards Harcourt), lord archbishop of
York.
Mar. 9. Eichard, earl of Monnt-Edgcumbe.
Mar. 16. Percy Clinton Sidney Smythe, viscount
Strangford, envoy extraordinary to
Lisbon.
1809.
Feb. 6. Sir John Nicholl, late king's advocate-
general ; a commissioner of trade. Af-
terwards dean of the arches court,
judge of the high court of admiralty,
&c.
Sept. 27. Dr. John Eandolph, lord bishop of Lon-
don.
Oct. 18. Hon. William Wellesley Pole, secretary
for Ireland. Master of the mint,
1814. Created lord Maryborough,
July, 17, 1821 ; succeeded as earl of
Mornington, on the death of his
brother, the marquess Wellesley,
Sept. 26, 1842.
Nov. 1. Henry-John, viscount Palmerston, se-
cretary-at-war from this time until
May, 1828. Secretary of state for
foreign affairs, Nov. 1880 ; again,
April, 1835 ; and a third time, July,
1846.
Nov. 8. Charles Manners Sutton, judge advo-
cate-general. Speaker of the house of
commons from June 2, 1817 to Aug.
15, 1834. Created bai"on Botesford and
viscount Canterbury, March 10, 1835.
Dec. 20. John, lord Sheffield, a member of the
board of trade. Created viscount Pe-
vensey and earl of Sheffield, Jan. 22,
1816.
Dec. 20. Hon. Henry Wellesley, late secretary to
the treasury, envoy extraordinary to
Spain. Afterwards ambassador to
France. Created lord Cowley, Jan.
21, 1828.
1810.
Aug. 29. Sir John Sinclair, bart, president of the
agricultural society : honoris causa.
Eeoenct of Geoegb, Pbdjce of Wales.
1812.
Mar. 20. Charles Ingoldsby, marquess of Win-
chester, groom of the stole.
Francis, earl of Yarmouth, vice cham-
berlain. Succeeded as marquess of
Hertford, June 17, 1822.
John McMahon, afterwards sir John,
bart. Private secretary and keeper
of the privy purse to H.E. H. the
prince regent.
Mar. 26. Eobert, viscount Jocelyn, treasurer of
the household. Afterwards vice
chamberlain. Succeeded as earl of
Eoden, June 29, 1820.
— Eobert Liston.
Aug. 13. Lord William Charles Cavendish Ben-
tinck. Governor-general of India,
May, 1833.
— Lord George Beresford, comptroller of
the household.
— William Fitzgerald, chancellor of the
exchequer in Ireland : Et. hon. there.
— Eobert Peel, afterwards sur Eobert, bart.,
secretary for Ireland. Secretary of
state for the home department, Jan.
1822; again, Jan. 1828. First lord
of the treasury and chancellor of the
exchequer, Dec. 1834 ; and again first
minister of the crown, Sept. 1841. '
May 20. Sir Thomas Plimier, knt., vice chancel-
lor of England.
Oct. 5. Dr. WiUiam Howley, lord bishop of
London. Translated to Canterbury,
Aug. 4, 1828.
Nov. 30. Sir Ticary Gibbs, knt., lord chief bai'on
of the exchequer.
1814.
Mar. 19. Hugh Elliot, governor of Madras.
April 21. Sir Alexander Thomson, lord chief
baron of the exchequer.
May 6. Wan-en Hastings, former goyemor-
general of Bengal.
July 22. Cropley, earl of Shaftesbury.
— George, earl of Aberdeen. Chancellor
of the duchy of Lancaster, Jan. 1828 ;
foreign secretary, June, same year;
colonial secretary, Dec. 1834; and
again foreign secretary, Sept. 1841.
— Charles William, lord Stewart. Suc-
1 This distinguished statesman fell from his horse on Constitution-hill, near the Green Park, on the afternoon of
Saturday, June 29, 1850, and brealting his collar-bone and fracturing his fifth rib on the left side, died on TuesdJiy,
July 2, following. His family (conforming to his own wishes, expressed when living) declined the honours of a
public funeral (designed him by both houses of the legislature), and his remains were removed to Tamworth.
Staffordshire, whence they were interred in the family vault in Drayton-Bassett church, July 9 ; a few privileged
friends only, assisting in the mournful ceremony.
PRIVY COUNCILLORS.
141
ceeded his brother as marquess of
Londonderry, Aug. 12, 1822.
July 29. Thomas, lord Binning. Succeeded as
earl of Haddington. Lord-lieutenant
of Ireland, Dec. 1834. First lord of
the admiralty, Sept. 1841.
— William Huskisson, first commissioner
of -woods and forests. President of
the board of trade and treasurer of
the navy, Feb. 1823; colonial and
war secretary, Sept. 1827.
Aug. 10. William Sturges Bourne. A commis-
sioner of the India boaid, July 1818 ;
home secretary, April 1827; woods
and forests, July, same year.
1815.
Mar. 17. William Adam, chief of the civil jury
court of Scotland.
Dec. 4. Hon. Charles Bagot, afterwards sir
Charles Bagot, G. C. B., minister-
plenipotentiary to the court of the
Netherlands. Afterwards minister
to the United States. Governor-
general of Canada, in 1841.
Dec. 30. William Pitt, lord Amherst, on his
embassy to China. Created earl
Amherst, Dec. 19, 1826. Governor-
general of Bengal from Oct. 1822
until March 1828.
1816.
June 8. Edward Thornton, afterwards sir Ed-
ward, G. C. B. Minister plenipoten-
tiary to Sweden in 1812 ; to Portugal
in 1823.
June 27. Sir Henry Russell, hart, late chief
justice in Bengal.
July 1. H. S. H. Leopold, prince of Saxe-
CoEUEG Saalfeld, consort of
Charlotte-Augusta, princess of
Wales. Afterwards king of the
Belgians.
1817.
Apr. 26. Sir Eichard Richards, knt., lord chief
baron of the exchequer.
May 31. Sir George Fitzgerald HUl, hart., vice-
treasurer in Ireland.
July 11. John Becket, afterwards sir John, bart.,
judge advocate-general.
July 15. Sir Benjamin Bloomfield, private secre-
tary and keeper of the privy purse
to H. E. H. the prince regent. Cre-
ated lord Bloomfield, May 11, 1825.
Minister to the court of Sweden.
Sept. 17. Charles Chetwynd, earl Talbot, ap-
pointed lord-heutenant of Ireland.
Dec. 30. John Leach, afterwards sir John, vice-
chancellor. Master of the rolls, April,
1827.
— Sir William A'Court, bart., minister to
the court of the Two Sicilies, &c.
Created lord Heytesbury, Jan. 23,
1828. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland,
July, 1844.
1818.
Apr. 6. George-Henry Rose, minister at Berlin.
Not. 19. Sir Charles Abbot, lord chief justice of
the king's bench. Created lord
Tenterden, April 30, 1827.
— Sir Robert Dallas, knt., lord chief jus-
tice of the common pleas.
1819.
May 28. Charles Grant, chief secretary for Ire-
land. President of the board of trade,
Sept. 1827 ; of the board of controul,
Dec. 1830; colonial secretary, April
1835. Created lord Glenelg,"May 11,
same year.
JiJy 23. Sir Samuel Shepherd, lord chief baron
in Scotland.
King George IV.
1820.
Apr. 8. David Boyle, lord justice clerk in Scot-
land.
June 7. Peter, lord Gwydir, deputy great cham-
berlain of England.
July 20. Stratford Canning, afterwards sir Strat-
ford Canning, G. C. B. Ambassador
to Turkey, 1841.
Oct. 10. Sir Gore Ouseley, bart. Previously
ambassador extraordinary to Persia,
and to the court of St. Petersburgh.
— Thomas, lord Manners, lord chancellor
of Ireland; re-swom.
1821.
Feb. 6. William Carr, lord Beresford. Lieu-
tenant-general of the ordnance, 1823 ;
master-general, April 1828. Created
viscount Beresford, March 28, 1823.
Feb. 23. James, marquess of Graham, vice-
chamberlain of the household. Suc-
ceeded his father as duke of Mon-
trose, in 1836.
June 30. Peter-Robert, lord Gwydir, son of the
preceding lord Gwydir; hereditary
great chamberlain of England. Lord
Willoughby d'Eresby in 1828.
Dec. 10. Charles, duke of Dorset, master of the
horse.
— Henry, marquess of Conyngham, lord
steward of the household.
— Henry Goulburn, secretary for Ireland.
Chancellor of the exchequer, Jan.
1828; home secretary, Dec. 1834;
again, chancellor of the exchequer,
Sept. 1841.
1822.
Jan. 17. Charles Watldn-Williams Wynn, pre-
sident of the India board. Secretary-
at-war, Nov. 1830 ; chancellor of the
duchy of Lancaster, Dec. 1834.
— William Henry Fremantle, a commis-
sioner of the India board.
Feb. 4. Sir George Warrender, bart., member
of the board of controul.
Mar. 28. John, lord Burghersh, minister to Tus-
cany. Minister to Prussia, 1841.
Succeeded his father as earl of West-
moreland, Dec. 15, 1841.
— Augustus-John Foster, minister to
Denmark, and afterwards to Sar-
dinia.
— Hon. Frederick James Lamb, ambas-
sador to Vienna, Spain, Portugal,
&c. Created lord Beauvale, April 30,
1839. Succeeded his brother as
viscount Melbourne, Nov. 24, 1848.
Aug. 17. Charles Hope, lord president of the
court of session in Scotland,
142
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1824.
Jan. 19. Sir Robert Gifford, knt., chief justice of
the common pleas. Created lord
GifFord, Jan. 31 following.
— Sir William Alexander, knt, lord chief
baron of the exchequer.
Apr. 7. William Noel Hill, minister to Naples.
May 25. Sir WiUiam Draper Best, lord chief
justice of the common pleas. Cre-
ated lord Wynford, June 5, 1829.
1825.
Mar. 23. Hugh, duke of Northumberland. Lord-
lieutenant of Ireland, March 1829.
Charles Vaughan, afterwards sir
Charles, minister to the United
States.
Sept. 30. Henry Watkin- Williams Wynn.
1826.
June 1. James, marquess of Salisbury.
July 27. Hon. sir Robert Gordon, minister at
Brazil. Afterwards minister to Vi-
enna.
Nov. 20. Sir John Singleton Copley, knt., master
of the rolls. Created lord Lynd-
hurst, April 25, 1827, and made
lord chancellor of England, May 2,
following. Lord chief baron, Jan.
1831 ; again lord chancellor, Dec.
1834, and again Sept. 18il.
1827.
Apr. 30. William-Spencer, duke of Devonshire,
lord chamberlain.
— William-Henry, duke of Portland, lord
privy seal. Declared lord president,
Aug. 17, following.
— Henry- William, marquess of Anglesey,
master - general of the ordnance.
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, March,
1828 ; again lord-lieutenant, Dec.
1830 ; and again master-general of
the ordnance, July, 1846.
— John-William, viscount Dudley and
Ward, secretary of state for foreign
affairs. Afterwards earl Dudley.
— Sir Anthony Hart, knt., vice chancellor
of England. Lord chancellor of Ire-
land, same year.
— Hon. William Lamb, secretary for Ire-
land. Succeeded as viscount Mel-
bourne, 1828. Home secretary, Nov.
1830. First minister of the crown,
July, 1834 ; again, April, 1835.
— Sir George Cockbum, vice admiral;
first naval councillor to the lord high
admiral.
May 10. William-Conyngham Plunket, chief
justice of the common pleas in Ire-
land. Subsequently lord chancellor
in that kingdom, and created lord
Plunket.
May 23. James Abercromby, judge advocate-
general. Master of the mint, July,
1834 ; speaker of the house of com-
mons from Feb. 1835 to May, 1839.
Created lord Dunfermline, June 7,
following.
June 30. Stephen Rumbold Lushington, governor
of Madras.
Aug. 17. Lord William-Henry Cavendish Ben-
tinck.
Aug. 17. John-Charles Herries, chancellor of the
exchequer. Master of the mint, Feb.
1828 ; president of the board of trade,
Feb. 1830 ; and secretary-at-war,
Dec. 1834.
Nov. 16. Sir Lancelot Shadwell, knt., vice chan-
cellor of England.
— Sir James Mackintosh, some time re-
corder of Bombay. Board of Controul.
— Sir William Keppel, governor of
Guernsey.
1828.
Jan. 26. Edward, lord EUenborough, lord privy
seal. President of the board of con-
troul, Sept. this year; again, Deo.
1834 ; and a third time, Sept. 1841.
Appointed governor-general of India,
Oct. 1841. Created earl of Ellen-
borough, Oct. 1844.
Feb. 5. Thomas Frankland Lewis, vice presi-
dent of the board of trade. Treasurer
of the navy, Feb. 1830. Created a
baronet, 1846.
Feb. 13. Rowland, lord Hill, general on the staff,
commanding in chief
Mar. 5. Sir Christopher Robinson, knt., judge of
the admiralty court.
May 30. William, viscount Lowther, first com-
missioner of woods and forests. Vice
president of the board of trade,
Dec. 1834 ; postmaster-general, Sept.
1841 ; and created, vita patris, lord
Lowther. Succeeded as earl of Lons-
dale, March, 1844.
— Sir George Murray, secretary of state
for war and colonies. Master-general
of the ordnance, Dec. 1834; again
master-general, Sept. 1841.
— Sir Henry Hardinge, secretary-at-war.
Secretary in Ireland, 1834 ; again
secretary-at-war, Sept. 1841. Ap-
Sointed governor-general of India,
lay 2, 1844. Created viscoimt
Hardinge, April, 1846.
— Thomas Peregrine Courtenay, vice pre-
sident of the board of trade.
.June 16. John Wilson Croker, secretary to the
admiralty.
— John Calcraft, pajTnaster of the forces.
June 28. Lord Francis Leveson Gower (after-
wards lord Francis Egerton), chief
secretary for Ireland. Secretary-at-
war, July, 1830. Created earl of
Ellesmere, June, 1846.
— Henry Hobhouse, keeper of the state
papers, and honoris causa.
July 23. Robert Adair (afterwards sir Robert,
G. C. B.) late minister to Vienna, &c.
July 31. Dr. Charles James Blomfield, lord
bishop of Chester. Translated to
London Aug. following.
1829.
June 10. James, earl of Rosslyn, lord privy seal.
Declared lord president, Dec. 1834.
— Sir Nicolas Conyngham Tindal, chief
justice of the common pleas.
Oct. 12. Sir Brook Taylor, G. C. H., late minister
to several courts.
1830.
April 7. George, duke of Gordon, keeper of the
great seal of Scotland.
PRIVY COTJNCILLOBS.
143
King William IV.
1830.
June 28. Bernard-Edward, duke of Norfolk,
hereditary earl marshal of England.
July 19. James-Horatio, marquess of Cholmon-
deley, deputy great chamberlain of
England.
— George, earl of Jersey, lord chamher-
lain. Again, Dec. 1834; master of
the horse, Sept. 1841.
— George, earl of Belfast, vice chamber-
lain. Created lord Ennishowen, Aug.
1841 ; succeeded as marquess of
Donegal, Oct. 1844.
— Sir William Eae, bart., lord advocate of
Scotland.
July 28. Henry, viscount Hereford.
Aug. 25. John, earl of Clare, governor of the
presidency of Bombay.
Nov. 22. Charles, duke of Richmond, postmaster-
general. Postmaster-general of Great
Britain and Ireland (by a new pa-
tent), Apiil, 1831.
— William-Charles, earl of Abemarle,
master of the horse. Again, April,
1835.
— John, lord Durham, lord privy seal.
Created earl of Durham, March, 1833.
Ambassador to Russia, 1835 ; go -
vernor-general of Canada, 1838.
— George, lord Auckland, president of
the board of trade, to which was
joined the mastership of the mint,
Dec 14, following. Eirst lord of
the admiralty, June 1834; again,
April, 1835 ; governor-general of
India, Aug., same year. Earl of
Auckland, Dec. 1839. -4gain, iirst
lord of the admiralty, July 1846.
— Henry, lord Brougham, lord chancellor
of England.
— John -Charles Spencer, viscount Al-
thorpe, chancellor of the exchequer.
Succeeded his father as earl Spencer.
Nov. 1834.
— George-James Agar Welbore Ellis, first
commissioner of woods and forests.
— Lord John Russell, paymaster-general.
Home secretary, April, 1835 ; se-
cretary for war and colonies, Aug.
1839. First minister of the crown,
July 1846.
— Hon. Edward-Geoffrey-Smith Stanley,
chief secretary for Ireland. Colonial
secretary, April 1833; again colonial
secretary, Sept. 1841. Summoned to
the house of peers, as lord Stanley, of
Bickerstaffe, Oct. 1844.
— Sir James-Robert-George Graham, bart,
first lord of the admiralty. Secretary
of state for the home department,
Sept. 1841.
— George-Robert Dawson, late secretary
to the treasury, and to the admiralty ;
honoris causa.
— Charles Poulett Thompson, vice presi-
dent of the board of trade. Trea-
surer of the navy, Dec. 13, following.
President of the board of trade,
June 1834; afterwards governor of
Canada. Created lord Sydenham,
Aug. 1840.
Nov. 24. Sir William Johnstone Hope, admiral.
Nov. 24. William, viscount Anson, master of the
buckhounds.
— Robert Grant, judge advocate-general :
afterwards sir Robert, G. C. H.
Dec. 1. TJlick, marquess of Clanricarde, am-
bassador to Russia, Postmaster-
general, July, 1846.
— Hon. Robert Grosvenor, comptroller of
the household.
Dec. 8. Thomas, lord Foley, captain of the band
of gentlemen at arms.
— Sir James Kempt, master-general of the
ordnance. Governor - general and
commander-in-chief in Canada, Aug.
1828.
1831.
Jan. 81. William-George, earl of ErroU, here-
ditary lord high constable of Scotland ;
master of the horse to the queen con-
sort. Lord steward of the household,
Nov. 1839.
— Richard- William, earl Howe, lord cham-
berlain to the queen.
Feb. 23. Archibald, earl of Roseberry.
— John, viscount Duncannon, chief com-
missioner of woods and forests.
Home secretary, July, 1834; privy
seal, and woods and forests again.
May 1835. Succeeded as earl of Bes-
borough, Feb. 1844.
— Michael-Augelo Taylor : honoris causa.
Mar. 23. Edward, earl of Derby.
— William Conyngham, lord Plunket, lord
chancellor of Ireland. Again lord
chancellor of Ireland, April 1835.
Jime29. Augustus- Frederick, duke of Lein-
ster.
— Sir Frederick Adam, lord high commis-
sioner of the Ionian Islands.
— Sir Edward Hyde East, bart., late chief
justice of Bengal.
1832.
Feb. 6. Sir John C. Hobhouse, bart., secretarj'-
at-war. Secretary for Ireland, 1834 ;
first commissioner of woods and
forests, July, same year; president
of the India board, April 1835 ;
again president of the India board,
April, 1846.
— Charles Tennvson, who assumed the
name of D'Eyncouxt, in 1835 : honoris
causa.
Feb. 22. Sir William Garrow, knt., late a baron
of the exchequer.
May 30. Henry Constantino Phipps, earl of
Mulgrave. Lord privy seal, July
1834. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland,
April 1835. Created marquess of
Normanby, June 1838. Appointed
colonial secretary, Feb. 1839 ; home
secretary, Aug., same year. Present
ambassador to France.
July 11. Holt Mackenzie, a commissioner for the
affairs of India.
— Henry Ellis, minister to Persia.
Aug. 15. Gilbert, earl of Minto, minister to Prus-
sia. First lord of the admiralty, Sept.
1835 ; privy seal, July 1846.
Nov. fi. Sir Thomas Denman, knt., lord chief
justice of the king's bench. Created
lord Denman, Match 1834.
U4
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
1833.
Feb. 4. Basil Percy Fielding, eai-1 of Denbigh,
the queen's lord chamberlain.
Feb. i. George Fitzclarence, earl of Munster.
April 3. Edward EUice, secretary-at-war.
June 12. Edward- John Littleton, appointed se-
cretary for Ireland. Created lord
Hatherton, May 1835.
Aug. 14. Sir James Parke, knt, baron of the
exchequer.
Sept. 4. Sir John Bernard Bosanquet, knt, a
justice of the common pleas.
— Sir Alexander Johnstone, late chief
justice in Ceylon; assessor of the
judicial committee of the privy
council.
Sept. 11. George- William, duke of Argyll, lord
steward of the household.
1834.
Jan. 24. Howe Peter, marquess of Sligo, go-
vernor-general of Jamaica.
Mar. 5. Sir John Bayley, knt., late a baron of
the exchequer.
Apr. 16. Sh Robert Graham, a lord of the trea-
sury.
June 5. Thomas Spring Eice, secretary for the
colonial department. Chancellor of
the exchequer, AprU 1835. Created
lord Monteagle, Aug. 1839.
— Sir John Vaughan, knt., late a baron
of the exchequer, now a justice C. P.
July 16. Robert Cutlar Fergusson, judge advo-
cate-general.
Sept. 3. Archibald, earl of Gosford, governor of
Canada.
Oct. 1. Sh^ Charles Christopher Pepys, knt.,
master of the rolls. First commis-
sioner of the great seal, April 1835 ;
made lord chancellor and created lord
Cottenham, Jan. 1836 ; created earl
of Cottenham, June 1850.
Oct. 29. Sir Herbert Jenner (Fust), vicar-gene-
ral, dean of the arches' court, &c.
Dec. 15. Stapleton, viscount Combermere, gene-
ral.
— James-Archibald, lord Wharncliffe,
lord privy seal. Lord president,
Sept. 3, 1841.
— Sir Edward KnatchbuU, hart., pay-
master of the forces. Again, Sept.
184L
— Sir James Scarlett, knt., lord chief
baron of the exchequer. Created lord
Abinger, Jan. 1836.
— Sir Edward Sngden, knt., appointed
lord chancellor of Ireland. ' Again
lord chancellor of Ireland, Oct. 1841.
— Alexander Baring, president of the
hoard of trade, with, immediately
afterwards, the mastership of the
mint. Created lord Ashburton, April
1835.
Dec. 20. Lord Granville Charles-Henry Somer-
set, iirst commissioner of woods and
forests. Chancellor of the duchy of
Lancaster, Sept. 1841.
— William Yates Peel, a lord of the trea-
sury ; honoris causa.
— Joseph Planta, late secretary to, and a
lord of, the treasury ; hoiwris cattsd.
Dec. 29. George, earl of Chestei-field.
— Thomas-Philip, earl De Grey, iirst lord
of the admiralty. Lord-lieutenant of
Ireland, Sept. 1841.
1835.
Feb. 18. Thomas, earl of Wilton, lord steward
of the household.
Feb. 23. Frederick, viscount Castlereagh, vlce-
chamberlain of the household.
— Hon. Henry-Thomas Lowry Corry,
comptroller of the household.
Apr. 18. Henry, viscount Howick, secretary-at-
war. Succeeded as earl Grey, July,
1845. Secretary of state for war and
colonies, July 1846.
May 6. Henry Labouchere, vice president of
the board of trade and master of the
mint. President of the board of
trade, Aug. 1839 ; secretary for Ire-
land, 1846. ,Again president, July
1847.
May 20. Francis-Nathaniel, marquess of Co-
nyngham, postmaster-general : after-
wards lord chamberlain.
— George, viscount Morpeth, chief secre-
tary for Ireland. First commis-
sioner of woods and forests, July
1846. Succeeded as earl of Carlisle,
Oct. 1848. Chancellor of the duchy
of Lancaster, March 1850.
May 27. Sir Richard Hussey Vivian, bart, gene-
ral ; master-general of the ordnance.
Created lord Vivian, Aug. 1841.
— Hon. George Stevens Byng, comptroller
of the household. Viscount Entield
on his father's creation as " earl of
StraflFord, Sept. 1847.
June 24. Sir Harford Jones Brydges, bart., late
sir Harford Jones, former minister to
Persia.
July 1. Lord Charles Fitzroy, vice-chamber-
lain of the household.
— Su' Charles-Edward Grey, knt., a com-
missioner for investigating the griev-
ances atfecting Canada.
1836.
Jan. 16. Henry Bickersteth, master of the rolls.
Created lord Langdale, Jan. follow-
ing. Chief commissioner of the
great seal, June, 1850.
Aug. 3. John, lord Elphinstone.
1837.
Mar. 1. Lucius, viscount Falkland, governor
of Nova Scotia.
J. A. Stewart Mackenzie, governor of
Ceylon.
Queen Victoria.
1837.
July 12. Henry Stephen, earl of Ilchester, cap-
tain of the yeomen of the guard.
July 19. Henry-Charles Howard, earl of Surrey,
treasurer of the household. Created
lord Maltravers, Aug. 1841. Suc-
ceeded as duke of Norfolk, March
1842. Master of the horse, July 1846.
1838.
Nov. 5. Stephen Lushington, judge of the high
court of admiralty.
1839.
Mar. 1. Hugh, viscount Ebrington, appointed
lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Sum-
Apr. 5.
PRIVY COUNCILLORS.
145
moned to tie house of peers, vitd
patris, as baron Fortescue. Suc-
ceeded as earl Fortescue, June 1841.
Lord steward, July, 1846.
Mar. 1. Sir George Grey, bart., judge advocate-
general. Chancellor of the duchy of
Lancaster, June 1841. Secretary of
state for the home department, July,
184R.
May 22. Henry, earl of Uxbridge, lord cham-
berlain.
June 3. Charles Shaw Lefevi'e, speaker of the
house of commons.
July 31. Sir Charles-Theophilns Metcalfe, go-
vernor of Canada. Created lord
Metcalfe, June 1845.
Aug. 26. Francis Thomhill Baring, chancellor of
the exchequer. First lord of the ad-
miralty, Jan. 1849.
Aug. 29. Richard Lalor Shell, vice-president of
the board of trade. Judge advocate-
general, June 1841 ; master of the
mint, July 1846. Minister to Tuscany,
Oct. 1850.
Sept. 30. Thomas Babington Macaulay, secre-
tary-at-war. Paymaster-general,
July 1846.
1840.
Jan. 3. George, earl of Clarendon, privy seal.
Chancellor of the duchy of Lan-
caster, Oct., same year ; president
of the board of trade, July 1846.
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, May 1847.
Jan. 15. George, lord Kinnaird, master of the
buck-hounds.
Sept. 11. H. E. H. prince Ai.bekt, consort to the
queen : introduced ; not sworn.
1841.
Feb. 25. Sir Joseph Littledale, knt., late a justice
of the king's (queen's) bench,
June 22. Lord Arthur Marcus Cecil Hill, comp-
troller of the household. Again
comptroller, July, 1847.
— John, lord Campbell, lord chancellor of
Ireland. Chancellor of the duchy of
Lancaster, July 1846. Lord chief
justice of England, March 1850.
June 28. Hon. Fox Maule, vice-president of the
board of trade. Secretary-at-war,
July 1846.
Aug. 11. Hon. Edward-John Stanley, paymaster-
general. Created lord Eddisbury,
vita patris, May 1848. Succeeded as
Lord Stanley, of Alderley, Oct. 1850.
Aug. 21. Robert Vernon Smith, under-secretary
of state.
Sept. 3. Richard Plantagenet, duke of Bucking-
ham and Chandos, privy seal.
— Charles Cecil, earl of Liverpool, lord
steward of the household.
— Edward Granville, lord Eliot, secretary
for Ireland. Succeeded as earl of St.
Gei-mans, Jan. 1845. Postmaster-
general, Jan. 1846.
— Lord Ernest Bruce, vice-chamberlain.
— Henry Pelham, earl of Lincoln, first
commissioner of woods and forests.
Chief secretary for Ireland, 1846.
— William-Ewart Gladstone, vice-presi-
dent of the board of trade and master
of the mint. President of the board
of trade, June, 1843; colonial se-
cretary, Dec. 1845.
Sept. 14. Cecil, marquess of Exeter, hereditaiy
grand almoner; groom of the stole
in prince Albert's household.
— John-William-Robert, marquess of Lo-
thian, captain of the yeomen of the
guard.
. — George-John, earl De la Warr, lord
chamberlain.
— James- Alexander, earl of Rosslyn, mas-
ter of the buck-hounds.
— John-George, lord Forrester, captain of
the band of gentlemen-at-arms.
— Hon. George-Lionel Dawson Damer,
comptroller of the household.
— Dr. John Nicholl, judge advocate-gene-
ral. A lord of trade, Jan. 1846.
Oct. 6. Frederick -William, earl Jermyn, trea-
surer of the household.
1842.
Jan. 15. George, earl of Beverley.
— Sir James Lewis Knight Bruce, knt,,
vice-chancellor.
— Sir James Wigram, knt., vice-chan-
cellor.
Feb. 2. Walter-Francis, duke of Buccleuch and
Queensberry, lord privy seal. De-
clared lord president, Jan, 21, 1846,
1843,
June 10. James, earl of Dalhousie, vice-president
of the board of trade. President of
the same board, Feb. 1845, Ap-
pointed governor-general of India,
August, 1847. Created marquess of
Dalhousie.
— Sir Edward Ryan, knt, late chief jus-
tice of the supreme court of Bengal,
— Thomas Pemberton Leigh, chancellor
and keeper of the great seal to the
duke of Cornwall,
Dec. 13, Richai'd Pakenham, envoy extraordi-
nary to the United States.
1844.
Apr, 17, John Hope, lord justice clerk of Scot-
land,
— Sir Frederick Pollock, knt., lord chief
baron of the exchequer.
May 23, Sir Thomas-Francis Fremantle, bart,,
secretary-at-war. Chief secretary
for Ireland,
— Sir Henry Pottinger, late plenipoten-
tiary in China, Appointed governor
of Madras, Aug, 1847,
1845,
Feb, 3. Hon. Sidney Herbert, secretary-at-war.
Feb. 5. Sir George Clerk, bart., vice-president
of the board of trade and master of
the mint.
June 30. William Bingham Baring, paymaster-
general. Succeeded as lord Ash-
burton, May 1848.
— Henry Lytton Bulwer, minister pleni-
potentiary to Spain; subsequently
minister to the United States.
1846.
Feb. 25. James, marquess of Abercorn, groom of
the stole to prince Albert.
146
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
Feb. 25. Jamea-Arcliibald Stuart Wortley, judge
advocate-general.
Mar. 18. John, viscount Canning, iirst commis-
sioner of woods and forests.
July 6. Francis Kussell, duke of Bedford.
— Charles Wood (afterwards sir Charles
Wood, bart.), chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
July 8. Frederick, earl Spencer, lord chamber-
lain of the household.
— Lord Edward-George Fitz-Alan How-
ard, vice-chamberlain.
— Thomas Milner Gibson, vice-president
of the board of trade.
Aug. 1. Granville George, earl Granville, mas-
ter of the buck-hounds. Vice-presi-
dent of the board of trade and pay-
master-general, May 1848.
Oct. 30. Sir Thomas Wilde, chief justice of the
common pleas. Afterwards lord high
chancellor, and created lord Truro
in 1850.
Edward Strutt, chief commissioner of
railways.
1847.
June 17. Sir George Arthur, hart., late governor
of Bombay.
July 22. Hon. William Sebright Lascelles, comp-
troller of the household.
— Sir William Meredyth Somerville, bart.,
chief secretary for Ireland.
Oct. 30. James Stephen (now sir James, K. C.
B.), late under-secretary of state for
war and colonies.
Nov. 22. Kichard More O'Ferrall, governor of
Malta.
1848.
Feb. 11. Dr. Thomas Musgrave, lord archbishop
of York.
_ WiUiam Goodenough Hayter, judge
advocate-general. Joint secretary to
the treasury, May, 1849.
Apr. 15. Dr. John Bird Sumner, lord archbishop
of Canterbury.
June 27. John-George, earl of Besborough, mas-
ter of the buck-hounds.
Samuel March Phillips, late under-
secretary of state for the home de-
partment ; honoris causa.
Sept. 4. John, marquess of Breadalbane, lord
chamberlain.
1849.
Feb. 13. Thomas Wyse, minister plenipotentiary
to Greece.
June 29. Sir David Dundas, knt., judge advo-
cate-general.
July 30. Matthew Talbot Baines, chief commis-
sioner of poor laws.
1850.
Mar. 22. Eichard, marquess of Westminster, lord
steward of the household.
July 13. Henry Tufnell, late secretary to the
treasury ; honoris cattsd.
Aug. 14. Sir John Jervis, knt., chief justice of
the common pleas.
Nov. 13. Sir Kobert Monsey Eolfe, knt., late a
baron of the exchequer, vice chan-
cellor of England.
THE LORD PRIVY SEAL.
The Lord Privy Seal is a place of great trust, honour, and antiquity. The noble-
man holding it is usually above the degree of a baron, and ranks as the fifth great*
oiEcer of state. He is denominated from his having the custody of the Privy Seal,
■which he must not put to any grant without good warrant under the king's, or, as
now, the queen's signet ; and it is his especial duty to apprise the sovereign of any
matter contained in the instruments he has to seal, that may be inconvenient, or not
in perfect accordance with the law. This seal is affixed to all charters, warrants,
grants, and pardons : the issuing of money out of the exchequer, cancelling a recog-
nisance to the king, discharging a debt, and other matters that never pass the great
seal, may be done under the authority of the Privy Seal ; but no writs can pass this
seal which touch the common law. The Lord Privy Seal is a privy councillor by his
office ; and ranks next after the Lord President of the Council, and before all dukes.
Lords Peivt Seal.
King Henry YIII.
• * Dr. Eichard Fox, bishop of Winchester.
1516. Dr. Thomas Eouthall, bishop of Durham.
Henry Marney, lord Marney.
1523. Dr. Cuthbert Tunstal, bishop of London.
1533. William, earl of Southampton.
Thomas, earl of Wiltshire and Ormond.
153G. Thomas, lord Cromwell, afterwards earl of
Essex : beheaded in 1540.
1543. John, lord Kussell, afterwards earl of Bed-
ford.
King Edwaed VL
1547. Lord Eussell, continued.
Queen Mary.
1553. Lord Eussell, continued.
1554. Edward, earl of Derby.
1556. William, lord Paget.
Queen Elizabeth.
1558. Sir Nicholas Bacon.
LORDS PKIVY SEAL.
147
1572. William, lord Howard of Effingham.
— James Windebanli:.
King James I.
1608. Henry, earl of Northampton.
1614. Edward, earl of Worcester.
King Charles 1.
1625. Earl of Worcester, continued.
1627. Henry, earl of Manchester.
KrsG Charles II.
1660. William, viscount Say and Sele.
1661. John, lord Eobartes, aiterwards earl of
Radnor; appointed lord-lieutenant of
Ireland. June 17, 1669.
1669. Sir Edward Deering, hart., sir Thomas
Strickland, knt., and Eobert Milward,
commissioners of privy seal during lord
Robartes' absence in Ireland. Sept. 22.
1673. Arthur, earl of Anglesey. April 24.
1682. George, marquess of Halifax. Feb. 24
King James II.
1685. Henry, earl of Clarendon. Feb. 18.
— Robert, viscount Tiviot, Robert Phillip.^,
and John Evelyn, commissioners of the
privy seal, during the earl*s absence in
Ireland as lord-lieutenant.
1686. Henry, lord Arundel ofWardour. March 11.
King William III.
1689. George, marquess of Halifax. Feb. 19.
1690. William Cheney, sir John KnatchbuU,
bart., and sir William Pnlteney, knt.,
commissioners.
1691. Thomas, earl of Pembroke.
1697. Sir Thomas Montpesson, knt., sir Charles
Cotterel, junior, knt., and James Tyrrell,
commissioners of the privy seal, during
the earl's absence in Ireland as lord-
lieutenant. April 13.
1699. John, viscount Lonsdale. May 16.
1700. Ford, earl of TankervUle.
1701. Edward Southwell, Christopher Mus-
grave, and James Vernon, commission-
ers. June 11.
QtiEEN Anne.
1702. John, marquess of Normanby, afterwards
duke of Normanby and Buckingham-
shire. April 27.
1705. John, duke of Newcastle. March 31.
1711. John Robinson, D. D., bishop of Bristol,
afterwards bishop of London. April 23.
— Sir George Beaumont, bart., Robert Byerly,
and Edward Nicholas, commissioners
during the bishop's absence at the
treaty of Utrecht. Dec. 22.
1713. Wilham, earl of Dartmouth.
King George 1.
1714 Thomas, marquess of Wharton, Sept. 24 ;
died April 12, 1715.
1715. Edward Southwell, sir Christopher Mus-
grave, bart., and Andrew Charleton,
commissioners. April 30.
— Charles, earl of Sunderland. Aug. 20.
1716. Edward Southwell, James Vernon, and An-
drew Charleton, commissioners during
the earl's absence at Aix-la~Chapelle.
Aug. 28.
— Evelyn, duke of Kingston. Dec. 19.
L
1718. Henry, duke of Kent. Feb. 6.
1720. Evelyn, duke of Kingston. June 11.
1726. Thomas, lord Trevor. March 11.
King George II.
1727. Lord Trevor, continued.
1730. Spencer, earl of Wilmington. May 8.
1731. William, duke of Devonshire. June 12.
1733. Henry, viscount Lonsdale. May 5.
1735. Francis, earl of Godolphiu. May.
1740. John, lord Hervey, eldest son of the earl of
Bristol. April 7.
1742. John, lord Gower. July 13.
1743. George, earl of Cholmondeley. Dec.
1744. John, lord Gower {second time'). Dec. 27.
1755. Charles, duke of Marlborough. Jan. 8.
1755. Granville, earl Gower. Dec. 22.
1757. Richard Temple, earl Temple. June 30.
1760.
1761.
1763.
1765.
1766.
1768.
1770.
1771.
1775.
1782.
1783.
1784
1794
1798.
1806.
1807.
King George III.
Earl Temple, continued.
John, duke of Bedford. Nov. 25.
George, duke of Marlborough, April 22.
Thomas Holies, duke of Newcastle. Aug. 25.
William, earl of Chatham. July 30.
Richard Sutton, William Blair, and William
Eraser, commissioners for six weeks, or
other sooner determination. Feb.
[The seal re-delivered to the earl of Chat-
ham. March 21.]
George-William, eafl of BristoL Nov. 2.
George, earl of Halifax. Feb. 26.
Henry, earl of Suffolk and Berkshire.
Jan. 22.
Augustus-Henrj', duke of Grafton. June 12.
William, earl of Dartmouth. Nov. 4
Augustus-Henry, duke of Grafton. March
27.
Frederick, earl of Carlisle. April 2.
Charles, duke of Rutland. Dec. 23.
William Eraser, Stephen Cotterell, and
Evan Nepean, commissioners. March 8,
Granville Leveson, earl Gower, afterwards
marquess of Stafford. Nov. 27.
George-John, earl Spencer. July 16.
Evan Nepean, Stephen Cotterell, and James
Bland Burgess, during the absence of
earl Spencer. July 26.
John, earl of Chatham. Dec. 17.
John, earl of Westmoreland. Feb. 14.
Henry, viscount Sidmouth. Feb. 5.
Henry-Richard, lord Holland. Oct. 15.
John, earl of Westmoreland. March 25.
King George IV.
1820. Earl of Westmoreland, continued.
1827. Wilham-Heniy, duke of Portland. April30.
— George, earl of Carlisle. July 16.
1828. Edward, lord EUenborough. Jan. 26.
1829. James, earl of Eosslyn. June 10.
King William IV.
1830. Earl of Rosslyn, continued.
— John, lord Durham. Nov. 22. Afterwards
earl of Durham.
1833. Frederick-John, earl of Ripon. April 3.
1834. George, earl of Carlise, second time. June 5.
— Constantine-Henry, earl of Mulgrave ; now
marquess of Normanby. July 30.
— James- Archibald, lord Whamcliffe. Dec.l5.
1835. John- William, viscount Duncannon, after-
wards earl of Besborough. April 23.
148
STATESMEN AND STATE OEFICERS.
Queen Victoeia.
1840. George-WlUiam-Frederick, earl of Claren-
don. Jan. 15.
1841. Eichard, duke of Buckingham. Sept. 3.
1842. Walter, duke of Buecleucli. Feb. 2.
1846. Thomas, earl of Haddington. Jan. 21.
— Gilbert, earl of Minto. July 6. The pke-
SENT (1850) Lord Privy Seal.
LORD GREAT CHAMBERLAIN OF ENGLAND.
This is the sixth great officer of state. The office is hereditary, is of great
antiquity, and was anciently of much importance. It was granted by Henry I. to the
family of De Vere, earls of Oxford, by whom it was enjoyed for nearly six centuries.
On the death of the 18th earl of Oxford, of' this family, without issue, in 1625, both
the office and the earldom were claimed, together with other titles, by Robert Bertie,
baron Willoughby d'Eresby, in right of his mother, who was sister and heiress of
Edward, 17th earl of Oxford. The earldom was awarded by the house of lords to
the heir male collateral, in whose son it became extinct; while the office of Hereditary
Great Chamberlain was adjudged to be descendible through heirs female, and was
consequently confirmed to lord Willoughby d'Eresby, who took his seat in the house
of lords in that capacity in 1626. This nobleman was created duke of Ancaster and
Kesteven in July 1715, and the office descended uninterruptedly in his family until
the death of the 4th duke in 1779, when the barony of Willoughby d'Eresby fell into
abeyance, and the chamberlainship was claimed by fire distinct branches of the
family. The house of peers decided that it became vested in the two sisters of the
deceased 4th duke jointly; and that they were competent to appoint a deputy. In
favour of the elder of these sisters the abeyance of the barony of Willoughby was
terminated, and she became a baroness in her own right : the second sister married
into the family of Cholmondeley. The deputy appointed by these joint heiresses was
Peter Burrell, afterwards lord Gwydyr. His son (who succeeded, in 1828, as 19th
baron Willoughby d'Eresby, also) now performs the duties of the office in right
of his mother, having held it jointly with his aunt, the dowager marchioness of
Cholmondeley, until her death in 1838. The marquess of Cholmondeley and lord
Willoughby d'Eresby are now the joint oflicers, in right of their mothers respectively.
Many perquisites belong to this office, but they are usually compounded for when
claimed at particular ceremonies, as coronations, &c.
LoKD Great Chamberlains of England.
King Chakles I.
162G. Eobert Bertie, lord Willoughby d'Eresby,
by descent from the De Veres, earls of
Oxford, created earl of Lindsej' : hilled
at the battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23, 1642.
1642. Montagu Bertie, earl of Lindsey.
KiHG Chakles II.
1GG6. Robert Bertie, earl of Lindsey.
King William III.
1701. Robert Bertie, earl of Lindsey, created
marquess of Lindsey in 1706, and duke
of Ancaster and Kesteven in 1715.
King Geokge 1.
1723. Peregiine Bertie, duke of Ancaster and
Kesteven.
King George II.
1742. Peregrine Bertie, duke of Ancaster and
Kesteven.
King Geokge HI.
1778. Robert Bertie, duke of Ancaster and Keste-
ven : died July 8, 1779.
1779. [The office vacant, and the claim to it, in
dispute, for upwards of a year.]
1780. Priscilla-Barbara- Elizabeth Burrell, lady
Willoughby d'Eresby, and Georgiana,
countess, afterwards marchioness of
Cholmondely, jointly: they appointed
sir Peter Burrell, after>vards lord Gwy-
dyr, their deputy; the baroness died
Dec. 29, 1828.
King Geokge IV.
1828. Peter-Robert, lord Willoughby d'Eresby,
and Georgiana, dowager marchioness of
Cholmondeley, jointly : the marchioness
died June 23, 1838.
Queen Victoria.
1838. Peter-Robert, lord Willoughby d'Eresby,
and George-Horatio, marquess of Chol-
mondele}', jointly : present Lord Great
Chamberlain of England.
LORD HIGH CONSTABLES.
149
THE LORD HIGH CONSTABLE OF ENGLAND
Is the SEVENTH great officer of the crown ; and he, and the earl marshal of
England, were anciently judges of the court of chivalry, called in Henry IV.'s time
Curia Militaris, and afterwards the Court of Honour. The court was holden in the
king's hall, and was esteemed the fountain of the martial law. Formerly the power
of the Lord High Constable was so great, and such improper uses were made of it,
that so early as the 13th of Richard II. (1389) a statute was passed for regulating
and abridging his authority, as also that of the earl marshal ; and by this statute no
plea could be tried by them or in their courts, that could be tried by the common
law of the realm. The office of Consta,ble existed before the conquest, and seems to.
have been instituted by our Saxon ancestors, the word being derived from their
language. It was granted in the reign of Stephen to Milo de Gloucester, earl of
Hereford ; and went with inheritance, and by the tenure of certain manors in Glou-
cestershire', by grand sergeantry, into the family of the Bohuns, earls of Hereford
and Essex, and afterwards into the family of Stafford, as heirs-general to them. In
1521 this great office became forfeited to the king in the person of Edward Stafford,
duke of Buckingham, who was in that year attainted of high treason ; and it then
ceased to be hereditary. The Lord High Constable is now an appointment pro hac
vice, to officiate at coronations, or at trials by combat.^
LoED High Constables at Coronations.
King Edward VI.
1547. Henry, marquess of Dorset, afterwards
duke of Suffolk. The king crowned,
Sunday, Feb. 20.
Queen Maey I.
1653. William, earl of Arundel. The queen
crowned, Oct. 1.
Queen Elizabeth.
1559. Henry, earl of Arundel. Her majesty
crowned, Jan. 15.
King James 1.
1603, Edward, earl of Worcester. The king
crowned, with his queen, Anne, July 25.
King Chakles 1.
1626. George, duke of Buckingham. The king
crowned, with his queen, Henrietta-
Maria, Feh. 2.
King Chakles II.
16G1. Algernon, earl of Northumberland. The
king crowned, April 23.
the archbishop of Canterbury refusing
to officiate, April 11.
Queen Anne.
1702. Wriothesley, duke of Bedford. The queen
crowned, April 13.
King George I.
1714. John, duke of Montagu. The king crowned,
Oct. 20.
King George II.
1727. Charles, duke of Richmond, Lenox, and
Aubigny. The king crowned, with his
queen, Wilhelmina-CaroUne, Oct. 11
King George III.
1761. John, duke of Bedford. The king crowned,
with his queen, Charlotte -Sophia,
Sept. 22.
King George IV.
1821. Arthur, duke of Wellington. The king
crowned, July 19.
King William IV.
1831. Arthur, duke of Wellington. The king
crowned, with his queen, Adelaide,
Sept. 8.
Queen Victoria.
1838. Arthur, duke of Wellington.^ Her majesty
crowned, June 28.
King James II.
1G85. Henry, duke of Grafton. The king crowned,
according to the Protestant ritual,
April 23.
King William III. and Queen Mart II.
1689. James, duke of Ormond. The king and
queen crowned by the bishop of London,
1 The castle of Caldpcot or Caldecote, near Chepstow, in Monmouthshire, was the residence of the Lord High
Constables of England, and was held by them in virtue of their office.
2 The only instance that occurs of a trial by combat being ordered since the office of Lord High Constable was
in the hands of the Crown, is that between Lord Heay and David Ramsay, Esq., November 28, 1631 ; but the
king afterwards prevented the trial. On this occasion Robert Bertie, Earl of Lindsey, was appointed Lord High
3 It will'be seen that the duke of Wellington officiated as lord high constable of England at the coronations of
three sovereigns consecutively, George IV., 'William IV., and Victoria, a remarkable circumstance in the life of
the duke, no similar instance having occurred from the Conquest up to our own times.
1.3
150
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
THE EAEL MAESHAL OF ENGLAND.
The earl marshal is the eighth great officer of state. The office, until it was made
hereditary, always passed by grant from the king, and never was held by tenure or
sergeantry (by any subject) as the offices of lord high steward and lord high
constable sometimes were. The Marshal was anciently styled Lord Marshal only ;
but Richard II., June 20, 1397, granted letters-patent to Thomas Mowbray, earl of
Nottingham, and to his heirs, the style of Earl Marshal. James I. by letters-patent,
dated August 29, 1622, constituted Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel and Surrey,
Earl Marshal for life ; and his majesty the next year granted other letters-patent,
wherein it was declared that during the vacancy of the office of lord high constable,
the Earl Marshal should have the like jurisdiction in the court of chivalry as both
constable and marshal had jointly exercised. Charles II., Oct. 19, 1672, granted to
Henry, lord Howard, and to his heirs, this office and dignity, with power to execute
the same by deputy or deputies, in as full and ample a manner as the same had
heretofore been executed by any former Marshal of England. The office, now held
by the duke of Norfolk, confers the dignity of earl on its possessor. His grace is also
earl of Arundel by his tenure of Arundel castle, without any creation, patent, or
investiture. These are the only instances that exist of the title being so constituted.
LoKDS ANB Earls Marshal of England.
1135. Gilbert de Clare, lord marshal, created earl
of Pembroke by king Stephen, 1139.
1149. Richard dc Clare, surnamed Strongbow,
earl of Pembroke, and lord marshal;
died in 1176.
1176. John, surnamed Marshal, from this office,
which was conferred on him by Hen. II.
on the death of Richard, earl of Pem-
broke.
1199. William Marshal, lord Marshal, grandson
of John ; who, having married Isabel,
daughter and heiress of Richard Strong-
bow, was by king John created earl of
Pembroke in 1201.
1219. William Marshal, earl of Pembroke.
1231. Richard Marshal, earl of Pembroke.
1234. Gilbert Marshal, earl of Pembroke.
1242. Walter Marshal, earl of Pembroke.
1245. Anselm Marshal, earl of Pembroke.
1245. Roger Bigot or Bigod, earl of Norfolk, lord
marshal, in right of Maud his mother,
one of the sisters and co-heiresses of
the last five marshals.
1269. Roger Bigot or Bigod, earl of Norfolk;
whose estate, being confiscated to the
crown, came, after his decease, into the
king's hands.
1307. Robert de Clifford, made lord marshal by
Edward 11. durante bene placito.
1308. Nicholas Segrave, lord Segrave.
1315. Thomas Plantagenet (of Brotherton), earl
of Norfolk, in right of his wife, daughter
and heiress of lord Segrave.
— Margaret, daughter and heiress of Thomas
Plantagenet, earl of Norfolk : she was
often honoured with the title of lady
marshal, and was afterwards created
duchess of Norfolk.
— William de Montacute, earl of Salisbury.
— Thomas Beauchamp, the elder, earl of
Warwick.
— Edmund Mortimer, lord Mortimer. —
These all successively discharged the
office of lord marshal ; but Avhether as
deputies to the lady Margaret, nondum
plane constat
1377. Henrj', lord Percy, lord marshal at the
coronation of Richard II.
— (John Fitz-Alan, lord Maltravers. — Cant'
denj)
1383. Thomas Mowbray, earl of Nottingham,
grandson to the lady Margaret by her
daughter Elizabeth ; made the first earl
marshal by Richard II. and afterwards
created duke of Norfolk.
1398. Thomas Holland, earl of Kent and duke of
Surrey ; made earl marshal on the
banisliment of the duke of Norfolk.
— Thomas, lord Mowbray, earl of Notting-
ham : he assumed, on his father's death
(at Venice), the title of earl marshal ;
but the office was exercised by John,
earl of Salisbury. — Camden.
1400. Ralph Nevill, earl of Westmoreland; made
lord marshal of England for life, by
Henry IV. in the beginning of his reign.
1412. John, lord Mowbray, brother of Thomas,
earl marshal : restored to the title of
earl of Nottingham and earl marshal by
Henry V., and to that of duke of Nor-
folk by Henry VI.
1435. John Mowbray, duke of Norfolk.
1445. John Mowbray, duke of Norfolk.
1476. Richard Plantagenet, duke of York, second
son to Edward IV. : created, by his
father, duke of Norfolk and earl mar-
shal, in right of his wife Anne, daughter
and heiress to John Mowbray, duke of
Norfolk.
— (Sir Thomas Grey, Knt. — Camden.')
1483. John, lord Howard, in right of his wife
Anne (widow of Richard, duke of York),
daughter and heiress of John Mowbray,
duke of Norfolk.
1486. William, lord Berkeley, earl of Notting-
ham, in right of Isabel his mother,
daughter of Thomas Mowbrai', duke of
Norfolk, by Henry VII.
1497. Henry Tudor, duke of York, second son to
Henry VII. : afterwards Henry VIII.
1609. Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey (son to
John, lord Howard, duke of Norfolk,
LORD HIGH ADMIRALS.
151
attainted), created earl marshal, and
restored as diike of Norfolk.
1509. Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk. — Cam-
154G.
1547.
1553.
1554.
1572.
1597.
1603.
1621.
Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk: at-
tainted in 1546.
Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset : be-
headed.
John Dudley, duke of Northumberland:
beheaded. — Camden,
Xhomas Howard, duke of Norfolk : restored
to his blood and honours by Queen
Mary I.
Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk : beheaded
in 1572.
George Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury: died
in 1590.
Robert Devereux, earl of Essex : beheaded
in 1601.
Edward Somerset, earl of Worcester : per-
formed the duties of earl marshal at the
coronation of king James ; after which
the office was for a long time executed
by commission.
Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel and
Surrey (grandson of Thomas, duke of
Norfolk, by his son PhUip, earl of
Arundel) ; created earl marshal.
1646. Henrv Howard, earl of Ai'uudel, &c. : died
in "1652.
1672. Henry Howard, second son to the preceding
Henry: created by Charles II. lord
Howard, of Castle Rising, in Norfolk,
and afteiTvards earl marshal and earl of
Norwich : he succeeded his brother as
duke of Norfolk.
1683. Henry Howard, lord Mowbray, and duke
of Norfolk.
1701. Thomas Howard : succeeded his uncle, and
became duke of Norfolk, and earl
marshal.
1732. Edward Howard (brother of the preceding
Thomas), duke of Norfolk.
1777. Charles Howard (cousin to the preceding
Edward), duke of Norfolk.
1786. Charles Howard, duke of Norfolk: suc-
ceeded his father Aug. 1786.
1815. Bernard Edward Howard, duke of Norfolk :
succeeded his cousin Dec. 1815.
1842. Henry Charles Howard, duke of Norfolk :
succeeded his father in 1842. The
present duke of Norfolk ; earl of
Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk; baron
Fitz-Alan, Clun and Oswaldestre, and
Maltravers ; earl marshal, and here-
ditary earl marshal of England.
Deputy Eakls Marshal of England.
Commissioners for executing the office during the legal incapacity of the Dukes of Norfolk,
1661.
1662.
1701.
1706.
1718.
1725.
1731.
1743.
1763.
1765.
James, earl of Suffolk. April 18.
Thomas, earl of Southampton ; John, lord
Roberts ; Henry, marquess of Dorches-
ter; Montagu, earlof Lindsey ; Edward,
earl of Manchester; Algernon, earl of
Northumberland; commissioners. May
26.
Charles, earl of Carlisle.
Henry, earl of Bindon.
Henry Bowes, earl of Berkshire.
Talbot, earl of Sussex.
Francis, earl of Effingham,
Thomas, earl of Effingham.
Henry, earl of Suffolk and Berkshire.
Richard, earl of Scarborough.
1777. Thomas, earl of Effingham.
1782. Charles, earl of Surrey, only son to the
duke of Norfolk.
[His lordship succeeded his father as duke
of Norfolk in 1786.]
1816. Henry Thomas Molyneux Howard, brother
to Bernard-Edward, duke of Norfolk.
Jan. 15.
*#* Henry Thomas Molyneux Howard was the last de-
puty earl marshal. The functions of the high
of&ce of Earl Marshal of England, the dukes of
Norfolk, notwithstanding their being of the Ro-
man Catholic religion, were empowered to execute
in person, by act of parliament, which received
the royal assent June 24, 1824.
THE LORD HIGH ADMIEAL OF ENGLAND.'
The Lord High Admiral is the ninth great officer of state. His office was anciently
deemed of so much importance, that it was either retained by the king, or conferred
upon one of the king's younger sons, or a near kinsman ; and even in modern times, it
has been held by royal personages. The duke of York (afterwards James II.) was
Lord Hio-h Admiral in the reign of his brother, Charles II. ; and when he came to the
throne, in 1685, he declared himself Lord High Admiral, again, in council. Prince
George, of Denmark, consort of queen Anne, also filled the office ; and later, William
Henry, duke of Clarence (afterwards "William IV.) was appointed to the post in Mr.
Canning's administration, 1827 : in the two latter cases the princes were assisted by a
council.
The Lord High Admiral (as described by the earlier writers) " has the management
of all maritime affiiirs, the government of the royal navy, and the power of decision in
1 The distinction of Admiral does not appear to have been adopted in these realms until about the year 1300 ;
but the title was in use some time previously in France. In 1297 Sir William Lcyboume, "captain of the
mariners," was styled in a convention signed at Bruges, " Admiral of the Sea of the King of England."
L 4
152
STATESMEN AND STATE OEFICEES.
all maritime cases, whether civil or criminal. He judges of all transgressions com-
mitted upon or beyond the sea, in any part of the world, upon the coasts, in all ports
and havens, and upon all rivers below the first bridge from the sea ; and by him all
naval officers, from an admiral downwards, are commissioned, and all deputies and
coroners appointed for particular coasts." '
The judicial functions of this great officer have, however, long been separated from'
his more onerous duties ; and a learned civilian is always appointed to preside in the
Higli Court of Admiralty. The office of Lord High Admiral has for a series of years
been usually in commission. As the great seal has been occasionally placed in the
hands of commissioners, and as the office of lord high treasurer has for centuries been
executed by several individuals instead of one person only, so the office of Lord High
Admiral is now performed by a Board, whose members are designated " the Lords
Commissioners of the Admiralty," or, popularly, " the Board of Admiralty," and of
which the chief or head is styled the " l^irst Lord."
The First Lord of the Admiralty is always a personage of great talents and
political experience, and necessarily a cabinet minister ; and the majority of the
junior Lords (of whom there are usually four or more) are members of the house of
commons, and at least two of them are naval officers. Besides these are a First and
an Assistant or Second Secretary.^
Lord High Admirals of England, &c.
*,* The letter N subjoined to the names denotes the Northern station, t?ie letter W the Western, and
S the Southern station.
871. King Alfred, to his death in 901.
925. King Athelstan, to his death, in 941.
959. King Edgar, to his death, in 975.
1016. The duke Edric.
1066. King Harold.
1106. King Henry I.
1172. King Henry II.
1177. William Mandeville, earl of Essex.
1189. King Richard I.
i Gerard, archbishop of Aix.
Bernard, bishop of Bayonne.
Robert de Sabloil.
Richard de Camville.
William de Fortze, of Oieron.
Leaders and governors of all the king's
navy, and governors of the king's ships
going to the Holy Land.
1191. Sir Stephen de Turnham, and
Sir Robert de Turnham.
1199. King John.
1213. William Longespee (claiming to be) earl
of Salisbury, natural son of Henry II.,
by Rosamond Clifford.
* * The earl of Boulogne.
1^° Many of the kings in this list were in
sea-battles, or went upon expeditvms with
their Jleets.
KiSG Henky III.
1217.
Sir Hubert de Burgh.
Sir Philip de Albini.
1224.
Sir Geoffrey de Lucy.
Richard de Aguillon.
1235.
Peter de Rival], a priest ?
1264.
Sir Thomas de Moleton ; captain and keeper of
the sea and coa.sts.
King Edwakd I.
1293.
Sir Robert Tiptoft.
1294.
Sir John de Botetourt ; for the coasts of Yar-
mouth. N.
Sir William de Leyboume ; for the coasts of Ports-
mouth. S.
Sir Orraond ; for Ireland.
1297.
Sir John de Botetourt ; keeper of the northern
seas.
Sir William de Leybourne ; captain of the ma-
riners.
300.
Gcrvase Alard ; admiral of tlie fleet of the Cinque
Ports.
1306.
Gervase Alard ; captain and admiral of the kind's
fleet. W. ^
Edward-Charles ; captain and admiral of the
king's fleet. N.
Mr. Beatson says : To the Lord High Admiral belong, by law and custom, all fines and forfeitures of all
transgressions at sea, on the sea-shore, in ports, and from the first tividge on rivers towards the sea- also the
goods of pirates, and felons condemned or outlawed; and all wayfs, stray-goods, wrecks of sea deodants'- a share
01 all lawful prizes, layon, jctson, and fiotson; that is, goods lying in the sea, goods cast by the sea on the shore
not granted formerly, or belonging to lords of manors adjoining the sea; all great fishes, as sea-hogs and other
fishes of extraordinary bigness, called royal fishes, wh.iles only and sturgeons excepted. But since the Revoliition
and narticularly of late years, the maritime laws of England have undergone many alterations, and the office of
Lord High Admiral has, correspondingly, been subjected to change."
= When the First Lord happens to be a member of the Upper House, the First Secretary, chosen from amonir
of the'iegi'sTa'turl "" " '" ' "'"""™^' "^^ "^"'"'y represented the Admiralty department in tha" branch
LORD HIGH ADMIRALS.
153
King Edwaed II.
1308.
William de Betour ; captain of the king's ships
going to the relief of Aberdeen.
1310.
Sir John de Caunton ; captain and governor of
the king's fleet going to Scotland.
Sir Simon de Montacute ; admiral of the king's
navy.
1311.
Sir John of Argyle ; coast of Argyle.
1314.
Sir John Sturmy, and 1 Joint admirals against
Peter Bard. J the Scots.
1315.
William de Creye ; W. Scotland, and Ireland.
Thomas de Hewys.
March W, 1315.
John, lord Botetourt ; admiral and captain of all
the mariners from the Thames, to Berwick-on-
Tweed.
July 3, 1315.
John de Athey, captain and leader of the expe-
dition from Bristol against the Scots.
Sept. 18, 1315.
Sir Humphrey Littlebury; admiral-in-chief of
one part of the king's navy.
Sir John Sturmy; admiral -in-chief of one part
of the king's navy.
Nov. 3, 1316.
Sir Robert Leybourne ; admiral of the fleet going
against the Scots.
Dec. 9, 1316.
Sir Nicholas Kyriel ; admiral of the fleet of the
Cinque Ports, westward.
March 28, 1317.
John de Athey ; captain of the fleet in Ireland.
John de Perburn or Perbroun; admiral of the
king's fleet. N.
Sir Robert Leybourne ; admiral of the king's
fleet west of the Thames.
April 24, 1318.
William Gettour ; captain and leader of the
king's fleet going to Scotland.
May 23, 1319.
Siinon de Dryby. ■) admirals of the ships going
wtam^dSwell./ against the Scots. ^
1321.
Sir Hugh le Despenser ; admiral.
May 19, 1322.
Robert Battayle ; Cinque Ports.
John de Perbum or Perbroun. N.
Robert de Leybourne. W.
July 16, 1324.
Sir John de Cromwell ; admiral of the sea-coasts,
and captain of the king's mariners going to
Gascony.
Aug. 5, 1324.
Sir Robert Beaudyn. W.
Sir John Sturmy. N.
Sept. 18, 1324.
Stephen Alard; admiral in the absence of sir
Robert Beaudyn.
1325.
admirals of the three En-
glish seas.
Sir Robert Sturmy.
Sir Nicholas Kyriel.
Sir John Felton.
J
}
Jan. 2, 1326.
Sir Nicholas Kyriel. ) admirals of the Western
Sir John Sturmy. J fleets.
Sept. 19, 1326.
Sir Robert de Leybourne. N.
King Edwaed III.
April 21, 1327.
John de Perbum, or Perbroun. N.
May 24, 1327.
Waresius de Valoignes. W.
April 6, 1333.
Henry Randolph, captain and admiral for the
Scottish war.
July 16, 1333.
Sir WUliam Clinton, captain and admiral of the
Cinque Ports and places west of the river
Thames.
Jan. 2, 1335.
Sir John de Norwich. N.
Sir Roger Higham. W.
April 4, 1335.
Sir John Howard, captain and admiral of the
king's fleet of Great Yarmouth and the ports
north of the Thames.
April 6, 1335.
Sir Robert Holand, captain and admiral of the
fleet on the coast of Wales and part of Ireland.
April 24, 1335.
Sir John A thy or Athey, captain and admiral of
the Irish fleet.
July 6, 1335.
Sir John Cobham, captain and admiral of the
Cinque Ports and places west of the Thames.
Peter Bard, captain and admiral of the Cinque
Ports and other western ports, to proceed
against the Scots.
Feb. 10, 1336.
Sir Thomas Ughtred, captain and admiral. N.
April 10, 1336.
Sir John de Norwich, captain and admiral. N.
Sir Geofl^rey Say, or Galfrid de Say, captain and
admiral. W.
Nov. 8, 1336.
Sir John Roos or de Ros. N.
154
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
Jan. 14, 1337.
Sir Robert Ufford, and
Sir John Roos, appointed jointly admirals of the
king's northern fleet
Sir William Montacute, captain and admiral. W.
May 30, 1337.
Sir Geoffrey de Say, and
Sir Otho Grandison, commanders of the western
fleet.
Aug. 11, 1337.
Sir Walter Manny, captain and admiral. N.
Sir William Burghersh, captain and admiral. VV.
July 28, 1338.
SirThomas Drayton or Draiton. N.
Peter Bard. W.
Feb. 18, 1339.
Sir Robert Morley. N.
Sir Wilham Trussell. W.
Feb. 20, 1340.
Sir Richard Fitz-Alan, earl of Arundel. W.
March 6, 1340.
Sir Robert Morley, captain and admiral, N.
April 5, 1341.
Sir Robert Morley, admiral. K.
June 12, 1341.
Sir William Clinton, earl of Huntingdon, captain
and admiral of the western fleet.
April 10, 1342.
Sir John de Montgomery. W.
Dec. 20, 1342.
Sir Wilham Trussell. N.
Sir Robert Beaupel. W.
May 8, 1344.
Sir Robert UCford, eari of Suff'olk. N.
Sir Reginald de Cobham, captain and admiral. W.
Feb. 23, 1345.
Richard, earl of Arundel. W.
Jan. 25, 1347.
King Edward III., styled " King of the Seas."
Feb. 23, 1347.
Sir John de Montgomery. W.
March 8, 1347.
Sir John Howard. N.
March 14, 1348.
Sir Walter Manny. N.
Sir Reginald Cobham. W.
June 6, 1348.
Sir Robert Morley. N.
Aug. 17, 1349.
Sir John Beauchamp ; admiral of a fleet off
Calais.
1350.
Robert de Causton. N". — Spelman.
July 22, 1350.
Sir Robert Morley, again. — Spelman.
March 8, 1351.
Sir William de Bohun, earl of Northampton,
captain and admiral. W.
1352.
Thomas, earl of Warwick. W. — Spelman.
March, 1354.
John Gybon, admiral of a squadron.
March 5, 1355.
Sir Robert Morley. N.
Sir John Beauchamp. W.
Jan. 1356.
Robert Ledrede, admiral of a fleet going to Gas-
cony for wine.
Aug. 8, 1356.
Robert Drouss, of Cork, admiral of the Irish fleet.
July 18, 1360.
Sir John Beauchamp, admiral of the king's
Northern, Southern, and Western fleets.
Jan. 26, 1361.
Sir Robert Herle, admiral of the Northern,
Southern, and Western fleets.
July 7, 1364.
Sir Ralph Spigurnell, admiral of the Northern
and Western fleets.
April 28, 1369.
Sir Robert Ashton. W.
June 12, 1369.
Sir Nicholas Tamworth. N.
Feb. 6, 1370.
Sir Guy Bryan. W.
[Sir Guy Brj'an was at sea in command of a
squadron in January, 1370.]
May 30, 1370.
John, lord Neville. N.
Sir Guy Bryan, again. W.
July 8, 1370.
Sir Ralph Ferrers, admiral of the king's fleet
going to Britanny.
Oct. 6, 1371.
Sir Robert Ashton, admiral. W.
Sir Ralph Ferrers, admiral. N.
March 7, 1372.
Sir Philip Courtenay, admiral. W.
Sir William de Neville. N.
Feb. 16, 1373.
Earl of Salisbury appointed captain of all ships
and barges going to sea.
July 16, 1376.
William, earl of Sufl'olk. N.
Nov. 24, 1376.
Sir Michael do la Pole. N.
Sir Robert Hales, prior of St. John's of Jeru-
salem, admiral. W.
LORD HIGH ADMIRALS.
155
King Eiciiard II.
Aug. 14, 1377.
Sir Michael de la Pole. N.
Sir Kobert Hales. W.
Dec. 5, 1377.
Thomas, earl of Warwick. N.
Richard, earl of Arundel. W.
Sept. 10, 1378.
Sir Hugh Calverley. W.
Nov. 5, 1378.
Sir Thomas Percy. N.
March 8, 1380.
Sir Philip Courtenay. W.
April 8, 1380.
Sir William de Elmham. N.
May 22, 1382.
Sir John Roche, or Roches, admiral of a fleet
from Southampton, westward.
Oct. 26, 1382.
Sir Walter Filz-Walter. N.
Sir John Roche. W.
Nov. 13, 1383.
Edward, earl of Devonshire. W.
Dec. 2, 1383.
Henry, earl of Northumberland. N.
Jan. 29, 1386.
Sir Thomas Percy, again. N. He was after-
wards earl of Worcester, and was beheaded in
1402.
Sir John Radington, or Radlington, prior of St.
John's of Jerusalem. W.
Feb. 22, 1386.
Sir Philip Darcy. N.
Dec. 10, 1386.
Richard, earl of Arundel, admiral of the North
and West iJeets- and held that office until
May 18, 1389.
May 20, 1389.
John, lord Beaumont. N.
John, earl of Huntingdon. W.
May 31, 1389.
Sir John Roche, admiral of the West and North
fleets.
June 22, 1389.
John, lord Beaumont. N.
John, earl of Huntingdon. W.
March 22, 1391.
Edward, earl of Rutland. N.
Nov. 29, 1391.
Edward, earl of Rutland, afterwards duke of
Albemarle, admiral of the North and West
fleets.
Aug. 30, 1393
Matthew Swetenham and Nicholas Macclesfield,
made admirals of Ireland.
May 9, 1398.
John, mai-quess of Dorset, high admiral of the
north and west fleets for life: he had been
made admiral of the Irish fleet for life, Feb. 2,
preceding.
KraG Henry IV.
Nov. 15, 1399.
Thomas, earl of Worcester, admiral of the north
and west fleets, and admiral of the Irish
fleet.
April 21, 1401.
Sir Thomas Rampston, or Rempston. W.
April 26, 1401.
Richard, lord Grey, of Codnor. N.
Nov. 5, 1403.
Thomas, lord Berkeley. W.
Nov. 18, 1403.
Sir Thomas Beaufort. N.
July 5, 1404.
James Dartasso, made admiral of Ireland.
Feb. 20, 1405.
Sir Thomas Lancaster (Plantagenet), 2d son to
the king, afterwards duke of Clarence, high
admiral of England.
April 28, 1400.
Nicholas Blackbume. N.
Richard Clyderow. W.
Dec. 23, 1406.
John, marquess of Dorset (earl of Somerset),
admiral of the North and West fleets.
May 8, 1407.
Edmund, earl of Kent, high admiral of England.
Sept. 21, 1408.
Sir Thomas Beaufort, aftenvards earl of Dorset
and duke of Exeter, admiral of the North and
West fleets for life.
KiSG Hehey V.
June 3, 1413.
Thomas, earl of Dorset (duke of Exeter in 1416),
admiral of England, Ireland, Aquitaine, and
Picardy.
Sept. 28, 1414.
Patrick Coterell and James Cornewalsche, ap-
pointed the king's admirals of Ireland, from
Wykynglone Head to Leperisylond, for their
lives.
Feb. 18, 1415.
Sir Thomas Carew., and
Sir Gilbert Talbot, appointed captains and lead-
ers of men at arms at sea, in the absence of the
earl of Dorset, with the usual powers of ad-
mirals.
July 6, 1416.
Thomas, lord Morley, admiral of a fleet going
from London to Southampton.
156
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
July 26, 1416.
Sir Walter Hvmgerford, admiral of an expedition
under the duke of Bedford, the king's lieu-
tenant at sea.
July 20, 1417.
Edmund, earl of March, appointed the king's
lieutenant at sea to bring the ileet to England,
and then conduct it again with troops to the
king.
July 25, 1417.
John, earl of Huntingdon, appointed the king's
lieutenant, with all the powers of admiral,
dming the king's absence.
March 2,l421.
Sir \Yilliam Bardolf, appointed admiral of a
fleet.
John, earl of Richmond and duke of Bedford,
lord admiral.
KiNC Henky VI.
1422.
John, duke of Bedford, continued.
Oct. 21, 1437.
John, duke of Exeter and earl of Huntingdon,
and Henry his son, for their lives, lord admiral
of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine.
1448—1451.
William de la Pole, ditto ; during the minority
of Hemy Holland, duke of Exeter.
July 23, 1451.
Henry, duke of Exeter.
King Edward IV.
1461.
Richard, earl of Warwick and Salisbury, styled
the " King-maker."
July 30, 1462.
William, earl of Kent.
Oct. 12, 1462.
Richard, duke of Gloucester, brother to the king.
Jan. 2, 1470.
Richard, earl of Warwick (aforesaid), captain of
the town and citadel of Calais, constable of
Dover Castle, and lord warden of the Cinque
Ports.
1472.
Richard, duke of Gloucester, aforesaid.
Kraa Richard III.
July 25, 1483.
John, duke of Norfolk.
King Henry A'II.
1485—1512.
John de Vere, earl of Oxford.
King Henry VIII.
John de Vere, earl of Oxford, continued.
Aug. 15, 1613.
Lord Edward Howard.
May 4, 1514.
Thomas, dulce of Norfolk.
1526—1536.
Henry Eitzroy (natural son to the Idng), duke
of Richmond and Somerset, and earl of Not-
tingham.
Aug. 16.
William, earl of Southampton.
July 18, 1540.
John, lord Russel.
June 27, 1542.
John, viscount Lisle, and baron of Malpas, high
admiral.
King Edward VI.
Feb. 17, 1647.
Thomas, lord Seymour, of Sudley, high admiral
of England, Ireland, Wales, Calais, Boulogne,
Marches of ditto, Normandy, Gascony, and
Aquitaine, captain-general of the navy and
seas : beheaded 20th January, 1549.
Oct. 28, 1549.
John, viscount Lisle, afterwards duke of Nor-
thumberland, high admiral.
May 4, 1550.
Edward, lord Clinton and Say.
Queen JLiRY.
March 20, 1554.
William, lord Howard, of Effingham, high ad-
miral.
March 3, 1566.
Edward, lord Clinton and Say, afterwards earl of
Lincoln.
Queen Elizabeth.
Earl of Lincoln, continued.
1585-1619.
Charles, lord Howard of EfiBngham, afterwards
earl of Nottingham.
King James I.
Earl of Nottingham, continued.
Jan. 28, 1619.
George, marquess of Buckingham, aftern'ards
earl of Coventry and duke of Buckingham. '
King Charles I.
Duke of Buckingham, continued.
March 16, 1636.
Richard, lord Weston, and Robert, earl of Lind-
sey, great chamberlain of England.
Edward, earl of Dorset, lord chamberlain to the
queen.
Francis, lord Cottington, chancellor and under
treasurer of the exchequer.
Sir Henry Vane, knt., comptroller of the house-
hold.
Sir John Coke, knt, and Sir Francis Windebank,
knt., principal secretaries of state.
LORD HIGH ADMIRALS.
157
March 23, 1636.
Algernon, earl of Northumberland, lord admiral.
King Chaeles I.
Eobert, earl of Warwick, lord high admiral of
England, for the parliament. Surrendered his
commission by an ordinance that members should
have no employments.
April 15, 1645.
A committee appointed by both Houses.
Arthur, earl of Essex.
Eobert, earl of Warwick.
William, viscount Say and Sele.
Dudley, lord North.
William Earle; Philip Stapleton; 3. Levelyn,
jun. ; Christopher Wray ; J. EoUe ; G. Greene ;
D. HoUis: J. Selden; F. Eousej T. Eden;
J. Lisle ; Bulstrode Whitelocke.
Apill 28, 1645.
Appointed by the Commons.
Eobert, earl of Warwick.
Messrs. Bense, and H. Pelham.
Feb. 12, 1649.
Messrs. Dean, Francis Popham, and E. Blake.
King Charles II.
June 6, 1660.
H. E. H. James, duke of York, brother to the
king, lord high admiral of England. Eesigned
on the passing of the Test act.
July 9, 1673.
Prince Eupert.
Anthony, earl of Shaftesbury, lord high chan-
cellor.
Thomas, viscount Latimer, afteiTvards earl of
Danby, lord high treasurer.
Arthur, earl of Anglesey, lord privy seal.
George, duke of Buckingham.
James, duke of Monmouth.
John, duke of Lauderdale.
James, duke of Ormond.
Henry, earl of Arlington, principal secretary of
state.
Sir George Carteret, hart., vice chamberlain.
Henry Coventry, esq., principal secretary of state.
Edward Seymour.
Sept. 29, 1674.
Prince Eupeet.
Heneage, lord Finch, lord high chancellor.
Thomas, earl of Danby, lord high treasurer.
Arthur, earl of Anglesey, lord privy seal.
James, duke of Monmouth.
John, duke of Lauderdale.
James, duke of Ormond.
Henry, earl of Arlington.
Sir George Carteret, hart., vice chamberlain.
Henry Coventry.
Sir Joseph Williamson, knt.
Edward Seymour.
July 28, 1675.
Prince Eupert.
Heneage, lord Finch, lord high chancellor.
Thomas, earl of Danby, lord high treasurer.
Arthur, earl of Anglesey, lord privy seal.
James, duke of Monmouth.
James, duke of Ormond.
Henry, earl of Ai'lington, principal secretary of
state.
Thomas, earl of Ossory.
William, earl of Craven.
Sir George Carteret, bart., vice chamberlain.
Henry Coventry.
Sir Joseph Williamson, knt., principal secretary
of state.
Edward Seymour.
Sept. 14, 1677.
Prince Edpeet.
Heneage, lord Finch, lord high chancellor.
Thomas, earl of Danby, lord high treasurer.
Arthur, earl of Anglesey, lord privy seal.
James, duke of Monmouth.
John, duke of Lauderdale.
James, duke of Ormond.
Thomas, earl of Ossory.
Henry, earl of Arlington, lord chamberlain of the
household.
William, earl of Craven.
Sir George Carteret, hart., vice chamberlain.
Sir Joseph Williamson, knt., secretary of state
Sir John Ernley, bart.
Sir Thomas Chicheley, knt., master of the ord-
nance.
Edward Seymour.
Feb. 14, 1679.
Sir Henry Capel, knt.
Hon. Daniel Finch.
Sir Thomaa Lee, bart.
Sir Humphrey Winch, bart.
Sir Thomas Meeres, knt.
Edward Vaughan.
Edward Hales.
Feb. 19, 1680.
Hon. Daniel Finch, afterwards lord FmcH.
Sir Humphrey Winch, bart.
Sir Thomas Meeres, knt.
Edward Hales.
William, viscount Brounker, of Ireland.
Sir Thomas Littleton, bart.
Jan. 20, 1682.
Daniel, lord Finch, afterwards earl of Not-
tingham.
Sir Humphrey Winch, bart.
Sir Thomas Meeres, knt.
Edward Hales.
WUliam, viscount Broimker.
Henry Savile.
Sir John Chicheley, knt.
Aug. 28, 1683.
Daniel, earl of NoTrrNGHAji.
Sir plumphrey Winch, bart.
Sir Thomas Meeres, knt.
Sir Edward Hales, bart.
Henry Savile.
Sir John Chicheley, knt.
Arthur Herbert.
John, lord Vaughan.
April 17, 1684.
Daniel, earl of Nottingham.
Sir Humphrey Winch, bart.
Sir Thomas Meeres, knt.
Sir Edward Hales, bart.
Henry Savile.
Sir John Chicheley, knt.
158
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
Arthur Herbert.
John, lord Vaughan.
iV. B. This commission was revoked May 22,
1684.
His majesty King Charles H. lord high admi-
ral of England.
King James II.
King James II. declared himself in council, lord
high admiral and lord .ijeneral of the navy ; and
he managed the admiralty affairs by Mr. Se-
cretary Pepys all his reign.
King Williajm III.
March 8, 1689.
Hon. Arthur Herbert,
John, earl of Carberry.
Sir Michael Wharton, knt.
Sir Thomas Lee, bart.
Sir John Lowther, bart, of Wliitehaven, and
William Sacheverell.
Jan. 20, 1690.
Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery.
John, earl of Carberry.
Sir Thomas Lee, bart.
Sir John Lowther, bart.
Sir John Chicheley, knt.
Jan. 23, 1691.
Thomas, earl of Pembroke.
Sir Thomas Lee, bart.
Sir John Lowther, bart.
Sir Richard Onslow, bart.
Plenrj'^ Priestman.
Anthony, viscount Falkland.
Robert Austen.
Nov. 16, 1691.
Thomas, earl of Pembroke.
Sir John Lowther, bart.
Sir Richard Onslow, bart.
Henry Priestman.
Anthony, viscount Falkland.
Robert Austen, and
Sir Robert Rich, knt. and bait.
March 10, 1692.
Charles, lord Coknwallis.
Sir John Lowther, bart.
Sir Richard Onslow, bart.
Henry Piiestman.
Anthony, viscount Falkland.
Robert Austen, and
Sir Robert Rich, bart.
April 15, 1693.
Anthony, viscount Falkland.
Sir John Lowther, bart.
Henry Priestman.
Robert Austen.
Sir Robert Rich, bart.
Henry Killegrew, and
Sir Ralph Delaval, bart.
May 2, 1694.
Edward Russell, afterwards earl of Orfoud.
Sir John Lowther, bart.
Henry Priestman.
Robert Austen.
Sir Robert Rich, bart.
Sir George Rooke, knt.
Sir John Iloublon, knt.
Feb. 24, 1696.
Edward Russell.
Henry Priestman.
Robert Austen.
Sir Robert Rich, bart.
Sir George Rooke, knt.
Sir John Houblon, knt, and
James Kendal.
June 5, 1697.
Edward Russell, now earl of Orford,
Henry Priestman.
Robert Austen.
Sir Robert Rich, bart
Sir George Rooke, knt.
Sir John Houblon, knt.
James Kendal, and
Good^vin Wharton.
June 2, 1699.
John, earl of Bridgewater.
John, lord Haversham.
Sir Robert Rich, bart.
Sir George Rooke, knt
Sir David Mitchell, knt
April 4, 1701.
Thomas, earl of Pembroke.
John, lord Haversham.
Sir George Rooke, knt.
Sir David Mitchell, knt
George Churchill.
Jan. 18, 1702.
Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery,
lord high admiral.
Queen Anne.
May 20, 1702.
Prince George of Denmark, lord high admiral
of England ; and,
June 28, 1707.
Prince George, lord high admiral of Great
Britain ; on account of the Union.
Commissioners appointed by Prince George of Den-
mark to he his Council.
May 20, 1702.
Sir George Rooke, knt.
Sir David Mitchell, knt.
George Churchill, and
Richard Hill.
April 30, 1704.
Sir George Rooke. knt.
Sir David Mitchell, knt.
George Churchill.
Richard Hill.
Hon. James Bridges, afterwards duke of
Chandos.
Hon. Henry Paget, afterwards earl of Ux-
bridge.
Feb. 8, 1706.
Sir David Mitchell, knt.
George Churchill.
Richard Hill, and
Hon. Henry Paget.
June 28, 1707.
Sir David Mitchell, knt.
George Churchill.
Richard Hill.
Hon. Henry Pa^et.
Sir Cloudesley Sliovel, knt.
Robert Walp^Jle, afterwards prime minister.
Sir Stafford Tairborne, knt.
April 19, 1708.
David, earl of Wemyss.
George Churchill.
LORD HIGH ADMIRALS.
159
Richard Hill.
Hod. Henry Paget.
Sir Stafibrd Fairbome, knt., and
Sir John Leake, knt.
June 20, 1708.
David, earl of Wemysa.
George Churchill.
Richard Hill.
Hon. Henry Paget.
Sir John Leake, knt.
Sir James Wishart, knt.
Robert Fairfax.
The prince died October 28, 1708, and Queen-
Anne acted by secretary Burchett,
Lord High Admirai^ of Great Britain.
Nov. 29, 1708.
Thomas, earl of Pembroke, lord high admiral
of Great Britain, with a fee of 300 marks per
amium.
Nov. 8, 1709.
Edward, earl of Orford.
Sir John Leake, knt.
Sir George Byng, knt., afterwards viscount Tor-
rington.
George Dodington, and
Paul Methuen.
Oct. 4, 1710.
Sir John Leake, knt.-
Sir George Byng, knt.
George Dodington.
Paul Methuen.
Sir William Drake, hart, and
John Aislabie.
Sept. 30, 1712.
Thomas, earl of Strafford.
Sir John Leake, knt.
Sir George BjTig, knt.
Sir William Drake, bart.
John Aislabie.
Sir James Wishart, knt, and
George Clarke.
April 9, 1714.
Thomas, earl of Strafford.
Sir John Leake, knt.
Sir WUliam Drake, hart.
Sir James Wishart, knt.
George Clarke, and
Sir George Beaumont, bart.
King George I.
Oct. 14, 1714.
Edward, earl of Orford.
Sir George Byng, knt.
George Dodington.
Sir John Jennings, knt.
Sir Charles Turner, knt.
Abraham Stanyan, and
George Baillie.
April 16, 1717.
James, earl of Berkeley.
Matthew Aylmer, esq.; afterwards lord Aylmer.
Sir George Byng, knt.
Sir John Jennings, knt.
John Cockbume, and
William Chetwynd.
March 19, 1718.
James, earl of Berkeley.
Sir George Byng, knt.
Sir John Jennings, knt.
John Cockbume.
William Chetwynd.
Sir John Nonis, knt. ; and
Sir Charles Wager, knt.
Oct. 10, 1721.
James, earl of BERifBLEY.
Sir John Jennings, knt.
John Cockbume.
William ChetwjTXd.
Sir John Norris, knt.
Sir Charles Wager, knt. ; and
Daniel Pulteney.
June 11, 1725.
James, earl of Bekiceley.
Sir John Jennings, knt.
John Cockburne.
Wilham Chetwynd.
Sir John Norris, knt.
Sir Charles Wager, knt., and
Sir George Oxenden, bart.
King George II.
Aug. 2, 1727.
George, viscoimt Torrington.
John Cockbume, esq.
Sir John Norris, knt.
Sir Charles Wager, knt.
Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart.
George, viscount Malpas, K. B. ; afterwards earl
of Cholmondeley, and
Samuel Molyneux.
June 1, 1728.
George, viscount Torrington.
John Cockbume.
Sir John Norris, knt.
Sir Charles Wager, knt.
Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart.
George, viscount Malpas, and
Sii- WiUiam Yonge, K. B.
May 19, 1729.
George, viscount Torrington.
John Cockbm^e.
Sir John Norris, knt.
Sir Charles Wager, knt.
Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart.
Sir William Yonge, K. B., and
Lord Archibald Hamilton.
May 13, 1730.
George, viscount Torrington.
John Cockbume.
Sir Charles Wager, knt.
Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart.
Lord Archibald Hamilton.
Sir Thomas Frankland, bart. ; and
Thomas Winnington.
June 15, 1732.
George, viscount Tokkington.
Sir Charles Wager, knt.
Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart.
Lord Archibald Hamilton.
Sir Thomas frankland, bart.
160
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
Thomas Winningtoti, and
Thomas Clutterbuck.
Jan. 25, 1733.
Sir Chakles Wager, knt.
Sir Thomas Lyttleton, hart.
Lord Archibald Hamilton.
Sir Thomas Franldand, bart.
Thomas VVinnington.
Thomas Clutterbuck, and
Lord Harry Poulett, afterwards duke of Bolton.
May 22, 1736.
Sir Charles Wager, knt.
Sir Thomas Lyttleton, bart.
Lord Archibald Hamilton.
Sir Thomas Frankland, bart
Thomas Clutterbuck, esq.
Lord Harry Poulett, and
John Campbell.
March 13, 1738.
Sir CiiARLES Wager, knt.
Sir Thomas Lj'ttleton, bart.
Sir Thomas Frankland, bart.
Thomas Clutterbuck.
Lord Harry Poulett.
John Campbell, and
Lord Vere Beauclerk, aftenvards lord Vere.
May 14, 1741.
Sir Charles Wager, knt.
Sir Thomas Frankland, bart.
Lord Harry Poulett.
John Campbell.
Lord Yere Beauclerk.
John, viscount Glenorchy, and
Edward Thompson.
March 19, 1742.
Daniel, earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham.
John Cockburne.
Lord Archibald Hamilton.
Charles, lord Baltimore.
Philip Cavendish.
George Lee, LL. D., and
Hon. John Trevor.
Dec. 13, 1743.
Daniel, earl of Winchilsea and Noti'ingham:.
John Cockburne.
Lord Archibald Hamilton.
Charles, lord Baltimore.
George Lee, LL. D.
Sir Charles Hardy, knt., and
Thomas Philipson.
Dec. 27, 1744.
John, duke of Bedford.
John, earl of Sandwich.
Lord Archibald Hamilton.
Lord Yere Beauclerk.
Charles, lord Baltimore.
George Anson, and
George Grenville.
April 20, 1745.
John, duke of Bedford.
John, earl of Sandwich.
Lord Archibald Hamilton.
Lord Yere Beauclerk.
George Anson.
George Grenville, and
Hon. Henry Bilson Legge.
Feb. 22, 1746
John, duke of Bedford.
John, earl of Sandwich.
Lord Yere Beauclerk.
George Anson.
George Grenville.
Hon. Henry Bilson Legge, and
William Wildman, viscount Barrington.
Feb. 1747.
John, duke of Bedford.
John, earl of Sandwich.
Lord Yere Beauclerk.
George Anson, afterwards lord Anson.
William Wildman, viscount Barrington,
William, viscount Duncannon, and
Welbore Ellis.
Feb. 10, 1748.
John, earl of Sand-wich.
Lord Yere Beauclerk.
George, lord Anson.
William Wildman, viscount Barringtoiu
William, viscount Duncannon.
Welbore Ellis, and
Hon. John Stanhope.
Nov. 18, 1749.
John, earl of Sandwich.
George, lord Anson.
William Wildman, viscount Barrington.
William, viscount Duncannon.
Welbore Ellis.
Hon. Thomas Yilhers, and
Granville Leveson, viscount Trentham, after-
wards earl Gower.
June 22, 1751.
George, lord Anson.
William Wildman, viscount Barrington.
William, viscount Duncannon.
Welbore Ellis.
Hon. Thomas Villiers.
William Rowley, and
Hon. Edward Boscawen.
April 6, 1754.
George, lord Anson.
William, viscount Duncannon.
Welbore Ellis.
Plon.- Thomas Villiers.
Sir William Rowley, K. B.
Hon. Edward Boscawen, and
Hon. Charles Townshend.
Dec. 23, 1755.
George, lord Anson.
William, viscount Duncannon, afterwards earl of
Beaborough.
Hon. Thomas Yilliers.
Sir William Rowley, K. B,
Hon. Edward Boscawen.
John, viscount Bateman.
Hon. Richard Edgcumbe, afterwards lord Edg-
cumbe.
Nov. 19,
Richard, earl Temrle.
Hon. Edward Boscawen.
Temple West.
John Pitt.
1756.
LORD HIGH ADMIRALS.
161
George Hay, LL. D.
Thomas Orby Hunter, and
Gflbert EUiot.
Dec. 11, 1756.
EicHARD, earl Temple.
Hon. Edward Boscawen.
Temple West.
George Hay, LL. D.
Thomas Orby Hunter.
Gilbert Elliot, and
Hon. John Forbes.
AprU 6, 1767.
Dakiel, earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham.
Sir WiUiam Kowley, K. B.
Hon. Edward Boscawen.
Gilbert Elliot.
John, lord Carysfort.
Savage Mostyn.
Hon. Edwin Sandys (afterwards lord Sandys).
July 2, 1757.
George, lord Anson.
Hon. Edward Boscawen.
Temple West.
George Hay, LL. D.
Thomas Orby Hunter, Esq.
Gilbert Elliot, and
Hon. John Forbes.
King George IIL
March 21, 1761.
George, lord Ahson.
Hon. Edward Boscawen.
George Hay, LL. D.
Thomas Orby Hunter.
Hon. John Forbes.
Hans Stanley.
George Bussey, viscount Villiers.
Thomas Pelham.
June 19, 1762.
George Montagu Dunk, earl of Halifax.
George Hay, LL. D.
Thomas Orby Hunter.
Hon. John Forbes.
Hans Stanley.
George B. viscount Villiers.
Thomas Pelham, afterwards lord Pelham.
Jan. 1, 1763.
Hon. George Geenville.
George Hay, LL. D.
Thomas Orby Hunter.
Hon. John Forbes.
Rt. hon. Hans Stanley.
John, lord Carysfort.
James Harris.
April 23, 1763.
John, earl of SAND^v^CH.
George Hay, LL. D.
Rt. hon. Hans Stanley.
John, lord Carysfort.
Richard, viscount Howe.
Henry, lord Digby.
Thomas Pitt.
Sept. 10, 1763.
John, earl of Egmont.
George Hay, LL. D.
afterwards lord
Rt. hon. Hans Stanley.
John, lord Carj-sfort.
Richard, viscount Howe.
Henry, lord Digby.
Thomas Pitt.
Aug. 30, 1765.
John, earl of Egmont.
Thomas Pitt, afterwards lord Camelford.
Sir Charles Saunders, K. B.
Hon. Augustus Keppel.
Charles Townshend.
Sir William Meredyth, bart.
John BuUer.
Deo. 21, 1765.
John, earl of Egjiont.
Sir Charles Saunders, K. B,
Hon. Aiigustus Keppel.
Charles Townshend.
Sir William Meredyth, bart.
John Buller, and
Hon. John Yorke.
Sept. 10, 1766.
Sir Charles Saunders, K. B.
Hon. Augustus Keppel, afterwards viscount
Keppel.
Charles Townshend.
Sir William Meredyth, bart.
John Buller.
Henry, viscount Palmerston.
Sir George Tonge, bart.
Dec. 10, 1766.
Sir Edward Hawke, K. B.,
Hawke.
Charles Townshend.
John Buller.
Henry, viscount Palmerston.
Sir George Yonge, bart.
Sir Piercy Brett, knt., and
Charles Jenkinson.
March 19, 1768.
Sir Edward Hawke, K. B.
Charles Townshend.
John Buller.
Henry, viscount Palmerston.
Sir George Yonge, bart.
Sir Piercy Brett, knt.
Lord Charles Spencer.
Feb. 24, 1770.
Sir Edward Hawke, K. B.
John Buller.
Henry, viscount Palmerston.
Lord Charles Spencer.
Wilmot, viscount Lisburne.
Francis Holbume, and
Hon. Charles James Fox.
Jan. 12, 1771.
John, earl of Sandwich.
John Buller.
Henry, viscount Palmerston.
Lord Charles Spencer.
Wilmot, viscount Lisburne.
Francis Holbume, and
Hon. Charles James Fox.
Jan. 26. 1771.
John, earl of Sandwich.
162
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
John Buller.
Henry, viscount Palmeraton.
Lord Charles Spencer.
Wilmot, viscount Lisburne.
Hon. Charles James Fox.
Hon. Augustus John Hervey.
May 6, 1772.
John, earl of Sandwich.
John Buller.
Henry, viscount Palmerston.
Lord Charles Spencer.
Wilmot, viscount Lisburne.
Hon. Augustus John Hervey.
Thomas Bradshaw.
Dec. 4, 1774.
John, earl of Sand'wich.
John Buller.
Henry, viscount Palmerston.
Lord Charles Spencer.
M'ilmot, viscount Lisburne.
Hon. Augustus John Hervey (afterwards earl of
Bristol), and
Henry Penton.
April 6, 1775.
John, earl of Sani)%vich.
John Buller.
Henry, viscount Palmerston.
Lord "Charles Spencer.
Wilmot, -vascount Lisburne.
Henry Penton, and
Sir Efugh PaUiser, bart.
Dec. 4, 1777.
John, earl of Sandwich.
John Buller.
Lord Charles Spencer.
Wilmot, now earl of Lisburne.
Heniy Penton.
Sir Hugh Palliser, bart.
Constantine John, lord Mulgrave.
April, 1779.
John, earl of Sandwich.
John Buller.
Lord Charles Spencer.
Wilmot, earl of Lisburne.
Henry Penton.
Constantine John, lord Mulgrave.
Robert Man.
July 6, 1779.
John, earl of Sand'VVICH.
John Buller.
Wilmot, earl of Lisburne.
Henry Penton.
Constantiue John, lord Mulgrave.
Eobert Man, and
Bamber Gascoigne.
Sept. 6, 1780.
John, earl of Sandwich.
Wilmot, earl of Lisburne.
Henry Penton.
Constantine John, lord Mulgrave.
Bamber Gascoigne.
Honourable Charles-Francis Greville, and
George Darby.
March 30, 1782.
Hon. Augustus Keppel.
Sir Robert Harland, bart.
Hugh Pigot.
William, viscount Duncannon.
Hon. John Townshend.
Charles Brett, and
Richard Hopkins.
July 13, 1782.
Augustus, viscount Kbppel.
Sir Robert Harland, bart.
Hugh Pigot.
Charles Brett.
Richard Hopkins.
Hon. John Jeffreys Pratt, and
John Aubrey.
Jan. 28, 1783.
Richard, viscount Howe.
Hugh Pigot.
Charles Brett.
Richard Hopkins.
Hon. John Jefii-eya Pratt.
John Aubrey, and
Hon. John Leveson Gower.
April 8, 1783.
Augustus, viscount Keppel.
Hugh Pigot.
Williara, viscount Duncannon.
Hon. John Townshend.
Sir John Lindsay, K. B.
William JoUiffe, and
Whitshed Keene.
Dec. 30, 1783.
Richard, viscount Howe.
Charles Brett.
Hon. John Jeffreys Pratt.
Hon. John Leveson Gower.
Henry, lord Apsley.
Hon. Charles-George Perceval ; afterwards lord
Arden.
James Modyford Heywood.
April 2, 1784.
Richard, viscount Hovra ; afterwards earl
Howe.
Charles Brett.
Richard Hopkins.
Hon. John Jeffreys Pratt; afterwards viscount
Bayham.
Hon. John Leveson Gower.
Henry, lord Apslej'.
Hon. Charles-George Perceval, lord Arden.
July 16, 1788.
John, earl of Chatham.
Richard Hopkins.
John Jeffreys, viscount Bayham.
Hon. John Leveson Gower.
Henry, lord Apsley.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Samuel, lord Hood.
Aug. 12, 1789.
John, earl of Chatham.
Richard Hopkins.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Samuel, lord Hood.
Robert, viscount Belgrave
Sir Francis S Drake bart! : died in Nov. 1789.
Hon. John-Thomas Townshend.
LORD HIGH ADMIRALS.
163
Jan. 19, 1790.
John, earl of Chatham.
Kichard Hopkins.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Samuel, lord Hood.
Eobert, viscount Belgrave.
Hon. John-Thomaa Townshend.
Alan Gardner.
June 26, 1791.
John, earl of Chatham.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Samuel, lord Hood.
Hon. John-Thomas Townshend.
Alan Gardner.
John Smyth, and
Charles Small Pybos.
May 4, 1793.
John, earl of Chatham.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Samuel, lord Hood.
Alan Gardner.
John Smyth.
Charles Small Pybus, and
Philip Affleck.
May, 1794.
John, earl of Chatham.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Samuel, lord Hood.
Alan Gardner.
Charles Small Pybus.
Philip Affleck, and
Sir Charles Middleton, bart.
Dec. 20, 1794.
George-John, earl Spencer.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Samuel, lord Hood.
Sir Alan Gardner, bart.
Charles Small Pybus.
Philip Affleck, and
Sir Charles Middleton, bart.
Mar. 2, 1795.
George-John, earl Spencer.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Charles Small Pybus.
Sir Charles Middleton, bart.
Lord Hugh Seymour.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart., and
James Gambler.
Dec. 2, 1795.
George-John, earl Spencer.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Charles Small Pybus.
Lord Hugh Seymour.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
James Gambler, and
William Young.
July, 1797.
Geokge-John, earl Spencer.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Lord Hugh Seymour.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
James Gambler,
William Young, and
Thomas Wallace.
Sept. 18, 1798.
George-John, earl Spencer.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
James Gambler.
William Young.
Thomas Wallace, and
Robert Man.
July 10, 1800.
Geoege-John, earl Spencer.
Charles-George, lord Arden.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
James Gambler.
William Y'oung.
Robert Man, and
Hon. William Eliot.
Feb. 19, 1801.
John, earl St. Vincent.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
Hon. William Eliot.
Sir Thomas Troubridge, bart.
James Adams.
John Markham, and
William <larthshore.
Jan. 17, 1804.
John, earl St. Vincent.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
Sir Thomas Troubridge, bart.
James Adams.
John Markham.
John Lemon, and
Sir Harry Burrard Neale, bart.
May 15, 1804.
Henry, viscount Melville.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
James Gambler.
Sir Harry Burrard Neale, bart.
Sir John Colpoys, K. B.
Philip Patton, and
William Dickinson, jun.
Sept. 13, 1804.
Henry, viscount Melville.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
James Gambier.
Sir John Colpoys, K. B.
Philip Patton.
WUliam Dickinson, jun., and
Sur Evan Nepean, bart.
May 2, 1805.
Sir CHARLE3 Middleton, created lord Barham.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
James Gambier.
Philip Patton.
WiUiam Dickinson, jun.
Sir Evan Nepean, bart., and
George, lord Garlics.
Feb. 10, 1806.
Hon. Charles Grey.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
John Markham.
Sir Charles Morice Pole, bart.
Sir Harry Burrard Neale, bart.
Lord William Russell.
William, lord Kensington.
Sept. 29, 1806.
Rt. hon. Thomas Grenvillk.
Sir Philip Stephens, bart.
John Markham.
Sir Charles Morice Pole, bart.
M 2
164
STATESMEN AND STATE OEFICERS.
Sir Harry Bnrrard Neale, bart.
Lord William Russell.
William, lord Kensington.
Oct. 23, 1806.
Et. hon. Thomas Gkenville.
John Markliam.
Sir Harr^' Burrard Neale, bart.
Lord William Russell.
William, lord Kensington.
Thomas-Francis Fremantle.
William Frankland.
April 6, 1807.
Henry, lord Mulgkave.
James Gambler.
Sir Richard Bickerton, bart.
William Johnstone Hope.
Robert Ward.
Henrj'-John, lord Palmerston.
JameB BuUer.
May 9, 1808.
Henry, lord Mulgbave.
Sir Richard Bickerton, bart.
William Johnstone Hope.
Robert Ward.
Henry-John, Tiscount Palmerston.
James BuUer.
WiUiam Domett.
Nov. 24, 1809.
Henry, lord Mclgrave.
Sir Richard Bickerton, bart.
Robert Ward.
James Boiler.
William Domett.
Robert Moorsom.
William, viscount Lowther.
May 1, 1810.
Et. hon. Charles Yoeke.
Sir Richard Bickerton, bart.
Robert Ward.
James Boiler.
William Domett.
Sir Joseph Sydney Torke, knt.
Hon. Frederick John Robinson.
June 17, 1811.
Et. hon. Charles Yorke.
Sir Richard Bickerton, bart.
James Boiler.
William Domett.
Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, knt.
Hon. I'rederick John Robinson.
Horatio, lord Walpole.
March 25, 1812.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
William Domett.
Sir Joseph Sydney Torke, knt.
Hon. Frederick John Robinson.
Horatio, lord Walpole.
Rt. lion. William Dundas.
George Johnstone Hope.
Oct. 6, 1812.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
William Domett.
Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, knt.
Rt, hon. William Dundas.
George-Johnstone Hope.
Sir George Warrender, bart.
John Osborn.
May 18, 1813.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
William Domett.
Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, knt.
Et. hon. WiUiam Dundas.
Sir George Warrender, bart.
John Osborn, and
Lord Henry Paulet.
Oct. 23, 1813.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, knt.
Rt. hon. William Dundas.
George Johnstone Hope.
Sir George Wan-ender, bart.
John Osborn, and
Lord Henry Paulet.
Aug. 23, 1814.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, knt.
George-Johnstone Hope.
Sir George WaiTender, bart.
John Osborn.
Lord Heni-y Paulet, and
BaiTington Pope Blachford.
May 24, 1816.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, K. C. B.
Sir George Hope, K. C. B.
Sir George Warrender, bart.
John Osborn.
Sir Graham Moore, K. C. B.
Henry, marquess of Worcester.
April 2, 1818.
Et. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Sir George Warrender, bart.
John Osborn.
Sir Graham Moore, K. C. B.
Henry, marquess of Worcester.
Sir George Cockburn, G. C. B.
Sir Henry Hotham, K. C. B.
March 15, 1819.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Sir George Warrender, bart.
Sir John Osborn, bart.
Sir Graham Moore, K. 0. B.
Sir George Cockburn, G. C. B.
Sir Henr>» Hotham, K. C. B.
Sir George Clerk, bart.
March 13, 1820.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Sir William-Johnstone Hope, K. C. B.
Sir George Warrender, bart.
Sir John Osborn, bart.
Sir George Cockburn, G. C. B.
Sir Henry Hotham, K. C. B.
Sir George Clerk, bart.
Feb. 8, 1822.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Sir William Johnstone Hope, K. C. B.
Sir John Osborn, bart.
Sir George Cockburn, G. C. B.
Sir Henry Hotham, K. C. B.
Sir George Clerk, bart.
William Robert Keith Douglas.
March 23, 1822.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Sir William Johnstone Hope, K. C. B.
LORD HIGH ADMIRALS.
165
Sir John Osborn, bart.
Sir George Cockbum, G. 0. B.
Sii- George Clerk, bart.
Feb. 16, 1824.
Et. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Sir William Johnstone Hope, K. C. B.
Sir George Cockbum, G. C. B.
Sir George Clerk, bart.
William Robert Keith Douglas.
May 2, 1827.
His royal highness, WiLiJLija Henry, doke of
Clarence, Lord High Admiral of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
H. K. H. Council.
Vice adm. sir William Johnstone Hope, G. C. B.
Vice adm. Rt. hon. sir George Cockburn, G. C.B.
William-Robert Keith Douglas.
John Evelyn Denison.
Feb. 4, 1828.
Vice adm. sir William Johnstone Hope, G. C.B.
Vice adm. Rt. hon. sir George Cockbum, G. C. B.
Sir George Clerk, bart.
George-Charles, earl of Brecknock.
Kg
March 12, 1828.
Vice adm. Rt. hon. sir George Cockburn, G. C. B.
Sir George Clerk, bart.
George-Charles, earl of Brecknock.
Rear admiral sir Edward- William Campbell Rich
Owen, K.C.B.
[The duke of Clarence resigned the office of lord
high admiral, Aug. 12, 1828.]
Commissioners
For executing the office of Lord High Admiral of
Great Britain, 8fc.
Sept. 19, 1828.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Vice admiral sir George Cockbum.
Vice Admiral sir Henry Hotham.
Sir George Clerk, bart.
George-Charles, earl of Brecknock.
July 15, 1829.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Vice admiral sir George Cockbum.
Vice admiral sir Henry Hotham.
Sir George Clerk, bart.
Frederick, viscount Castlereagh.
July 31, 1830.
Rt. hon. Robert, viscount Melville.
Vice admiral sir George Cockbum.
Vice admiral sir Henry Hotham.
Frederick, viscount Castlereagh.
Charles Ross.
Nov. 25, 1830.
Rt. hon. sir James-Robert-Geoege Graham,
bart.
Rear admiral sir Thomas Maslerman Hardy.
Rear admiral hon. George Heneage L. Dundas,
Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart.
Hon. George Barrington.
June 8, 1832.
Rt. hon. sir James-Roeebt-George Graham,
bart.
Rear admiral sir T. M. Hardy.
Rear admiral hon. George Heneage L. Dundas.
Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart.
Hon. George Barrington.
Henry Labouchere.
April 13, 1833.
Rt. hon. sir James R. G. Graham, bart.
Rear admiral sir T. M. Hardy.
Rear admiral hon. George Heneage L. Dundas.
Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart.
Henry Labouchere, and
Hon. Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley.
June 11, 1834.
Rt. hon. George, lord Auckland.
Rear admiral sir T. M. Hardy.
Rear admiral hon. George Heneage L. Dundas.
Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart.
Hemy Labouchere, and
Hon. Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley.
Aug. 1, 1834.
Rt. hon. George, lord Auckland.
Hon. George-Heneage-Lawrence Dundas.
Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart,
Henry Labouchere, and
Hon. M. F. Fitzhardinge Berkeley.
Nov. 1, 1834.
Rt. hon. George, lord Auckland.
Rear admiral sir Charles Adam.
Rear admiral sir William Parker.
Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart.
Henry Labouchere, and
Hon. M. F. Fitzhardinge Berkeley.
Dec. 23, 1834.
Thomas-Philip, earl de Geet.
Vice admiral sir George Cockburn.
Sir John Poo Beresford, bart.
Sir Charles Rowley, K. C. B.
Anthony, lord Ashley.
Rt. hon. Maurice Fitzgerald.
April 25, 1835.
Et. hon. Geoege, lord Auckland.
Rear admiral sir Charles Adam.
Eear admiral sir William Parker.
Capt. George Elliot.
Sir Edward-Thomas Troubridge, bart.
Archibald, lord Dalmeny,
Sept. 19, 1835.
Gilbert, earl of Minto.
Eear admiral sir Charles Adam.
Rear admiral sir William Parker.
Capt. George Elliot.
Sir Edward-Thomas Troubridge, bart.
Archibald, lord Dalmeny.
July 22, 1837.
Gilbert, earl of Minto.
Vice admiral, sir Charles Adam.
Rear admiral sir William Parker.
Sir Edward-Thomas Troubridge, bart.
Archibald, lord Dalmeny.
Hon. Maurice F. Fitzhardinge Berkeley.
March 5, 1839.
Gilbert, earl of Minto.
Sir Charles Adam.
Sir William Parker.
Sir Edward-Thomas Troubridge, bart.
Sir Samuel-John Brooke Pechell, bart.
Archibald, lord Dalmeny.
June 25, 1841.
Gilbert, earl of Minto.
Sir Charles Adam,
3
166
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
Sir Edward-Thomas Troubridge, bart.
Sir Samuel-John B. Pechell, bart.
Archibald, lord Dalmeny.
Capt. James Whitley Deans Dundas, C. B.
Sept. 8, 1841.
Thomas, earl of Haddington.
Admiral sir George Cockburn.
Yice admiral sir William Hall Gage.
Sir George-Francis Seymour, knt.
Hon. William Gordon, capt. E. N.
Hon. Henry-Thomas Lowry Corry.
May 22, 1844.
Thomas, earl of Haddington.
Admiral sir George Cockburn.
Vice admiral sir AVilliam Hall Gage.
Kear admiral William Bowles.
Hon. William Gordon.
Hon. Heniy-Thomas Lowry Corry.
Feb. 12, 1845.
Thomas, earl of Haddington.
Admiral sir George Cockburn.
Yice admiral sir William Hall Gage
Rear admiral William Bowles.
Hon. William Gordon.
Hon. Henry Fitzroy.
Jan. 13, 1846.
Edward, earl of Ellenbokoogh.
Admiral sir George Cockburn.
Vice admiral sir VVilHam Hall Gage.
Eear admiral William Bowles.
Hon. William Gordon.
Hon. Henry Fitzroy.
Feb. 17, 1846.
Edward, earl of Elleneorough.
Admiral sir George Cockburn.
Vice admiral sir William Hall Gage.
Rear admiral William Bowles.
Hon. Henry Fitzroy.
Hon. Henry-John Eous.
July 13, 1846.
George, earl of Auckland.
Vice admiral sir William Parker,
Hear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas,
C.B.
Hon. captain Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge
Berkeley, C. B.
Capt. lord John Hay, C. B.
Hon. William-Francis Cowper.
July 24, 1846.
George, earl of Auckland.
Vice admiral sir Charles Adam.
Rear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas,
C.B.
Hon. captain Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge
Berkeley, C. B.
Capt. lord John Hay, C. B.
Hon. WiUiam-Francis Cowper.
July 20, 1847.
George, carl of Auckland.
Rear admiral James Whitlev Deans Dundas,
C.B.
Rear admiral Heniy Prescott.
Hon. captain Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge
Berkeley, C. B.
Capt. lord John Hay, C. B.
Hon. William-Francis Cowper.
Dec. 23, 1847.
George, earl of Auckland.
Rear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas, C.B.
Hon. captain Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge
Berkeley, C. B.
Capt. lord John Hay, C. B.
Capt. Alexander Milne.
Hon. William-Francis Cowper.
Jan. 18, 1849.
Sir Francis Thornhill Baring, bart., M. P.
Rear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas, C.B.
Hon. Maurice-Frederick Fitzhardinge Berkeley,
now rear admiral, C. B.
Capt. lord John Hay, C. B.
Capt. Alexander Milne.
Hon. WiUiam-Francis Cowper.
Jan. 30, 1850.
Sir FejIncis Thornhill Baring, bart.
Rear admiral James Whitley Deans Dundas, C.B.
Rear admiral hon. Maurice-Frederick Fitz-
hardinge Berkeley, C. B.
Capt. Houston Stewart, C. B.
Capt. Alexander Milne.
Hon. William-Francis Cowper.
The present (1850) Commissioners for ex-
ecuting the office of Lord High Admiral.
Secretakies op the Admiealtt since the Revolution.
[ Samuel Pepys, esq., the then Seecretary,
was dismissed at the Revolution.]
1689. March. Phineas Bowles, esq.
1690. Jan. 17. James Southern, esq.
1694. Aug. 1, William Bridgeman, esq.
1695. The preceding, and 'j . • j,
Jan. Josiah Burchett, esq. J J°™"y-
1698. June 24. Josiah Burchett, esq. M. P.,
J 742. Oct. 14. Thomas Corbett, esq. M. P. _
1751. May I. John Cleveland, esq. M. P.
1763. June 19. Philip Stephens, esq., afterwards
sir Philip Stephens, bart.
1795, Mar. 3. Evan Nepean, esq., afterwards
sir Evan Nepean, bart.
1804. Jan. 21. William Marsden, esq.
1807. June 24. Hon. Wm. Wellesley Pole, M. P.,
afterwards lord Maryborough.
1809. Oct. 9. John-Wilson Croker, esq. M. P.,
privy councillor in 1827.
1830. Nov. 29. Hon. George Elliot, capt. R. N.,
M. P.
1834, Dec, 24, Rt, hon. George Robert Dawson.
1835. Apr. 27. Charles Wood, esq., afterwards
sir Charles Wood, bart.
1839. Oct. 4. Richard More O'Ferral, esq. M. P.
1841. June 9. John Parker, esq. M. P.
— Sept, 10, Hon, Sidney Herbert, M. P.
1845. Feb. 13. Rt. hon. H. T, Lowrv Corrj', M. P.
1846. July 13. Henry-George Ward, esq. M. P.
1849. May 21. John Parker, esq., M.P. The
present (1850) Secretary.
CHANCELLORS OF THE EXCHEQUER.
167
Second Secretaeies to the Admiralty since 1702. ■
1702. May 20. George Clarke, esq. joint secre-
tary, to Oct. 25, 1705.
1728. June 25. Thonias Corbett, esq., deputy and
afterwards joint secretary, to
Oct. 13, 1742.
1744. Nov. 17. Robert Osborne, esq., deputy se-
cretary.
1746. Aug. 4. John Clereland, esq., second se-
cretary, to May 1, 1750.
1756. June 15. John Milnes, esq., deputy secre-
tary.
1759. Oct. 16. Philip Stephens, esq., second se-
cretary.
1764. June 28. Charles Feame, esq., deputy sc-
ore tary-
1766. Nov. 11. Sir George Jackson, knt., deputy
secretary.
1782. Jime 3. John Ibbotson, esq., deputy and
second secretaiy.
1795. Mar. 3. William Marsden, esq., second
secretary.
1804. Jan. 21. Benjamin Tucker, esq., second
secretary.
— May 22. John Barrow, esq., afterwards sir
John Barrow, second secretary.
1806. Feb. 10. Benjamin Tucker, esq., again,
second secretary.
1807. April 9. Sir John Barrow, hart, (so cre-
ated 1835), second secretary.
1845. Jan 28. Capt. William-Alexander Baillie
Hamilton, R. N., second se-
cretary. The PRESENT (1850)
Second Secretary.
THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER.
The lord chancellor in ancient times performed part of his duties in the Exchequer ;
he acted with the chief justiciar in matters of revenue. Madox supposes the chancery
to have been separated from the exchequer about the close of Richard I.'s reign, or
the beginning of the reign of John ; and the appointment of Chancellor of the
Exchequer appears to have taken place soon afterwards. John Mansell was appointed
to reside at the Receipt of the Exchequer, 18 Hen. III. (1234), and this seems to
have been the first appointment of a (Chancellor of the Exchequer. — Mr. Thomas's
Notes of the Rolh' Office.
This ofiicer is often mentioned in the reign of Henry IH. Ralf de Leycestre
surrendered the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer 32 Henry III., and the
king committed the exchequer seal to Edward de Westminster. The same king by
his writ commanded Albric de Piscamp to execute the office ; and he gave leave
to Geoffrey Giffard, Chancellor of the Exchequer, to substitute a fit person to act for
him, as often as his affairs should render his absence necessary. Henry III. also, by
his writ, had the custody of the exchequer seal delivered to Roger de la Leye, to
be kept by him durante bene placito. — Idem.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer is one of the lords of the treasury, except on
particular emergencies, when the office is held by the lord chief justice of the king's
bench.^ It is difficult to describe the present various functions of the Chancellor of
the Exchequer. In fact he exercises all the powers vested in the treasury board, and
has therefore the entire control and management of all matters relating to the receipt
and expenditure of the public money. — Idem.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer was, also, entitled to sit, as well as the Lord
Treasurer, with the Barons of the Exchequer, when they sat, in what was called the
Exchequer Chamber, as a court of equity. '• As late as Michaelmas term, 1735,"
Mr. Thomas states, " Sir Robert Walpole sat as Chancellor of the Exchequer, in the
case of Naish v. the East India Company, in which the barons were equally divided in
opinion, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer decided, after a hearing of three days,
and the decision is reported to have given general satisfaction." The equity jurisdic-
* The oflSce of Second Secretary existed at first only at intervals, and under various titles ; but the succession
has been regular since the year 1756, and the name has been the same since Jan. 13, 1783.
2 Sir John Pratt was chancellor of the exchequer in 1721, sir William Lee in 17.^4 ; lord Mansfield, in 1757 and
1767; lord Ellenborough, in la06 ; and, more recently, lord Denman in 1834, from 2d to the lOth December;
all of them lord chief justices of England. The reason assigned for the lord chief justice hiilding the post is,
that the writs and other process issuing from the court of exchequer from day to dtiy, and from hour to hour,
require to be sealed instanter with the initial seal of the chancellor of the exchequer, and sometimes certain
appointments require to be signed ; and when on occasions there happens to be no finance minister of the crown,
the lord chief justice holds the oflSce — Notes of the Holts' Office,
M 4
168
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
tion of the court of exchequer is now abolished, having been transferred to the court
of chancery in 1841.1
EoLL OF THE Chancellors of the Exchequer.
From the Restoration of KiTig Charles II. to the present time.
^^ The earlier Chancellors will he found in the roll of Lord Treasurers.
King Chaeles II.
Sept. 8, 1660.
Sir Robert Long.
May 24, 1667.
Anthony, lord Ashley, afterwards earl of Shaftes-
bury.
Nov. 13, 1672.
Sir John Duncombe, knt.
March 26, 1679.
Hon. Lawrence Hyde, afterwards viscount Hyde
and earl of Rochester.
Nov. 21, 1679.
Sir John Ernie (Emley), knt.
King James II.
Sir John Ernley, continued.
William and Mary.
April 8, 1689.
Henry, lord De la Mere, afterwards earl of War-
rington.
March 18, 1690.
Rt. hon. Richard Hampden.
May 3, 1694.
Sidney, lord Godolphin ; and first commissioner
of the treasury. Afterwards earl of Godolphin.
King William III., alone.
Nov. 1, 1695.
Rt. hon. Charles Montagu.
May 1, 1697.
Rt. hon. Charles Montagu ; and first commis-
sioner of the treasury.
Nov. 15, 1699.
Rt. hon. John Smith, afterwards speaker of the
house of commons.
March 29, 1701.
Hon. Henry Boyle, afterwards baron Carletou.
Queen Anne.
Hon. Henry Boyle, continued.
Feb. 11, 1708.
Et. hon. John Smith, speaker of the house of
commons, again.
Aug. 10, 1710.
Rt. hon. Robert Harley, afterwards earl of Ox-
tord and Mortimer.
June 14, 1711.
Et. hon. Robert Benson, afterwards lord Bingley.
Nov. 1, 1713.
Sir William Wyndham, bart.
King George I.
Oct. 13, 1714.
Sir Richard Onslow, bart., previously speaker of
the house of commons ; created lord Onslow, in
1716.
Oct. 11, 1715.
Rt. hon. Robert Walpole, afterwards sir Robert ;
first commissioner of the treasury; resigned
April 10, 1717.
April 15, 1717.
Rt. hon. James Stanhope ; and first lord of the
treasury ; afterwards earl Stanhope.
March 18, 1718.
Et. hon. John Aislabie : resigned Jan. 23, 1721.
Jan. 25, 1721.
Sir John Pratt, lord chief justice of the king's
bench, pro tern.
April 3, 1721.
Et. hon. Robert Walpole (sii- Robert) ; and first
lord of the treasury.
[This powerful minister continued at the head
of the government until Feb. 3, 1 742, when he
resigned, and was created baron Houghton,
viscount Walpole, and earl of Orford : died in
1745.]
Feb. 16, 1742.
Et. hon. Samuel Sandys, afterwards baron San-
dys.
Aug. 25, 1743.
Hon. Henry Pelham ; and first lord of the trea-
sury.
[He continued, a very short interval excepted,
as head of the executive until his death,
March 6, 1754.]
March 9, 1754.
Sir William Lee, knt., lord chief justice of the
king's bench, pro tern.
April 6, 1754.
Hon. Henry Bilson Legge.
Nov. 22, 1755.
Sir George Lyttelton, bart., afterwards lord
Lyttelton, of Frankley: resigned Nov. 11,
1756.
r.; Jr!;^^rpiK»^„TaSita"4,Vr! ¥iils,%-;cS7ofr 5?^\^. j.-AiTe^"''"^-^* -"^ Of «-'
CHANCELLORS OF THE EXCIIEQUEK.
169
Nov. 15, 1756.
Hon. Henry Bilson Legge, again.
April 9, 1757.
William, lord Mansfield, lord chief justice of the
liing's bench, pro tern.
July 2, 1767.
Hon. Henry Bilson Legge, again.
King Geoeqe III.
March 12, 1761.
William Wildman, viscount Barrington.
May 28, 1762.
Sir Francis Dash-wood, bart., afterwai'ds lord Le
Despencer : resigned April, 1763.
April 15, 1763.
Et. hon. George Grenville ; and first lord of the
treasury.
July 10, 1765.
Et. hon. William Dowdeswell. resigned July,
1766.
Aug. 2, 1766.
Hon. Charles Townshend ; died Sept. 4, 1767.
Sept. 12, 1767.
William, lord Mansfield, lord chief justice of the
king's bench, again, pro tern.
Dec. 10, 1767.
Frederick, lord North.
Feb. 10, 1770.
Frederick, lord North, now, also, first lord of (he
treasury.
[He continued at the head of the government
until March 19, 1782, when he resigned. Suc-
ceeded as earl of Guilford, Aug. 4, 1790 ; and
died Aug. 5, 1792.]
March 27, 1782.
Lord John Cavendish ; resigned in July.
July 13, 1782.
Et. hon. William Pitt : resigned April, 1783.
April 4. 1783.
Lord John Cavendish, again.
Dec. 27, 1783.
Et. hon. WiUiam Pitt ; and first lord of the trea-
sury.
[This illustrious statesman contmued prime
minister until 1801, when he resigned.]
March 21, 1801.
Et. hon. Henry Addington ; and first lord of the
treasury : previously speaker of the house of
commons ; afterwards viscount Sidmouth.
May 16, 1804.
Et. hon. William Pitt Qagain) ; and first lord of
the treasury.
I Held the united office until his death, Jan. 23,
1806.]
Jan. ] 806.
Edward, lord Ellenborough, lord chief justice of
the king's bench, on Mr. Pitt's decease, pro
tern.
Feb. 10, 1806.
Lord Henry Petty, afterwards marquess of Lans-
downe.
March 31, 1807.
Et. hon. Spencer Perceval.
Dec. 6, 1809.
Et. hon. Spencer Perceval ; and fu-st lord of the
treasury.
[Mr. Perceval continued prime minister until
his death, by assassination, May 11, 1812.]
June 9, 1812.
Et. hon. Nicholas Vansittart.
KiHQ Geoege IV.
Et. hon. Nicholas Vansittart, continued: resigned
Jan. 1823 ; and created baron Bexlev, March
1, 1823.
Jan. 31, 1823.
Et. hon. Frederick John Eobinson, afterwards
successively viscount Goderich and earl of
Eipon.
April 24, 1827.
Et. hon. George Canning ; also first lord of the
treasury : died Aug. 8, same year.
Aug. 17, 1827.
Et. hon. John Charles Herries.
Jan. 26, 1828.
Et. hon. Henry Goulburn.
King William IV.
Et. hon. Henry Goulburn, continued.
Nov. 22, 1830.
John-Charles, viscount Althorpe j afterwards
earl Spencer.
Dec. 2, 1834.
Lord Denman, lord chief justice of the king's
bench, pro tern.
Dec. 10, 1834.
Sir Eobert Peel, bart. ; also first lord of the trea-
sury.
April 18, 1835.
Et. hon. Thomas Spring Eice, afterwards lord
Monteagle.
Queen Victoria.
Et. hon. Thomas Spring Rice, continued. Cre-
ated lord Monteagle in Sept. 1839.
Aug. 26, 1839.
Et. hon. Francis Thomhill Baring: afterwards
sir Francis, bart.
Sept. 3, 1841.
Et. hon. Henry Goulburn, again.
July 6, 1846.
Et. hon. Charles Wood, afterwards sir Charles
Wood, bart. The present (1850) Chancellor
of the Exchequer.
*«* In some instances the date of the commission to the
lords of the treasury, instead of that of the ap-
pointment separately, is adopted in the preceding
list.
170
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICERS.
THE PKINCIPAL SECRETARIES OF STATE.
The Principal Secretaries of State have been, by their office, members of the privy
council ever since the reign of queen Elizabeth ; before that time they only pre-
pared business for the council board in a room adjoining to the council chamber,
nothing being debated in their presence. The earliest mention of a King's Secretary
(Secretaritis Noster) occurs in the 37th of Henry III. 1253. — Rymer's Fcedera.
There was only one Principal Secretary of State until near the close of Henry VIII.'s
reign, when that sovereign increased the number to two, both of equal rank and
authority. Upon the union with Scotland, queen Anne augmented the number to
three, viz. : a Principal Secretary of State for Scotch Affairs ; which appointment was
afterwards laid aside. In the reign of George III. 1768, the number was again
increased to three, one for the American or Colonial department; but in 1782, this
office also was abolished by act of parliament. The two other Secretaries at this
time were the Secretary for the Northern Department, or province, which included the
Low Countries, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Russia, &c. ; and the Secretary
for the Southern Department, or province, which included France, Switzerland, Italy,
Spain, Portugal, and Turkey. The affairs of Ireland and the colonies devolved upon
the elder of these two secretaries.
In the last-mentioned year (1782), the terms " Northern" and " Southern" were
discontinued, and the duties divided into "Home" and "Foreign." On July II,
1794, a Secretary for War was appointed, and to him the business of the Colonies was
transferred in 1801 : the two departments have since remained consolidated. At pre-
sent there are a Principal Secretary of State for the Home Department, a, Principal
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and a Principal Secretary of State for War and
Colonies : these personages are necessarily privy councillors, and always members of
the cabinet. Usually two of the Secretaries are in the lower, and one in the upper,
house of parliament. This order, however, is sometimes reversed ; but there is no
instance of the three Secretaries being at one and the same time members of the same
branch of the legislature ;' while there were only two Secretaries, however, the in-
stances were frequent.
Seceetaeies op State.
*** The earlier dates represent the time when they were
found to be secretaries, not their appointments ;
unless expressly so mentioned.
King Heney III.
1253. John Maunsell, described as " secreiarius
noster"
King Edward I.
1278. Francis Accursii.
1299. John de Benstede.
King Edward II.
1308. William de Melton.
* * * ♦
King Richard II.
1379. Eobert Braybrooke.
King Henry IV.
1402. John Profit; held the office until 1412,
when he was appointed lord privy
seal.
King Henry V.
1415. John Stone; who, before 1421, was suc-
ceeded by William Ahivrick.
King Henry VI.
1432. William Hayton: dismissed and no per-
son at that time appointed to succeed
him.
1439. Thomas Beckington ; who held the office
until 1443, when he was appointed
privy seal.
1460. Thomas Manning.
Kind Edward IV.
1464. William Hatcliffe, called "one of the
king's secretaries." — Fffidera. Called
secretarj- and councillor, in 1467: held
the office until 1480, when a coadjutor
(Dr. King) was given him on accoant
of his age: Dr. King was to succeed
him. Hatcliffe died same year.
1480. Doctor Oliver King.
King Richard III.
1483. John Kendal ; Dr. King having been re-
moved. Mr. Kendal was secretary on
Aug. 1, 1485. ^
I '.I?'"'' T'""?.'"^. f™" "hose unpublished Notes we take many of the earlier names with their ro=„„,.n„= j,t..
in the succeeding list of Secretaries of State, says, in reference to the ofHce of ScrUarv of State ?S " »w^
SECRETAKIES OF STATE.
171
King Henry TII.
1485. Dr. Richard Fox : made bishop of Exeter
in 1487 ; probably succeeded by
1487. Dr. Oliver King, who was certainly secre-
tary in 1489 and in 1492, when he was
made bishop of Exeter ; probably suc-
ceeded by
1500. Dr. Thomas Euthal, or Eouthall, who was
certainly secretary in 1500 and to 1509,
when he became bishop of Durham.
King Henet VIII.
1509. Dr. Eouthall, continued. Secretary until
May 1516, when he became privy seal.
1516. Dr. Eichard Pace.
1526. Dr. William Knight.
1528. Dr. Stephen Gardiner; elected in 1531
bishop of Winchester.
1533. Thomas Cromwell, afterwards lord Crom-
well and earl of Essex : privy seal,
July 2, 1536.
1536. Thomas Wriothesley.
FiEST Appointment of Tsvo Secketakies.
1539. Thomas Wriothesley, and
— Sir Ralph Sadler, knt.
1543. Sir William Petre, knt : succeeded Wrio-
thesley.
— Sir William Paget, knt, in room of sir
Ralph Sadler. April 23.
King Edward VI.
1547. Sir William Petre, and
— Sir William Paget, knts., continued.
1548. Sir WilUam Petre, and
— Sir Thomas Smith, knts.
1549. Dr. Nicholas Wotton, and
— Sir William Petre, knt
— Sir William Cecil, knt., in the room of
Wotton.
1551. Sir William Petre and sir William Cecil,
" our secretaries."
1553. Sir John Cheke ; in addition to sir William
Petre and sir William Cecil.
Queen Mary.
1553. Sir William Petre, and sir John Bourne,
knts.
1557. John BoxaU, the first secretary appointed
by letters-patent.
Queen Elizabeth.
1558. Sir William Cecil, knt, afterwards lord
Burleigh ; lord-treasurer in 1572.
1572. Sir Thomas Smith, knt
1574. Sir Francis Walsingham.
1578. Thomas Wilson, appointed by patent,
Jan. 5, in addition to sir Francis Wal-
singham.
1586. William Davison, appointed " one of the
chief secretaries " by patent.
1596. Sir Robert Cecil, knt, also appointed " one
of the chief secretaries " by patent July
[He continued secretary during the re-
mainder of this reign.]
King James I.
1603. Sir Robert Cecil, continued: afterwards
earl of SaUsbury.
1609. Sir Alexander Hay.
1612. Thomas Hamilton.
1616. Sir Ralph Winwood, knt
— Sir Thomas Lake,
1618. Sir John Herbert, vice Winwood.
— Sir Eobert Naunton, vice Herbert.
1619. Sir George Calvert, afterwards lord Balti-
more, vice Lake.
1622. Sir Edward Conway (afterwards lord Con-
way) vice Naunton.
King Charles I.
1625. Sir Albertus Morton. April 9.
— Sir Edward, lord Conway, continued.
April 23.
— Sir John Coke, vice Morton. Nov. 9.
1630. Sir Dudley Carleton, lord Carleton, after-
wards viscount Dorchester, mce Conway.
1632. Francis, lord Cottington, vice Dorchester.
— SirHarry Vane, knt, vice Coke.
— Sir Francis Windebanke, vice Cottington.
1641. Sir Edward Nicholas, vice Windebanke.
1642. Lucius, viscount Falkland, vice Vane.
— George, lord Digby, vice Falkland.
[On the commencement of the civil war
all went into confusion. The name of
Secretary of State was abolished during
the interregnum.]
The Restoration.
King Charles II.
1660. Sir Edward Nicholas. June 1.
— Sir William Morrice. June 30.
1662. Sir Henry Bennet, afterwards earl of Ar-
lington^, vice Nicholas.
1668. Sir John Trevor, knt. vice Morrice. Sept.
29.
1672. Henry Coventry, mee Trevor. July 18.
1674. Sir Joseph Williamson, knt. vice lord
Arlington. Sept 11.
1678. Robert, earl of Sunderland, vice William-
son. Feb. 20.
1680. Sir Leoline Jenkins, knt. vice Coventri-.
Feb. 11.
1681. Edward, earl of Conway, vice lord Sunder-
land. March 9.
1683. Robert, earl of Sunderland, again, vice lord
Conway. March 6.
1684. Sidney Godolphin, afterwards earl of Go-
dolphin, vice Jenkins. May 1.
— Charles, earl of Middleton, vice Godolphin.
Sept. 25.
' One of the five Cabal ministers. The ministers so denominated were, Lord Clifford, the earl of Arlington,
the duke of Buckingham, lord Ashley and the duke of Lauderdale ; the initial letters of whose names make up
the word. See Admimstrations. But this appears to have been merely an accidental coincidence. The term
Cabal was derived (through the medium of the French Cabale) from the Cabala, or secret doctrine of the Jews,
and was used in England to designate the small body of persons having in their hands the supreme direction or
the affairs of state even before the Restoration. It probably carried with it at first something of an offensive
sense ; but that meaning would seem to have been wearing away when it was revived and fixed by the unpopu-
larity of the ministry of 1670. The word, we believe, has never since been applied except to convey an imputa-
tion of objectionable as well as secret combination ; and it has in later times been more commonly used to desig-
nate any self-constituted knot of factious intriguers than a ministry or cabinet. Another error into which some
of our writers have fallen, relates to the term cabinet council, 'i hey state that the cabinet council was so called,
from having been usually held, in the reign of Charles I., in the cabinet or closet of queen Henrietta. Be this as
it may, it is manifest, however, that the name was familiar enough in England long before that time.
172
STATESMEN AND STATE OFFICEKS.
King James II.
1685. Robert, earl of Sunderland, apmn. March 13.
1688. Richard, viscount Preston, vice lord Mid-
dleton.
King William III.
1689. Charles, earl of Shrewsbury. Feb. 19.
— Daniel, earl of Nottingham.
1690. Henry, viscount Sydney, afterwards earl
Romney, vice lord Shrewsbury. Dec. 26.
1692. Sir John Trenchard, tnt. vice lord Sydney.
1694. Charles, earl of Shrewsbury, vice lord Not-
tingham. March 4.
1695. SirWilliam Trumbull, knt. mce Trenchard.
May 3.
1697. James Vernon, vice Trumbull. Dec. 5.
1700. Edward, earl of Jersey, vice lord Shrews-
bury. May 26.
— Sir Charles Hedges, knt.' vice Vernon.
Nov. 5.
1701. Charles, earl of Manchester, vice lord
Jersey. Jan. 4.
Queen Anne.
1702. Daniel, earl of Nottingham. May 15.
— Sir Charles Hedges, again, May 2.
1704. Robert Harley, afterwards earl of Oxford
and earl Mortimer, vice lord Notting-
ham. May 18.
1706. Charles, earl of Sunderland, vice Hedges.
Dec. 3.
1708. Henry Boyle, afterwards lord Carleton,
vice Harley. Feb. 15.
1710. WiUiam, lord Dartmouth, afterwards earl
of Dartmouth. June 15.
— Henry St. John, afterwards viscount Bo-
lingbroke. Sept. 21.
1713. William Bromley, vice lord Dartmouth.
King Geoege 1.
Sept. 27, 1714.
Charles, viscount Townshend, vice lord Boling-
broke.s
James Stanhope, afterwards earl Stanhope, vice
Bromley.
June 23, 1716.
Paul Methuen, in the absence of Mr. Stanhope.
April 16, 1717.
Charles, earl of Sunderland, vice lord Stanhope.
Joseph Addison, vice lord Townshend.
March 16, 1718.
James Craggs, vice Addison.
James, earl Stanhope, again, vice lord Sunder-
land. March 18.
Feb. 10, 1721.
Charles, viscount Townshend, vice lord Stanhope.
John, lord Carteret (afterwards earl Granville),
vice Craggs. March 5.
AprU 14, 1724.
Thomas Holies, duke of Newcastle, vice lord
Carteret.
King Geoege II.
Duke of Newcastle, and
Viscount Townshend, contintued; patents dated
July 27, 1727.
June 27,1730.
William, lord Harrington, afterwards earl of
Harrington, vice lord Townshend.
Feb. 15, 1742.
John, lord Carteret again, vice lord Harrington.
Nov. 27, 1744.
William, earl of Harrington, vice lord Carteret.
Feb. 10, 1746.
John, earl Granville, vice lord Harrington.
Feb. 14, 1746.
Thomas Holies, duke of Newcastle.
William, earl of Harrington, vice lord Granville.
Nov. 4, 1746.
Philip Dormer, earl of Chesterfield, vice lord
Harrington.
Feb. 13, 1748.
John, duke of Bedford, vice lord Chesterfield.
June 21, 1751.
Robert, earl of Holdernesse, vice the duke of
Bedford.
April 15, 1754.
Sir Thomas Robinson, afterwards lord Grant-
ham, vice the duke of Newcastle.
Nov. 25, 1755.
Et. hon. Hemy Fox, afterwards lord Holland,
vice sir Thomas Robinson.
Dec. 14, 1756.
Rt. hon. WiUiam Pitt (afterwards earl of Chat-
ham), vice Mr. Fox; he resigned in April,
1757.
June 30, 1757.
Et. hon. William Pitt, again.
King Geokge III.
Et. hon. William Pitt, and
Robert, earl of Holdernesse, continued.
March 25, 1761.
John, earl of Bute, vice the earl of Holdernesse ;
patent dated April 13.
Oct. 9, 1761.
Charles, earl of Egremont, vice Mr. Pitt ; patent
dated Oct. 23.
May 29, 1762.
Hon. George Gren^-ille, vice lord Bute; patent
dated Juno 19.
1 The duchess of Marlborough, in a letter to queen Anne, thus speaks conteinptuously of Sir Charles Hedges :
" He has no capacity, no quality, no interest ; nor could he ever have been in that post (that of secretary of state),
but, .as every body knows, my lord Rochester cares for nothing so much as a man that he thinks will depend upon
him." — Cootes^s English Civiiians.
2 " Ml-. Murray arrived express from Hanover, and brought orders from the regency for removing lord
Bolingbroke from his ofiice of secretary of state ; the seals were in consequence taken from him, and the doors of
his office locked and sealed up AnnaJs of Great Britain. The "Whigs having gained the ascendancy on the
accession of Geoi-ge I., preparations were made for the impeachment of Bolingbroke, wlio fled to France, and
being invited to Lorraine by Charles Stuart, the Pretender, he became his secretary of state. For this he
was impeached :uv\ attainted, and was not allowed to return to England until 1723. His estates were restored to
him in 1725, when the attaint was removed, but in blood only. — Cliron. of Great Britain.
SECRETARIES OP STATE.
173
Sept. 23, 1763.
John, earl of Sandwich, vice lord Egremont.
George, earl of Halifax, vice Mr. Greuville ; pa-
tent dated Nov. 15.
July 10, 1765.
Aagustus-Hemy, duke of Grafton, vice lord
Halifax.
Hon. Henry Seymour Conway, vice lord Sand-
wich. July 19.
May 23, 1766.
Charles, duke of Richmond, vice the duke of
Grafton ; patent dated June 3.
Aug. 18, 1766.
William, earl of Shelbume, vice the duke of
Richmond.
Jan. 20, 1768.
Thomas, viscount Weymouth, vice the hon.
Henry Seymour Conway ; patent dated
Feb. 6.
Feb. 27, 1768.
Wills, earl of Hillsborough, afterwards marquess
of Downshire. Colonies.
Nov. 11, 1768.
William-Henry, earl of Eochford, vice lord Shel-
bume ; date of patent as above.
Dec. 19, 1770.
John, earl of Sandwich, vice lord Weymouth.
Jan, 22, 1771.
George, earl of Halifax, vice lord Sandwich.
June 12, 1771.
Henry, earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, vice lord
Halifax.
Aug. 27, 1772.
William, earl of Dartmouth. Colonies.
Nov. 10, 1775.
Thomas, viscount Weymouth, vice lord Eoch-
ford.
Jan. 26, 1776. (Patent.)
Lord George SackvUle Germaine', afterwards
viscount Sackville. Colonies.
Oct. 27, 1779.
David, viscount Stormont, vice lord Suffolk;
patent dated Nov. 30.
Nov. 24, 1779.
Wills, earl of Hillsborough, vice lord Weymouth ;
patent dated Jan. 19, 1780.
Feb. 11, 1782.
Et. hon. Welbore Ellis, afterwards lord Mendi 
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